Answer:
Finger kinematics during grasp were measured on 5 cadaveric hands. To simulate finger flexion, the FDP was activated by a motor while intrinsic muscles were loaded at various levels (0, 125, 250, 375 or 500g). Finger movement was characterized by the order of metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joint flexion and by the maximal fingertip-to-palm distance during finger closure.
Results
Without any intrinsic muscle contribution (0g load), FDP activation resulted in flexion of all 3 joints, whereby flexion began at the proximal interphalangeal joint, followed by distal interphalangeal joint and then metacarpophalangeal joint. With increasing intrinsic muscle load, finger flexion was initiated at the metacarpophalangeal joint, followed by the proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints. This altered joint flexion order resulted in a larger maximal fingertip-to-palm distance during finger flexion. The difference between the 2 extreme conditions (0g vs. 500g of intrinsic muscle load) was 19mm.
Discussion
These findings demonstrate that simultaneous activation of the FDP and the intrinsic muscles results in an apparently more functional hand closing compared to FDP activation alone because of altered kinematics and larger fingertip-to-palm distances.
Clinical Relevance
These findings suggest that intrinsic muscle balancing during reconstruction of grasp in tetraplegic patients may improve function. Keywords: grasp, hand, intrinsic muscles, tendon transfer, tetraplegia
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Introduction
Regaining arm and hand function has been identified as the highest priority for persons with tetraplegia.1,2 Recovering even partial function can have an enormous impact on independence, which enhances quality of life.3 Restoration of finger flexion is an achievable goal in reconstructive surgery of many tetraplegic hands. It can be performed if both the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis are fully innervated, in which case the extensor carpi radialis longus is transferred to the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP),4 which enables patients to grasp and hold objects. However, by restoring FDP function only, fingertips coming into full flexion approach the bases of the fingers rather than the center of the palm.5 This happens because finger flexion begins at the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint, and fingers curl into flexion rather than following a large arc, which would provide a broad sweeping movement.6 The roll-up finger flexion tends to push large objects out of grasp5 and is therefore considered less functional in daily life.
In normal hand function, the intrinsic muscles, both the lumbricals and interosseus muscles balance finger movement7 and create this broad sweeping movement. Besides abducting and adducting the fingers, they are responsible for coupling metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) flexion with interphalangeal joints (IP) extension.8,9 For 2-dimensional finger movement during grasp, the lumbricals and the interossei provide the same function, as shown by Leijnse et al.10 Since their function is redundant in the sagittal plane, we refer to them as 1 entity, the intrinsics. Intrinsic function is so important that even when patients have neither functional intrinsic muscle nor a sufficient number of transferable muscles to reconstruct them with an active tendon transfer, passive tenodeses are used to substitute for intrinsic muscle function.11,12
We characterize functional hand movement for tetraplegic persons as a large fingertip-to-palm distance during flexion because this enables them to grasp objects of varying sizes and shapes necessary for activities of daily life. The exact contribution of the intrinsic muscles to this function is incompletely understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to quantify the role of intrinsic muscle force in creating a functional grasp. We hypothesized that increasing intrinsic muscle contribution would result in a more functional grasp.
Explanation: i hope this helps plz tell me if its wrong so i can fix it :)
The intrinsic muscles, including the lumbricals and interventions ” muscles, balance hand movements and provide this broad sweeping motion in normal hand function.
Define intrinsic muscles.The intrinsic muscles define the arch of the hands, twist the knuckles, and resist with the thumbs.
The intrinsic muscles, including the lumbricals and interventions ” muscles, balance hand movements and provide this broad sweeping motion in normal hand function. They are able to bridge metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) flex with interphalangeal joint (IP) extension, in addition to abducting and adducting the fingers.
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Which statement BEST explains why the Moon is visible from the Earth?
1) The Moon reflects light from the Sun.
2) The Moon is always lit up by the Sun for us to see.
3) The Moon reflects light from the Earth.
4) The Moon produces its own light through radiation.
What is the highest possible temperature?
What part of the cell determines the type and order of the amino acids that make up a protein?
Answer:
The gene, or sequence of DNA, ultimately determines the unique sequence of amino acids in each peptide chain. A change in nucleotide sequence of the gene's coding region may lead to a different amino acid being added to the growing polypeptide chain, causing a change in protein structure and therefore function.
