Describe what happens at the molecular level when a substance is heated first to its melting point and then to its boiling point.

Retrosynthetic analysis is a method for resolving issues with organic syntheses' planning. To do this, a target molecule is converted into less complex precursor structures.

The molecule whose synthesis is being planned is known as the target molecule. Deconstructing a target is the process of retrosynthesis.

One of the most typical methods in synthetic chemistry is functional group interconversion (FGI) reactions. Cinnamic aldehyde is converted into two distinct products in this experiment by reduction with LiALH4, depending on the sequence in which the reactants are added.

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Answer:

Explanation:

Nitrogen-15: 7electrons, 7protons, 8neutrons.

Nitrogen-20: 7electrons, 7protons, 13neutrons.

Sulphur-23: 16electrons, 16protons, 7neutrons.

Sulphur-25: 16electrons, 16protons, 9neutrons.

Answer:

the pressure of the gas in torr is 2280 torr

Explanation:

The pressure of a gas in torr can be calculated by converting its pressure in kPa to atmospheres and then converting the atmospheric pressure to torr.

One atmosphere is equal to 101.325 kPa. Therefore, the pressure of the gas in atmospheres is 305 kPa / 101.325 kPa/atm = 3.00 atm.

One torr is equal to 1/760 of an atmosphere. Therefore, the pressure of the gas in torr is 3.00 atm * 760 torr/atm = 2280 torr.

Therefore, the pressure of the gas in torr is 2280 torr

The two specific temperatures of gas CPCV have a ratio of 1.66 to 1.40 in a gas containing triatomic molecules.

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one mole of a gas by one degree Celsius at a fixed volume is known as the molar specific heat capacity (Cv) of a gas. It has a value of 3R/2 for monatomic ideal gas and 5R/2 for diatomic ideal gas.

The molecules of a perfect gas are always moving at random. Before colliding with another molecule or the surface, they go straight ahead.

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Answer:

Intramolecular forces are the forces that hold atoms together within a molecule. Intermolecular forces are forces that exist between molecules.The stronger the intermolecular forces between solute molecule and solvent molecule, the greater the solubility of the solute in the solvent.

Intermolecular and intramolecular forces determine the solubility of solutes in water. As the polar solute dissolves in a polar solvent and nonpolar dissolves in nonpolar.

Intermolecular forces can be defined as the attractive forces and repulsive forces that develop between the molecules of a substance. These forces decide most of the chemical properties and physical properties of matter. The intermolecular forces between the molecules are known as Vander Waals forces.

Forces between the molecules themselves are known as intermolecular forces. The particles are held together by intermolecular forces while forces present within one molecule are known as intramolecular forces.

The intermolecular forces can be described as Dipole-Dipole Interactions, Ion-Dipole, Ion-Induced Dipole, Dipole-Induced Dipole Interactions, and Dispersion Forces.

Polar solute shows attractive intermolecular forces for polar solvents while nonpolar solute dissolves in nonpolar solvents. Intermolecular forces help dissolving solutes in water.

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The pH of the solution in which one normal adult dose aspirin is dissolved is 2.6 .

Given,

mass of aspirin = 640 mg = 0.640 g

volume of water = 6 ounces = 6 × 0.0295735 L = 0.177441 L

molar mass of aspirin = 180.16 g/mol

moles of aspirin = mass / molar mass = 0.00355 mol

The pH of the solution is as follows,

concentration of aspirin = moles of Aspirin / volume of water

= 0.00355 / 0.177441

= 0.021 M

Given that pKa of Aspirin = 3.5

pKa = -logKa

Therefore, Ka = 3.162 × 10⁻⁴

From the Ice table

3.162 × 10⁻⁴ = [x + H⁺]/[aspirin] = [x²]/[0.021 - x]

Given that the value of Ka is small so we will ignore -x

x² = 3.162 × 10⁻⁴ × 0.021

x = 2.576 × 10⁻³

Therefore,

[ H⁺ ] = 2.576 × 10⁻³

given that

pH = - Log [ H⁺ ]

     = - ( -3 + log 2.576 )

     = 2.58 ≈ 2.6

Hence we can conclude that The pH of the solution in which one normal adult dose aspirin is dissolved is 2.6 .

