The thermal conductivity of a substance affects its ability to heat or be heated by its surroundings because the higher the thermal conductivity of a substance, the more easily it can be heated or heat others.
What is the thermal conductivity of a substance?Thermal conductivity of a substance refers to the ability of a substance to allow heat energy to easily flow through it.
The higher the thermal conductivity of a substance, the more easily it can be heated or heat its surroundings.
The thermal conductivity of a substance varies according to the nature of the substance. Metals generally have high thermal conductivities whereas non-metals usually have low thermal conductivity.
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Two students are planning to carry out an experiment to infer the strength of intermolecular forces. Which test would not support the students' investigation?.
Two students are inferring the strength of intermolecular forces. The test which would not support their investigation is: measuring the mass of each substance.
What are the intermolecular forces?The intermolecular forces are the secondary force that mediates the interaction between molecules that affects the state of matter. Since the intermolecular forces have a significant role in the physical characteristics of a substance, this force could be investigated by doing these activities:
Compare the viscosity of each substance.Compare the state of matter at room temperature.Determine the melting point of each substance.Determine the boiling point of each substance.Learn more about the intermolecular forces here https://brainly.com/question/29317616
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if 2 molecules of ch4 react with 5 molecules of o2 , determine the number of molecules of co2 that could form from each starting material.
The moles of CO₂ that can be formed from each reactant are:
2 moles of methane = 2 moles of CO₂5 moles of O₂ = 2.5 moles of CO₂What is the equation of the combustion of methane?
The equation of the combustion of methane is given below as follows:
CH₄ (g) + 2 O₂ (g) ---> CO₂ (g) + 2 H₂O (g)
From the equation of the reaction, 1 mole of methane reacts with 2 moles of oxygen to produce 1 mole of carbon dioxide ad 2 moles of water.
Given that there are 2 molecules of CH₄ reacting with 5 molecules of O₂. the moles of CO₂ that can be formed from each reactant are determined from the mole ratio of the reactants and products as given in the equation of the reaction.
2 moles of methane will produce 2 moles of CO₂
5 moles of O₂ will produce 5 * 1/2 moles of CO₂ = 2.5 moles of CO₂
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Question 4 (1 point)
How many oxygens are present on the reactants side of this equation?
KCIO3 --> KCI + O₂
01
5
3
2
Answer
no
Explanation:
chemoheterotrophs multiple choice use sunlight as an energy source. use pre-formed organic molecules as a carbon source. use pre-formed organic molecules as an energy source. use inorganic chemicals as an energy source.
Chemoheterotrophs use pre-formed organic molecules as a carbon source.
They are those microbes who get their carbon and energy source from organic sources.
All animals are chemoheterotrophs even the bacteria that live inside humans. By breaking down the food they get their energy and building materials to grow their body.
Chemoheterotrophs plays a very vital role in ecosystem. All herbivores, carnivores, scavengers, decomposers are chemoheterotrophs.
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Chlorine will combine with a non metal element carbon to form this molecular compound explain how these bonds are formed?
Answer: When carbon(C) combines with chlorine(Cl), carbon forms single covalent bond with each chlorine atom. The valence shell configuration of uncombined C atom is 2s2 2px1 2py1 .
During combination hybridisation takes place, an electron shifts from 2s to empty 2pz . These four orbitals merge to form four hybrid orbitals. Each hybrid orbital has 1 electron which pairs up with a valence electron of Cl atom to form a covalent bond. Thus the four hybrid orbitals form four single covalent bonds with four chlorine atoms. This completes each atom's octet and gives them noble gas configuration.
When two atoms of different elements combine they always have electronegativity(EN) difference due to which the shared pair of electrons is more closer to more electronegative atom. This gives the bonds some ionic character. So no bond between two atoms of different elements can be purely covalent.
Explanation:
the entropy of the ideal gas, per molecule, as a function of temperature and pressure, is given by the formula: kb [ (5/2)ln(t/t0) - ln(p/p0) ], where t0 and p0 are temperature and pressure of a reference state. this formula can be easily derived from the formula we derive in class for the entropy as a function of volume and temperature, and the equation of state for the ideal gas, pv
The equation for the entropy of the ideal gas, per molecule, as a function of temperature and pressure reads: 3.138 J mol-1 k-1. t0 and p0, where kb is [(5/2)ln(t/t0) - ln(p/p0)].
entropy is a thermodynamic quantity that measures the degree of disorder or randomness in a system by measuring the thermal energy that cannot be converted into mechanical work in that system. A state of disorder, randomness, or uncertainty is most frequently associated with the scientific concept of entropy.