Giving brainliest:)
What is the difference between active transport across a cell membrane and diffusion across a cell membrane?
Which of the following diseases causes dogs to have a chronic cough?
Answer:
What are the following diseases?
Explanation:
What are the following diseases?
Carbon is getting stuck in reservoirs (atmosphere and ocean) which is leading to climate
change. Which of the following is not a reason for this issue?
O Decrease in plants means more carbon in the atmosphere
Increase in plants means more carbon in the atmosphere
O Less organisms in the oceans prolongs decomposition trapping carbon in the ocean
O Increased use of factories and burining of fossil fuels increases amount of carbon in the
atmosphere
Answer:
Increase in plants means more carbon in the atmosphere
Explanation:
The second option is not a reason for the issue. This is because plants remove carbon from the atmosphere for their life processes.
During the process of photosynthesis, green plants manufacture their food in the presence of sunlight using water and carbon dioxide.
Plants do not trap carbon. They ensure the movement of carbon in nature. Other choices shows how carbon get trapped in the atmosphere and ocean.A cold front creates what kind of weather?
Answer:
A cold front creates nasty weather.
Explanation:
1. Rain
2. Thunderstorms
3. Gusty winds
4. Tornadoes
Why would lysosomes help a cell MORE THAN the Golgi Body? Think about the functions of the two organelles.
A.
lysosomes pack up proteins that the cells needs and transports them to different parts of the cell
B. lysosomes move throughout the cell and keeps the cell healthy by breaking down waste and toxins
Ο Ο Ο
C.
lysosomes control the activity of the rest of the cell
D. lysosomes storage water and nutrients that the cell needs in order to survive
Which products do not have scientific studies supporting their claims to be beneficial when used?
A. Cofactors and coenzymes to support enzyme function
B. Lactase enzymes used in milk sugar digestion
C. Enzyme that aids in the digestion of oligosaccharides
D. Enzymes to promote immune system function
Cofactors do not bind to the enzyme, whereas coenzymes frequently bind loosely to an enzyme's active site and help recruit substrates. Coenzymes are organic compounds. Thus, option A is correct.
What is the importance of Cofactors and coenzymes?Cofactors and coenzymes are substances that support the proper operation of an enzyme or protein.
Cofactors are organic and inorganic substances that help enzymes catalyze processes. The majority of coenzymes are vitamin derivatives that are soluble in water by phosphorylation.
Typically, cofactors are used to provide chemical groups or qualities that are absent from other chemical groups.
A cofactor like ATP, for instance, has a special capacity for transferring energy to power chemical reactions like the activity of enzymes and transport proteins.
Therefore, Cofactors and coenzymes to support enzyme function.
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How would the absence of an atmosphere on Earth affect meteors?
Answer:
Meteors would not cause visible streaks of light
Explanation:
I just got it right in my quiz:)
Which line points to the myelin sheath?
Answer:D
Explanation:
which of the following is considered a condition of the nervous system and not a disease of the nervous system?
celebral palsy
epilepsy
multiple sclerosis
parkinson's
A series of two point crosses is carried out between genes for brown eyes (bw), and arc wings (a), vestigial wings (vg) , ebony body color (e), and curved wings (cv). The following number of nonrecombinant (NR) and recombinant progeny (R) were obtained from each cross.
Genes in cross Progeny (NR) Progeny (R)
a,bw 2224 117
a,cv 2609 823
a,e 3200 3200
a,vg 5172 2379
bw,cv 4614 1706
bw,e 4150 4150
bw,vg 2796 1434
cv,e 3116 3116
cv,vg 2102 305
vg,e 4559 4559
Required:
Using these data form two-point crosses, create a genetic map for these genes, providing the order of the genes and your best estimates of the distances between them.
Answer:
Order of genes: Vg---cv--a---bw---e
Distances among linked genes:
a/bw distance is 4.99 MU bw/cv distance is 26.99 MU a/cv distance is 23.98. a/vg distance is 31.5 MU bw/vg distance is 33.9 MU cv/vg distance is 12.62 MUGene e assorts independently. Its location is symbolical, meaning that it might be in the same chromosome but far away from the rest of the genes, or it might be located in another chromosome.