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The Lewis structure for chloramine is N-H-H | | Cl.

What is chloramine?
Chloramines are ammonia and organic amine derivatives in which one or even more N-H bonds have been changed to N-Cl bonds. The classes of compounds that are taken into consideration are organic and inorganic chloramines. The three substances that make up inorganic chloramines are monochloramine (NH2Cl), dichloramine (NHCl2), as well as nitrogen trichloride (NCl3). The importance of monochloramine as a water disinfectant is considerable. The NCl functional group is joined to the an organic substituent in organic chloramines. N-Chloromorpholine, N-Chloropiperidine, as well as N-Chloroquinuclidinium Chloride are a few examples.

The nitrogen atom has 5 valence electrons and is represented by an uppercase N. The two hydrogen atoms each have 1 valence electron and are represented by an uppercase H. The chlorine atom has 7 valence electrons and is represented by a lowercase Cl. The nitrogen atom is connected to the two hydrogen atoms by single bonds (represented by a dash). The chlorine atom is connected to the nitrogen atom by a single bond (represented by a dash). There are two lone pairs of electrons (represented by two solid dots) around the nitrogen atom.

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The equation for the reaction that will occur when each pair of substances is allowed to react:

a) 2HBr+ Mg(OH)2⇒MgBr2+2H2O

b) H3PO4+KOH⇒KH2PO4+H2O

c)NH4OH+H2SO4⇒(NH4)2SO4+2H2O

What is neutralisation reaction?

When an acid and a base interact chemically, the process is known as neutralisation or neutralisation. In a process in water, neutralisation leaves the solution with no excess of hydrogen or hydroxide ions.

In all three reactions acid reacts with base to produce salt and water.

Acid+Base⇒Salt+Water

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Ions can be made by single element or covalently bonded group of elements. The covalently bonded group of elements is called polyatomic ions or polyatomic atoms. Therefore,  the other ions that are not attracted to the electrodes form salt.

Any species that contain charge whether it is positive charge or negative charge is called ions. The example of polyatomic ions are sulfate, phosphate, nitrate etc.

Cation is the species that loose electron and attain positive charge while anion is a species which gain electron and attains negative charge so when anion and cation combine in fixed ration the the overall charge of the molecule is zero that is molecule is neutral, the charge over cation and anion is also called oxidation state.

Positive ions are attracted towards negative electrode and negative ions are attracted toward positive electrodes. the ions which are not attracted to either of the electrode, these form salt with the other ion remaining in the electrolyte.

Therefore,  the other ions that are not attracted to the electrodes form salt.

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1.56% would be the percentage of the original sample would be left after 108 days.

What is  a radioactive element?

Radioactive elements are composed of atoms with unstable nuclei and emit atomic radiation as part of the stabilization process. Emission of radiation transforms radioactive atoms into different chemical elements. This chemical element is either stable or highly radioactive, so it decays further. Since some elements in nuclei are unstable due to the presence of excess nuclear charge, these nuclei undergo radioactive decay to form stable nuclei. These elements are called radioactive elements.

The nuclear stability of the elements can be calculated from the n/p (neutron-proton ratio). Elements with atomic numbers up to Z=20 are stable and contain the same number of protons and neutrons. As the atomic number increases, the repulsion between protons increases, requiring more protons and neutrons. Therefore, the neutron-to-proton ratio of stable nuclei increases with increasing atomic number.

Therefore, 1.56% would be the percentage of the original sample would be left after 108 days.

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Answer: 42.14 g

Explanation:      calcium nitrate -  [tex]Ca(NO_{3} )_{2}[/tex]

                   , the molar mass of calcium nitrate = 164 g

                   mass required =[tex]0.257*164[/tex]

                                               =[tex]42.14[/tex] g

Joe is getting his energy expenditure measured by direct calorimetry, and  1 liter of water surrounding chamber has an initial reading of 15 degrees Celsius. Final reading is 2015 degrees Celsius. Calories that he expend is 2,000 degree Celsius.

Direct calorimetry obtains direct measurement of the amount of heat generated by body within a structure large enough to permit moderate amounts of activity. These structures are known as whole-room calorimeters. Direct calorimetry gives a measure of energy expended in the form of heat.