The force perpendicular to an object's surface that is applied per unit area over that force is known as pressure . The gauge pressure, also known as gauge pressure, is the pressure in relation to the surrounding atmosphere.
S = Ssatp - Satp
= NaRb ( 5/2 ln(273/273.15) - ln (101/ 100))
= 1.713 J mol^-1 k^-1 for three molcules
= 1.713 *3 = 3.138 J mol^-1 k^-1
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what is the energy, in j, of light that must be absorbed by a hydrogen atom to transition an electron from n
the energy, in j, of light that must be absorbed by a hydrogen atom to transition an electron from n is 2.179 x 10^-18J.
What is the most important thing that people should know about hydrogen?
The most important thing that people should know about hydrogen is that it is the most abundant element in the universe.
Some characteristics of hydrogen are:
Hydrogen is also the lightest element, and it is highly reactive.Hydrogen is found in most organic compounds and is essential for life. Hydrogen can also be used as a fuel, which can be used to power vehicles. Hydrogen is highly flammable, and has the potential to create powerful explosions.
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Bomb calorimetry is best for determining heat values. Because we cannot have a bomb calorimeter for every pair of students, we use what is readily avaliable. Why would two styrofoam cups be an economical way of determining these heat values and what is the of the major pitfalls of using this system?.
Styrofoam cups have more capacity to absorb heat in higher rate and it is economically cheap. However, it never reaches the reaction's full temperature before you stop taking readings.
What is bomb calorimeter?A bomb calorimeter is used to determine the heat energy absorbed or released in a reaction.The reaction mixture and the calorimeter both heat up.
Since more of the reaction's heat was used to warm the calorimeter than the reaction mixture, a calorimeter that absorbs a lot of energy will have a significantly lower final temperature.
The calorimeter constant is a quantity that depends on the composition and mass of the calorimeter. Steel and styrofoam both absorb heat at a higher rate per gram, although the steel calorimeter is likely heavier.
Fast reactions come with the further disadvantage that the styrofoam calorimeter almost certainly never reaches the reaction's full temperature before you stop taking readings. As a result, there is a little source of heat that is lost from the metal calorimeter.
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Unknown element X forms an ion with a plus 2 charge (X2+). Unknown element Z forms an ion with a negative 3 charge Z3-). What is the formula for the ionic compound formed when X bonds with Z?
X[tex]Z^{-}[/tex] is the formula for the ionic compound formed when X bonds with Z
What is a ionic compound ?A chemical compound known as an ionic compound is one that contains ions bound together by the electrostatic forces known as ionic bonding. Despite of having both positively and negatively charged ions, or cations and anions, the molecule is generally neutral.
What is a formula?A formula, such as a mathematical formula or a chemical formula, is a brief manner of symbolically representing information.
The exchange of one or more electrons between atoms results in the formation of ionic bonds between two or more atoms. Positive ions called cations and negative ions called anions are created during electron transfer.
Hence, X[tex]Z^{-}[/tex] is the formula for the ionic compound formed when X bonds with Z
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ethylene glycol, the substance used in automobile antifreeze, is composed of 38.7% c, 9.7% h, and 51.6% o by mass. its molar mass is 62.1 g/mol. determine both the empirical and molecular formula of ethylene glycol.
Like all automotive antifreeze compounds, they are 38.7% carbon. So carbon is 38.7 9.7% hydrogen, 9.7 hydrogen and 51.6% oxygen. all right. Ah 1500 6% oxygen. yes. all right. Next, we need to empirically find molecular phone lines emitted from the ground.