Explanation:
Due to technical problems, you will find the complete answer in the attached file
Which of the following is TRUE about the fossil record? Group of answer choices It is sadly incomplete and lacking in all transitional forms. It gives useful information about environments and the ways past organisms lived. Only animals with hard skeletons are preserved. It is best in deep forests where dead organisms have not been disturbed.
Answer:
It gives useful information about environments and the ways past organisms lived
Explanation:
A fossil is basically any preserved remains or trace of any organism that once lived in the past. Bones, shells and exoskeletons are examples of fossils that can be studied through Paleontology.
From fossil studies, we can tell how long these lives existed on earth and how varying plants and animals are related to one another. We can often find out how and the places they lived and their environments as well.
Select the correct answer.
Snakes shed their outermost layer of skin regularly. Which characteristic of life is this action an example of?
A.
excretion
B.
growth
C.
homeostasis
D.
nutrition
E.
reproduction
Answer:
growth
Explanation:
Where does gravity come from? How does an object's mass shape the fabric of
spacetime?
Answer:
Earth's gravity comes from all its mass. All its mass makes a combined gravitational pull on all the mass in your body.
Every object in the universe pulls on the space around it, drawing the fabric of space-time toward its center.
Answer:
gravity comes from all its mass. All its mass makes a combined gravitational pull on all the mass in your body. That's what gives you weight.
Every object in the universe pulls on the space around it, drawing the fabric of space-time toward its center. The more massive the object, the more it pulls. ... The physicist John Wheeler captured these odd notions
two products of the krebs cycle are
Answer: The correct answer is NADH and FADH2.
Plz mark brainliest:)
Two products of the Krebs cycle are NADH and FADH2.
What is the Kreb's Cycle?The Krebs cycle is a form of chemical reaction that is meant to convert the energy stored in the body in the form of acetyl CoA to other constituents.
Some products of the Krebs Cycle also known as the Citric acid cycle are Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and Flavin adenine dinucleotide. The energy released is from carbohydrates and fat.
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Which direction below is a step in preparing a wet-
mount slide?
O Press a specimen and a drop of water
between two glass microscope slides.
O Insert a drop of water between a cover slip
and the glass slide.
O Add a drop of water onto a specimen, and
place a cover slip on top.
Add a drop of water onto a specimen on a
glass slide, and clip it onto the microscope
stage.
Answer:
O Add a drop of water onto a specimen, and
place a cover slip on top
Надеюсь это поможет
Answer:
C.) Add a drop of water onto a specimen, and place a cover slip on top.
What is the structure shown in the figure?
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Answer:
lipids
Explanation:
What is the structure shown in the figure?
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Answer:
2nd to last one
Explanation:
Answer:
It is a protein.
Explanation:
It is an amino acid structure, which make up proteins.
What is a map? How are maps used, and what is their purpose?
Answer:
Reference maps show the location of geographic boundaries, physical features of Earth, or cultural features such as places, cities, and roads.
Explanation:
Answer:
It is a representation of a place in which the relationship toward time and space is perceived. The purpose of maps are to provide visual representations of the physical features of the Earth to teach and guide. Maps are used to navigate from one place to another, to know the location of an area or region, and to measure distances from certain locations.
Explanation:
A man has blood group A and his wife has blood group B. Their first child has
blood group AB and the second child has blood group O. What can one conclude
about the blood groups of their future children?
(3)
I
(9)
Answer:
Their future children can have blood group AB, O, A or B
Explanation:
since the husband had blood group= Heterogeneous A means AO
and,
the wife's blood group= Heterogeneous B or BO
so by crossing between them, we get this result.Which products do not have scientific studies supporting their claims to be beneficial when used?
A. Cofactors and coenzymes to support enzyme function
B. Lactase enzymes used in milk sugar digestion
C. Enzyme that aids in the digestion of oligosaccharides
D. Enzymes to promote immune system function
10. What changes during a chemical reaction between two compounds?
A. number of atoms
B. chemical bonds
C. total mass
D. total energy
Answer:
I think it's chemical bonds I'm not of that helped
The changes occurs in chemical bond during a chemical reaction between two compounds. The correct option is B.
What is chemical bond?A chemical bond is a long-lasting point of attraction among atoms, ions, or molecules which then allows chemical compounds to form.