Direct calorimetry provides the user with unique capacity to quantify the heat produced from aerobic and anaerobic metabolism by measuring heat exchange between body and the environment.

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The concentration of fluoroacetic acid in a solution is [tex]5.69*10^-^3M .[/tex]

What is dissociation of acids?

In an aqueous  solution, an acid dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and anions. The molecules of a strong acid dissociate, resulting in a high concentration of H+.

It is calculated by:

Ka = [tex]\frac{[A^-][H^+]}{[H^+]}[/tex]

The dissociation of HCl is given as follows:

HCl ⇄ [tex]H^+[/tex] + [tex]Cl^-[/tex]

The concentration of H+ ion = 0.00275 M.

So,

pH = -log[tex][H^+][/tex]

pH =  -log[tex][0.00275M][/tex]

pH = 2.56

According to question

pH of HCl = pH of fluoroacetic acid

The dissociation of fluoroacetic acid is given as follows:

[tex]FCH^2COOH[/tex] ⇄ [tex]FCH_2COO^-[/tex] + [tex]H^+[/tex]

Ka = [tex]\frac{[FCH^2COO^-][H^+]}{FCH^2COOH}[/tex]

pKa = -log [Ka]

2.59 = -log [Ka]

Ka = [tex]2.57*10^-^3[/tex]

According to ICE table:

            [tex]FCH^2COOH[/tex] ⇄ [tex]FCH_2COO^-[/tex] + [tex]H^+[/tex]

I                        C               0                       0

C                      -x               +x                     +x

E                     C-x               x                        x

According to the equation:

Ka = [tex]\frac{[FCH^2COO^-][H^+]}{FCH^2COOH}[/tex]

[tex]2.57*10^-^3[/tex] = [tex]\frac{x.x}{C-x}[/tex]

[tex]2.57*10^-^3[/tex] = [tex]\frac{x^2}{C-x}[/tex]

x = 0.00275M

[tex]2.57*10^-^3[/tex] = [tex]\frac{0.00275^2}{C-0.00275}[/tex]

Solving for C,

C = 0.00569M or  [tex]5.69*10^-^3M .[/tex]

The concentration of fluoroacetic acid in a solution is [tex]5.69*10^-^3M .[/tex]

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The Avogadro' s number is 6.022×10²³

What is body centered cubic lattice?

The Bravis lattice of the same name serves as the basis for the BCC crystal structure, which has one atom per lattice point at each of the cube's four corners and in its centre. BCC's high proportion of nearest and next-nearest neighbours contributes to its tight proximity and excellent stability.

atomic mass of Ba = 137.327u

No. of atoms of Ba in a BCC unit cell = 2

Edge length of unit cell= 502pm =502ₓ10⁻¹⁰ cm

density =3.50g/cm³

ρ=ZM/N₀ₓV

3.50=2ₓ137.327/N₀ₓ(502ₓ10⁻¹⁰)³

=78.47257/1.265ₓ10⁻²²

N₀=6.02ₓ10²³

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The highest value of the blosum62 matrix for Tryptophan amino acids depicts that this amino acid is conserved when two proteins are aligned.

For BLASTP, the default scoring matrix is the BLOSUM62 matrix. By examining the rates of amino acid alterations in collections of related proteins, the BLOSUM62 matrix was created. When two proteins were aligned, the amino acid sequences inside each cluster, or block, were at least 62% identical. Researchers computed the rates of all amino acid changes that have taken place in these conserved protein building blocks. The BLOSUM62 score matrix for amino acid substitutions was subsequently created using this data. Cysteine, tryptophan, and histidine, which have the highest scores, are the amino acids that are most highly conserved.

The building components of protein are amino acids. A hydrogen atom, a basic amino group, a carboxylic acid group, a side-chain group, and an R-group are all connected to the core carbon atom of each molecule. The R-group distinguishes amino acids from one another.

Hence, the highest value of the blosum62 matrix for Tryptophan amino acids depicts that this amino acid is conserved when two proteins are aligned.