Well, first of all, yes there are more. We have the atomic weight of carbon. 1201 Oxygen 16. The process divides each percentage by the fractional mass by 50%. So divided by 3 good points to find 38.7. This is 9.7 divided by 1, which is 9.7, and 51.6 divided by 16, which is 5157 divided by 16. I want to believe all right. The next step is to share each. youngest age. The minimum he is 3.225. If you're sharing now, we're sharing 3.225 times 3.225 is one 9.7 x 3.225. Approximately 3 and 3.225 divided by 3.225. So we have an empirical formula where carbon is 1, hydrogen is 3, and oxygen is 1. See below for 3. A small amount of Italian black hole was given. First find the molecular formula. The empirical mass is 2, 3, 16, which is 12 plus 1. So 15 plus 7 30 from g Berman. This is the molecular formula of the molecule. Therefore, we can find the sector of the mass of the molecular formula divided by the mass of the empirical formula. Remember that we are using this subdivision. Thus, for molecular and larger LAMAs.
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Compare and contrast metallic and ionic bonds, including the element groups they are made of, the behavior of electrons, and their typical properties.
The Compare and contrast of metallic and ionic bonds is given below.
Ionic and metallic bonds take occur between positive and negative ions, whereas ionic bonds take place between positive ions and electrons. This is the main distinction between the two types of bonds.
Ions, which are made up of a positive and a negative ion, are created when two atoms exchange electrons. Atoms sharing electrons to form a molecule result in covalent bonds. Metal atoms shed their outermost electron to produce positively charged ions, which then form metallic bonds.
Metal ions are attracted to delocalized or free e, forming metallic connections as a result. whereas ionic bonds are created by electron transfer from one atom to another.
What is the similarity between metallic and ionic bonds?Similar to ionic bonds, where the removal of electrons results in the formation of ions, metallic bonds include the removal of electrons to create a sea of electrons.
Later, these electrons are used or shared by each and every atom, and in covalent bonds, two atoms share one electron. Consequently, metallic bonds resemble both ionic and covalent bonds.
Ionic and metallic solids differ significantly in that metallic solids contain metal atoms and free electrons while ionic solids mostly comprise cations and anions.
Additionally, metallic solids feature metallic bonds rather than the electrostatic attraction forces between cations and anions that exist in ionic solids.
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When preparing a solution in a cuvette, make sure to handle the cuvette by the __________ and avoid touching the ____________ then, ____________ the cuvette before placing it in the spectrophotometer.
Answer: Textured sides, smooth sides, wipe down.
12 g of magnesium ribbon was heated in a crucible. At the end of the reaction 20 g of magnesium oxide had been produced. What mass of oxygen had reacted with the magnesium?.
The mass of oxygen reacted with magnesium is 8 grams.
The formula mass of a substance is defined as the sum of the atomic masses of constituent atoms that are present in a compound. This is generally used for compounds which do not contain discrete molecules, and ions as their constituent units.
The combustion reaction of magnesium is as follows
2Mg + 02 + heat → 2MgO
Molar mass of MgO = 24.32 g/mol
Mole of Mg in 12g = 12 ÷ 24.32 = 0.4934 mol
From the balanced reaction we can see that the mole ratio of Mg to O2 is 2:1.
Therefore for 0.4934 mol of Mg, mole of 02 required will be = 1/2 × 0.4934 = 0.2467 mol.
Molar mass of O2 = 32g/mol
Hence the mass of O2 required = 0.2467 × 32 = 7.89g
By the conservation of mass; Mg + Oxygen = MgO
Mass of Mg = 12g
Mass of MgO = 20G
Therefore the mass of oxygen reacted with Mg will be = (20-12) = 8 grams
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Does an increase in the number of electrons around the nucleus of an atom always increase the size of the atom?
Answer: The radius of atoms increases as you move down a particular group in the periodic table of elements because an atom grows larger as the number of electronic shells increases.
Explanation:
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Atomic_Radii
Which of the following is true ?
a.None of these
b.Phosphorus has 3 electrons in its outermost shell
c.Arsenic has 4 electrons in its outermost shell
d.Boron has 5 electrons in its outermost shell
e.Silicon has 5 electrons in its outermost shell
A. None of these is a true statement because
Phosphorus has 5 electrons in its outermost shell
Arsenic has 5 electrons in its outermost shell
Boron has 6 electrons in its outermost shell
Silicon has 4 electrons in its outermost shell
A mineral called phosphorus is found in many foods naturally and can also be taken as a supplement. It is a crucial component of cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It maintains a normal range of blood pH and aids in the activation of enzymes.