Ionic bonds are formed by the electrostatic force between oppositely charged ions, whereas covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons.
A covalent bond is the strongest bond in chemistry. In such bonding, each atom shares electrons that bind them together.
The bonds that hold molecules together break apart and form new bonds during chemical reactions, rearranging atoms into different substances.
Each bond requires a different amount of energy to break or form; without this energy, the reaction cannot occur, and the reactants remain unchanged.
Thus, the correct option is B.
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Which of the following bones are considered to be the MOST proximal?
metatarsals
clavicle
ulna
olecranon
Answer:
Of the group of bones mentioned, the most proximal is the clavicle, which is part of the shoulder girdle.
Explanation:
Proximal is a reference term used in anatomy to indicate the structures that are closest to the center of the body.
The bones mentioned -clavicle, olecranon, ulna and metatarsals- are related to the function of the limbs. The clavicle is the closest bone to them, located between the neck and the thorax, on each side of the midline of the body.
Regarding the other options, other bones are distal, as they move away from the center of the body. In order from less distal to more distal they are found:
Olecranon, which is a bone eminence of the ulna, in the upper limb. Ulna or cubitus, which is part of the bones of the forearm. Metatarsals are the bones that form part of the foot.I need help on this please I will give brainlist
Answer
B
Explanation:
biodiversity in the productivity of organisms if there is more it will recover faster
TEHS 2020-2021
Section 1
3 of 103 of 10 Items
Item 3
The organelle shown consists of a stack of flattened membranes.
What is the primary function of this organelle?
attaching amino acids to tRNA molecules
attaching amino acids to tRNA molecules
long-term storage of molecules in the cell
long-term storage of molecules in the cell
production of large and small ribosomal subunits
production of large and small ribosomal subunits
repackaging proteins for export from the cell
repackaging proteins for export from the cell
TEHS 2020-2021
Section 1
3 of 103 of 10 Items
Item 3
The organelle shown consists of a stack of flattened membranes.
What is the primary function of this organelle?
attaching amino acids to tRNA molecules
attaching amino acids to tRNA molecules
long-term storage of molecules in the cell
long-term storage of molecules in the cell
production of large and small ribosomal subunits
production of large and small ribosomal subunits
repackaging proteins for export from the cell
repackaging proteins for export from the cell
TEHS 2020-2021
Section 1
3 of 103 of 10 Items
Item 3
The organelle shown consists of a stack of flattened membranes.
What is the primary function of this organelle?
attaching amino acids to tRNA molecules
attaching amino acids to tRNA molecules
long-term storage of molecules in the cell
long-term storage of molecules in the cell
production of large and small ribosomal subunits
production of large and small ribosomal subunits
repackaging proteins for export from the cell
repackaging proteins for export from the cell
What is the primary function of this organelle?
attaching amino acids to tRNA molecules
attaching amino acids to tRNA molecules
long-term storage of molecules in the cell
long-term storage of molecules in the cell
production of large and small ribosomal subunits
production of large and small ribosomal subunits
repackaging proteins for export from the cell
Question:
The organelle shown consists of a stack of flattened membranes.
What is the primary function of this organelle?
attaching amino acids to tRNA moleculeslong-term storage of molecules in the cell production of large and small ribosomal subunits repackaging proteins for export from the cellAnswer:
repackaging proteins for export from the cellExplanation:
The organelle consisting of a stack of flattened membranes is the Golgi apparatus.
The Golgi apparatus is like the packaging centre of the cell. It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and from the endoplasmic reticulum to be stored in the cell or released outside the cell
Which of the following is an example when an uncontrolled experiment is best?
When testing the effect of water on a lawn
When working with the human body
When testing the effect of sugar on a starch
When testing plant growth
Answer:
When working with the human body , I had the test so..
Explanation:
Uncontrolled: If an extraneous variable is not controlled for (held constant) its effects become confused with or confounded with the effects of the independent variable. It then has an unwanted effect on the dependent variable and is termed a confounding variable .The researcher can no longer draw conclusions regarding the causal
What is the protozoan and who is the first to observe one?
Answer:
Protozoa is an informal term for a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris. Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first person to see protozoa, using microscopes he constructed with simple lenses. Between 1674 and 1716, he described, in addition to free-living protozoa, several parasitic species from animals, and Giardia lamblia from his own stools.