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Balanced molecular equation and a net ionic equation for precipitation reaction with example is as follows:

Molecular equation

Hg₂(NO₃)₂ (aq) + KI(aq) ⇒Hg₂I₂(s) + 2KNO₃(aq)

Total Ionic equation

Hg²⁺(aq) + 2NO³⁻(aq) + 2K⁺aq) ⇒Hg₂I₂(s) + 2K⁺(aq) + NO³⁻ (aq)

Net Ionic equation

Hg²⁺(aq) + 2I⁻(aq)  ⇒ Hg₂I₂(s)

The only reference to a chemical equation is a balanced equation. Any ionic substances or acids are represented in a molecular equation as neutral compounds using their chemical formulae. The state of each substance is listed in parenthesis after the formula. In contrast to a net ionic equation, which only shows the chemical species participating in a reaction, a complete ionic equation also includes the spectator ions.

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Lewis structures are a simple shorthand representation of the bonding of atoms and the distribution of Valence electrons in molecules and polyatomic ions of the main-group elements.

The electrons in an atom's outer shells, or energy level, are called valence electrons. For instance, the valence electrons of oxygen are six, with 2 with in 2s subshell and 4 with in 2p subshell. The valence electron configuration of oxygen can be expressed as 2s²2p4.

Core electrons are those in filled orbitals that are located closest to the nucleus. Valence electrons are simpler to separate than core electrons because they are away from the positive ion (the proton) and so require less energy to travel out from the atom than core electrons.

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Tally the number of atoms based on subscript. Fe + O2 → Fe2O3. In this scenario, since there are now 6O atoms on the left, there must also be 6O atoms on the right. Step 2: Begin balancing the simple molecules first.

The number of Fe is actually equal on both sides, and the same is true for O2, so the equation is balanced.

We can also see that the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is off. Let's add four oxygen atoms in front of the H2O molecule on the reactant side since iron oxide contains four oxygen atoms. Iron reacts with steam to produce hydrogen gas and iron oxide. Note: When steam is applied to a red-hot iron, iron oxide and hydrogen gas are produced.

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Answer:

384399861 meters

Explanation:

1) Mole are there in 5. 0 g of methanol is 0.147 mol.

2) molecule of CuCO₃ would weigh 9. 0 g

3)  mole would 3. 0 g of cyclohexane  is 0.035 mol

4) 4. 00 mole of benzene weigh is 312.44 g

5) mass of 1000 atom of calcium is 40000 u.

1)  Moles are there in 5. 0 g of methanol is CH₃OH :

molar mass of CH₃OH = 34 g / mol

moles of CH₃OH = mass / molar mass

                            = 5 / 34

                            = 0.147 mol

2) moles of CuCO₃  = mass / molar mass

                                 = 9 / 123.55

                                  = 0.0728 mol

molecules of CuCO₃  = 6.022 × 10²³ × 0.0728

                                    = 0.438 × 10²³ molecules

3) Mole would 3. 0 g of cyclohexane (C₆H₁₂) :

moles of C₆H₁₂ = mass / molar mass

                         = 3 / 84.16

                         = 0.035 mol

4) 4. 00 mole of benzene weigh :

moles = mass / molar mass

mass = moles × molar mass

mass = 4 × 78.11

mass = 312.44 g

5) mass of 1000 atom of calcium :

mass of 1 calcium atom = 40 u

maa of 1000 atom = 40000 u.

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The electropositive ion that is least likely to get reduced is Zn²⁺ (option B).

Electropositivity in chemistry is tendency of an element to release electrons to form a chemical bond or positively charged cations.

Electropositivity is primarily exhibited by metallic elements, especially the alkali metals and the alkaline earth metals.

Electropositivity is the opposite of electronegativity, which is a measure of the tendency of an atom to gain electrons and form negatively charged anions. Therefore, highly electropositive elements have very low electronegativities and vice versa.

Based on the cations given in this question, zinc (Zn²⁺) is the most electropositive, hence, has the least tendency to be reduced i.e. gain electrons.

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D. Scrubbing

In this process, the emissions pass through a scrubber, which uses a chemical reagent to bind to and remove the pollutants from the exhaust gases. This reduces the amount of sulfur dioxide present in the exhaust gases before they are released into the atmosphere.