Many countries' groundwater naturally contains large amounts of arsenic.
Inorganic arsenic is extremely poisonous.
The greatest threat to public health from arsenic comes from contaminated water used for drinking, food preparation, and irrigation of food crops.
The only non-metallic element in group 13 of the periodic table is boron. Boron lacks electrons and has an empty p-orbital. Amorphous boron, a dark powder that is inert to oxygen, water, acids, and alkalis, is the most prevalent form of boron.
Chemical element silicon has the chemical symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is a tetravalent metalloid and semiconductor that has a blue-grey metallic sheen and is a hard, brittle crystalline solid. It belongs to the periodic table's group 14.
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Describe the temperature, moisture and air pressure associated with a Maritime Tropical air mass.
Answer:
it is damp moist and other things
Explanation:
WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST!! (Just learned how)
The measured bond energies (kJ/mol) of several compounds was determined to be A = 350, B = 500, C = 180, and D = 1,450. Which compound will most likely conduct electricity when dissolved in water?
A. compound A
B. compound C
C. compound B
D. compound D
Answer:
D) Compound D
Explanation:
The bond energy is the highest amount the listed bond energies and this is one of the characteristics of ionic compound because usually its involves the formation of anions and cations with the former being negative and the latter being positive.
The bond is usually strong because it is involves attraction between actions and anions. It requires transfer of electron between metals and nonmetals. The metals are usually the cations (lose electron) and nonmetals are usually the anions ( they gain electron) so when they are dissolve in water they dissociate into negative and positive ions and carries electrical charges while in solid form they are insulators example is NaCl
Answer:
Compound D
Explanation:
assume gas collecting bottle is 150 ml by volume. calculate the mass of hydrogen gas that was collected
Gas collecting bottle is 150 ml by volume then the mass of hydrogen gas that was collected is 3.48 gram
Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in a substance or an object
Here given data is
Volume = 150 ml
Density of H₂ gas = 0.000523
So we have to calculate mass = ?
Mass = density/volume
Mass = 0.000523/150 ml
Mass = 3.48 gram
Mass of hydrogen gas that was collected is 3.48 gram
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Write the formulae of the acid and base of ZnS.
ZnS is the chemical formula of the zinc sulphide. Zinc sulphide contain two ions i.e. ( Zn ⁺² ) and ( S ⁻² ) ion present in zinc sulphide.
What is acid ?A Bronsted - Lowry acid or Lewis acid is a molecule or ion that has the ability to donate a proton or establish a covalent bond with an electron pair. Proton donors, also known as Bronsted - Lowry acids, are the first class of acids.
Any hydrogen containing material that has the ability to donate a proton (hydrogen ion) to another chemical is considered an acid. A base is a molecule or ion that can take up an acid's hydrogen ion. Typically, sour tastes help to identify acidic chemicals.
Thus, ZnS is the chemical formula of the zinc sulphide. Zinc sulphide contain two ions i.e. ( Zn ⁺² ) and ( S ⁻² ) ion present in zinc sulphide.
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Sharon reads two different articles about avocados. The first article, in a weight-loss magazine, claims that avocados
are unhealthy because they are high in fat. The second article, in an annual publication from a doctors' group,
that the fat in avocados is a type that IS good for the heart.
claims
To assess these claims, which question might Sharon ask?
O Which source do avocados come from?
O Where
are avocados soid?
O Is the source an authority on the subject?
• How much do avocados cost?
Answer:which source do avocados come from?
Explanation:
This could be the answer because finding out what source it is would be able to figure out the claims of both the articles
Why does the developing chamber need to be prepared before adding the tlc plate?.
The developing chamber needs to be prepared because the solutions of the solute and solvent to dissolved.
What is a TLC plate?
TLC Plate Buying Guide Thin-layer chromatography (TLC), a standard analytical method for separating and identifying the chemicals in a given mixture, can also be used to assess the purity of a specific component included within that mixture. Gypsum and 60 G TLC Silica Gel Plates
What is the chamber process?
The Chamber technique, also known as the "lead-chamber process," is an industrial method for manufacturing sulfuric acid by oxidizing sulfur dioxide with moist air and employing gaseous nitrogen oxides as catalysts. The reaction is generally carried out in several sizable, box-like chambers made of sheet lead.
Simply replacing the watch glass with aluminum foil and getting the developing chamber ready before adding the TLC plates gives the solvent time to saturate, producing quicker and more repeatable results.
Therefore, the TLC plates gives the solvent time to saturate, producing quicker and more repeatable results.
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indicate the relationship between the two structures in the pair. are they chair conformations of the same molecule? if so, are they conformational diastereomers, conformational enantiomers, or identical? if they are not conformations of the same molecule, what is their stereochemical relationship? two chair structures. both chairs are the same, but the substituents are in different locations. the carbons are arbitratily assigned numbers and move clockwise around the chair. starting from the top right, compound 1 has an axial methyl group pointing up at c 1, an axial methyl group pointing down at c2, an equatorial methyl group in c3 and an equatorial methyl group at c 4. in compound 2, there is an axial methyl group pointing up at c 1, an axial methyl group pointing down at c 6, an equatorial methyl group at c5 and an equatorial methyl group at c4. which statement is true? they are chair con
They are identical conformation of the same molecule.The groups which are pointed up are represented with wedge bonds and the groups which
are pointed down are represented with dash bonds.
One type of wire bonding called wedge bonds uses ultrasonic force and power to forge bonds. In the semiconductor industry, it is a well-liked and frequently applied technique. a mark that represents the location of a bond or group in relation to the paper or screen's surface. When a wedge is solid, it means that this bond or group is projecting outwards toward the observer. This bond or group is moving farther away from the viewer when the wedge is broken (hashed). A clamped piece of wire is coupled under a bonding tool (referred to as a wedge) and a bond pad during wedge bonding. A first wedge bond is created by applying pressure and ultrasonic energy for a predetermined amount of time.
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Write the ground-state electron configuration for calcium, ca. You may write either the full or condensed electron configuration.
The ground-state electron configuration for calcium, ca is : 1s²2s²2p^6 3s²3p^6 4s².
What is electron configuration?In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is described as the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals.
The four different types of orbitals (s,p,d, and f) have different shapes, and one orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons. The p, d, and f orbitals have different sublevels, thus can hold more electrons. The electron configuration of each element is specific and unique to whatever position on the periodic table.
In conclusion, calcium electron configuration is shown below as : 1s²2s²2p^6 3s²3p^6 4s².
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help me please write the correct formula
The formulas of each of the compounds are;
1) AlN
2) [tex]NH_{4} ^+[/tex]
3) [tex]C_{3} H_{8}[/tex]
What is a chemical formula?The term chemical formula has to do with the representation of a compound. We know that the way that a compound is represented would help us to be able to identify the compound.
We have various compounds that have been shown in the image and we are asked to find the correct formula of the compound. We now look at the number of atoms that we have in each of the diagrams and by means of the number of atoms, we would look to see how we can be able to find the chemical formula of the compound.
By the octet rule, aluminum can combine with nitrogen to form aluminum nitride. The combination of nitrogen with four hydrogen atoms would only lead to the formation of a charged ammonium specie. A structure that contains three carbon atoms and eight hydrogen atoms can only be propane as shown.
Thus, when we see the arrangement of the atoms we now have to look at the possible compound that could be found from the arrangement shown and then write down the formula of the compound as shown.
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When performing today’s experiment you leave the lid off your setup for the calibration. You remember that you left it off and decide to add it when determining the heat lost by the metal. When performing your calculations, you determine that your heat capacity values are off. Would your values be too high or too low?.
Thus we can see that if we leave the lid off our setup for the calibration which would allow some heat to escape to the atmosphere. This will yield a lower specific heat value
What is calibration ?
One of the fundamental methods required to ensure instrument accuracy is calibration. Calibration is the process of arranging an instrument to produce a result within an acceptable range for a sample. A major part of instrumentation design is eliminating or limiting causes that produce faulty measurements.
For today's tests, we leave the lid off our setup for calibration, allowing some heat to escape to the atmosphere. This results in a lower specific heat value.
For example, if the real value of Q before we remove the lid is 100 J, our calibration setup is 100 J.
And the metal mass is 10 g.
And the temperature has risen by 5 degrees Celsius.