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The concentrations of pyruvate, NADH and intermembrane H⁺ if glycolysis stopped working is the pyruvate will decreases , the NADH will decreases and the intermembrane H⁺  will also decreases.

The glycolysis is the ,metabolic process steps in the cellular respiration. the glucose will convert to the pyruvate molecules in the presence of the oxygen and will convert in to the lactate in the absence of the oxygen. The production of the pyruvate , NADH and the intermembrane depends on the glycolysis . so when the glycolysis will stopped working all the three will decrease.

Thus, the pyruvate, NADH and intermembrane H⁺ decrease when the glycolysis stop working.

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It has been established that a similar substitution, in which glutamate is switched out for lysine, can lead to mutant proteins that are less stable as dimers or less capable of binding DNA.

A nucleotide error that results in the synthesis of aberrant beta-chains in hemoglobin S, the single amino acid substitution of valine for glutamic acid in the beta-chain that causes sickle cell anemia.

In amino acids, the four valency positions of the core carbon atom are occupied by four substituent groups (alpha carbon). These include the following: hydrogen, carboxyl group, amino group, and a variable group known as the R group. As a result of the substituent, amino acids are also known as substituted methanes.

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According to the mass ratio 3.51 g of H₂ were produced.

The ratio between the masses of the reactants and products in a reaction's balanced equation is known as the mass ratio.

Example for mass ratio: calculate the amount of copper per unit of chlorine for each compound by dividing the mass of copper by the mass of chlorine. The ratio of the copper masses in the two compounds can then be calculated by dividing the larger value by the smaller value.

The reaction's equation is provided below;

2 AI + 6 HCI → 2 AICI₃ + 3 H₂

From the reaction equation, 2×27 g of Al produces 3×2 g of H₂

32.25 g of Al will produce: 6/55× 32.25 g of H₂

Consequently, the amount of H₂ produced is 3.51 g of H₂.

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Water(h2o), carbon dioxide(co2), and oxygen(o2) can move through a plasma membrane by simple diffusion.

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The balanced NET ionic equation for the reaction when aqueous Cs₃PO₄  and aqueous AgNO₃ are mixed in solution to form solid Ag₃PO₄ and aqueous CsNO₃ is: PO₄³⁻(aq.) + 3Ag⁺(aq.) → Ag₃PO₄ (s)

If the electrolytes in an aqueous solution are stated as dissociated ions in a chemical equation, the equation is known as an ionic equation.

In this case, since the net ionic equation of a chemical reaction shows up the ionic species that result from the simplification of the spectator ions, which are those at both reactants and products sides, we take into account that aqueous species ionize into ions whereas liquid, solid and gas species remain unionized. In such a way, for the reaction of cesium phosphate and silver nitrate. The equation becomes:

Cs₃PO₄ (aq.) + 3AgNO₃ (aq.) → Ag₃PO₄ (s) + 3CsNO₃ (aq.)

Whereas the three aqueous salts are ionized in order to write the following complete ionic equation:

3Cs⁺(aq.) + PO₄³⁻(aq.) + 3Ag⁺(aq.) + 3NO₃⁻(aq.) → Ag₃PO₄(s) + 3Cs⁺(aq.) + 3NO₃⁻(aq.)

In such a way, since the cesium and nitrate ions are the spectator ions because of the aforementioned, the net ionic equation turns out:

PO₄³⁻(aq.) + 3Ag⁺(aq.) → Ag₃PO₄ (s)

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And at the end we will calculate enthalpy by expressing it from the following equation:ΔmixH=ΔmixG+TΔmixS=−3.43⋅103J+(298K)(11.5JK−1)=−3.43⋅103J+3.43⋅103J=0J/mol Δmix​H​=Δmix​G+TΔmix S=−3.43⋅103J+(298K)(11.5JK−1)=−3.43⋅103J+3.43⋅103J=0J/mol​

ΔG is Gibbs free energy change. For an ideal solution. ΔHmix=0. ΔG<0 i.e., negative. ΔG=ΔH−TΔS.

The molar enthalpy HA+ B of a mixture of A + B can be obtained by combining the molar excess enthalpy H E with the molar enthalpies H A and HB of its pure components: HA + B = XA HA + XB HB + H E, (1) where x denotes mole fraction.

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