Q = mcdT
Now, compute the value of C:
100 J = 10 g*C* 5C
C= 2 J / g-c
Now that the lid has been opened, some of the heat has escaped into the atmosphere,
and we have Q = 90 J.
Then;
Q = mcdT
Now, compute the value of C:
90 J = 10 g*C* 5C
C= 1.8J / g-c
Thus we can see that if we leave the lid off our setup for the calibration which would allow some heat to escape to the atmosphere. This will yield a lower specific heat value
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How many grams of O2 will be consumed during the formation of 14.46 grams of Fe2O3? Report your answer with 3 significant figures.
4 Fe + 3 O2 → 2 Fe2O3
Considering the reaction stoichiometry, 4.3461 grams of O₂ will be consumed during the formation of 14.46 grams of Fe₂O₃.
Reaction stoichiometryIn first place, the balanced reaction is:
4 Fe + 3 O₂ → 2 Fe₂O₃
By reaction stoichiometry (that is, the relationship between the amount of reagents and products in a chemical reaction), the following amounts of moles of each compound participate in the reaction:
Fe: 4 molesO₂: 3 molesFe₂O₃: 2 molesThe molar mass of the compounds is:
Fe: 55.85 g/moleO₂: 32 g/moleFe₂O₃: 159.7 g/moleThen, by reaction stoichiometry, the following mass quantities of each compound participate in the reaction:
Fe: 4 moles ×55.85 g/mole= 223.4 gramsO₂: 3 moles ×32 g/mole= 96 gramsFe₂O₃: 2 moles ×159.7 g/mole= 319.4 gramsMass of O₂ consumed
The following rule of three can be applied: If by reaction stoichiometry 319.4 grams of Fe₂O₃ are formed from 96 grams of O₂, 14.46 grams of Fe₂O₃ are formed from how much mass of O₂?
mass of O₂= (14.46 grams of Fe₂O₃×96 grams of O₂)÷ 319.4 grams of Fe₂O₃
mass of O₂= 4.3461 grams
Finally, 4.3461 grams of O₂ will be consumed.
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A solution was found to have a 15. 6 % transmittance at 500 nm, its wavelength of maximum absorption, using a cell with a path length of 5. 00 cm. Calculate the absorbance of the solution in a 1. 00 cm cell at 500 nm.
The correct answer is 0.161.
Solution:
Percentage transmission (%T) of the sample = 15.6
Therefore, Absorbance (A) 2 – log (%T) = 2 – log (15.6) = 0.8069
Use Beer’s law:
A = ε*c*l where ε = molar absorptivity of the solution, c = concentration of the solution, and l = path length of the solution.
Given A = 0.8069 and l = 5.00 cm, we must have
0.8069 = ε*c*(5.00 cm)
ε*c = 0.16138 cm-1
For the next part, assume that ε*c remains constant and we have
A’ = ε*c*l’ where l = 1.00 cm.
Plug in values and write
A’ = (0.16138 cm-1)*(1.00 cm) = 0.16138
Absorption measures the amount of light of a particular wavelength that a particular substance blocks from passing. The two main factors that affect absorption are substance concentration and optical path length. The net Absorption Rate is calculated using the formula of the total vacant area at the beginning of the period plus square feet.
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the titrations being done in this experiment are acid/base titrations. either an acid is serving as a titrant and the analyte is a base or the base is serving as a titrant and the analyte is an acid. because the analyte is a buffer (a mixture of a weak acid or base and its conjugate) the reaction with the titrant might be difficult to identify. when the acetic acid / sodium acetate buffer is titrated with naoh, what is the chemical reaction with the titrant? [ select ] ch3cooh -oh ch3coo- h2o ch3cooh -oh ch3coo- h2o ch3cooh ch3coo- ch3coo- ch3cooh ch3coo- h3o ch3cooh h2o ch3coo- na ch3coo-na when the ammonia / ammonium chloride buffer is titrated with hcl, what is the chemical with the titrant? [ select ] nh3 h2o nh4 -oh nh4 -oh nh3 h2o nh4 -oh nh4oh nh3 h3o nh4 h2o nh3 -oh no reaction
A buffer is a solution which can resist a change in the pH on addition of a small amount of an acid or a base.
Case 1: There is an acidic buffer containing a weak acid CH3COOH and salt of its conjugate base CH3COONa.
Explanation of how a buffer works:
The following reaction would take place:
HCl + CH3COONa + CH3COOH + NaCl
If a small amount of bases added, then CH3COOH acts as a buffering agent and the following reaction would take place:
NaOH+ CH3COOH + CH3COONa + H2O
Hence, when the acetic acid/sodium acetate buffer is titrated with NaOH, The buffering agent is CH3COOH and reaction(1) will occur.
CH3COOH + -OH ⟶ CH3COO + H2O
Case 2: There is an basic buffer containing a weak base NH4OH and salt of its conjugate acid NH4OH.
The following reaction would take place:
HCl + NH4OH+ = NH4Cl + H2O
NaOH(aq) + NH4Cl(aq) 1 NH4OH(aq) + H2O(
When the ammonium chloride buffer is titrated with HCl reaction will occur.
NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq) ⟶ NH4+(aq) + H2O
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g in quasi-chemical theory of solutions, the enthalpy of mixing of the system can be expressed calculate the fraction of b (xb) in the system
In quasi-chemical theory of solutions, the enthalpy of mixing of the system can be expressed, the fraction of B (Xb) in the system will be 0.0729
ΔH = XaXb (7500 Xa + 18200 Xb)
Bond energies are as:
eaa = -6.5 × 10⁻²⁰
ebb = -5.3 × 10⁻²⁰ J/mol
eab = -5.4 × 10⁻²⁰ J /mol
The charge in internal energy will be
Δe = eab - 1/2 (eaa + ebb)
Δe = -5.4 × 10⁻²⁰ J /mol - 1/2 (-6.5 × 10⁻²⁰ - (-5.3 × 10⁻²⁰ J/mol)
Δe = 6.4 × 10⁻²⁰
enthalpy of mixing will be
ΔH mix = N₀.Z.XaXbΔe
ΔH mix = 6.0221 × 10²³ × 4 × Xa.Xb × 6.4 × 10⁻²⁰ (2)
We have
ΔH = XaXb (7500 Xa + 18200 Xb) (1)
(1) = (2)
154.165 × 10³ = 7500 Xa + 18200 Xb
As Xa = 1 - Xb
put in above eq.
154.165 × 10³ = 7500 (1 - Xb) + 18200 Xb
146665 = 10700 Xb
Xb = 0.0729
So fraction of B(Xb) = 0.0729
(Complete question is attached)
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a rigid 5 l vessel contains 2 mols of helium and 3 mols of hydrogen at a pressure of 10 atm. maintaining a constant temperatuture an additional 3 mols of hydrogen are added. what is the partial pressure of hydrogen gas in the vessel at the end?
The partial pressure of hydrogen gas in the vessel at the end is 12 atm
How do I determine the partial pressure of hydrogen gas?We'll begin by obtaing the new pressure of the vessel. This can be obtained as follow:
Initial pressure (P₁) = 10 atmInitial mole (n₁) = 2 + 3 = 5 molesNew mole (n₂) = 5 + 3 = 8 molesNew pressure (P₂) =?PV = nRT
Divide both sides by V
P = nRT / V
Divide both sides by n
P / n = RT / V
RT / V => Constant
P₁ / n₁ = P₂ / n₂
10 / 5 = P₂ / 8
2 = P₂ / 8
Cross multiply
P₂ = 2 × 8
P₂ = 16 atm
Thus, the new pressure is 16 atm
Next, we shall determine the mole fraction of hydrogen gas. This is shown below:
Mole of Helium = 2 moles Mole of hydrogen gas = 3 + 3 = 6 molesTotal mole = 2 + 6 = 8 molesMole fraction of hydrogen gas =?Mole fraction = Mole of element / total mole
Mole fraction of hydrogen gas = 6 / 18
Mole fraction of hydrogen gas = 0.75
Finally, we shall determine the partial pressure of the hydrogen gas. This can be obtained as follow:
Mole fraction of hydrogen gas = 0.75Total pressure = 16 atmPartial pressure of hydrogen gas =?Partial pressure = mole fraction of element × total pressure
Partial pressure of hydrogen gas = 0.75 × 16
Partial pressure of hydrogen gas = 12 atm
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