In real data, there are instances where the mean is the same for multiple datasets, but the variability is different. The range and standard deviation are two measures of variability that provide crucial information in crime data analysis.
The importance of measures of variability in understanding crime dataThe importance of measures of variability in understanding crime data are as follows:
They help in identifying the level of variation or deviation from the mean that exists within the data.Measures of variability can be used to identify the outliers or extreme values in a dataset, which can influence the results.Measures of variability can also be used to evaluate the accuracy of prediction models in crime data analysis.They provide a way to evaluate the consistency of data in a particular set, giving a more accurate understanding of the data being analysed.In conclusion, measures of variability are crucial in understanding crime data. They provide a way to evaluate the consistency of data in a particular set, giving a more accurate understanding of the data being analysed.
Learn more about standard deviation: brainly.com/question/475676
#SPJ11
When the opposing party is to bring documents to a deposition she or he should be served with a: ________
When the opposing party is to bring documents to a deposition, he or she should be served with a subpoena duces tecum.
A subpoena duces tecum is a legal order requiring the recipient to appear and bring certain specified documents or pieces of evidence to a court hearing or deposition. In other words, it is a type of subpoena that requires the recipient to provide certain documents, materials, or objects in their possession or control at a deposition.A subpoena duces tecum is a useful legal tool to obtain evidence for use in legal proceedings. If a party refuses to comply with a subpoena duces tecum, he or she may face legal sanctions such as fines or contempt of court charges.
To know more about evidence , visit ;
https://brainly.com/question/375033
#SPJ11
The legalization of drugs is neither unwise nor immoral. It is not unwise because by legalizing drugs we would eliminate the illegal drug trade. Hence, by legalizing drugs, we would rid our nation of all the violence that goes along with the illegal drug trade. Furthermore, the legalization of drugs is not immoral because it can be combined with a massive program of moral education. The conclusion in a standard argument form is often presented as __________
Answer:
Inductive
Explanation:
Which of the following does not characterize federal transfer taxes?
a) The tax is based on the value of property transferred by gift or at death.*
b) The tax is a transaction tax.
c) The tax is imposed on individuals but not on corporations.
d) All of the above characterize federal transfer taxes.
" All of the above characterize federal transfer taxes." This statement does not characterize federal transfer taxes accurately. The correct option is a.
The value of property transferred by gift or at death is in fact the basis for federal transfer taxes like estate tax and gift tax. They are levied on the transfer of wealth but are not transaction taxes. Both people and specific types of corporations are subject to these taxes.
Based on the total value of the deceased person's estate, estate tax is imposed on the transfer of property after death. Property transfers made during a person's lifetime are subject to gift tax. Both taxes aim to ensure an equitable distribution of assets by preventing the accumulation and concentration of wealth. The correct option is a.
Learn more about federal transfer at:
brainly.com/question/32460140
#SPJ4
Which of the following do critics argue are the effects of Texas part-time legislature's biennial 140-day session?
-A biennial session was better suited to Texas's agricultural past, not to its urbanized present.
-The short sessions prevent the legislature from responding in a timely fashion to breaking issues.
-The low pay for legislators means they must keep outside jobs while in office.
Critics argue that the effects of Texas's part-time legislature's biennial 140-day session include being better suited to Texas's agricultural past, not its urbanized present and the short sessions prevent timely responses to breaking issues.
Critics argue that Texas's biennial 140-day legislative session, which was originally designed for an agricultural society, is not suitable for the modern urbanized state. They contend that the limited session length hinders the legislature's ability to respond promptly to emerging and time-sensitive issues.
Additionally, critics highlight the low pay for legislators, which necessitates them to maintain outside jobs, potentially diverting attention from their legislative duties.
These arguments point to concerns about the effectiveness and responsiveness of Texas's part-time legislature in addressing the needs of a rapidly changing state.
For more questions like Critics argue click the link below:
https://brainly.com/question/29869400
#SPJ11
Which of the following would most likely be considered a violation of the Fourth Amendment?
OA.
Confiscating the cellphone of a student who made a bomb threat
OB.
Searching the lockers of all students with black hair
O c. Stopping a vehicle believed to be involved in a bank robbery
OD
Stopping and searching all cars at the US-Mexico border
Answer:
OB
Explanation:
There is no reason to confiscate them but people in all other options could be doing something, have done, or they are currently doing it. Everything but OB is reasonable.
In what ways do the state and federal governments work together in order to ensure that the court runs smoothly?
Answer:
Court take many years to solve a problem
Of every case
One significant difference between the US National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and the Ontario Environmental Assessment Act is:
Select one:
a. NEPA had fines for non-compliance
b. Ontario’s process led to enforceable decisions
c. The Ontario Environmental Assessment Act came into effect 15 years after NEPA
d. NEPA required assessment documents to be subject to public review
One significant difference between the US National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and the Ontario Environmental Assessment Act is NEPA required assessment documents to be subject to public review. The correct answer is d.
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of the United States and the Ontario Environmental Assessment Act differ significantly in that NEPA calls for the public review of assessment documents. By allowing the public to review environmental assessments and related documents and offer feedback, NEPA mandates a transparent and inclusive process. By doing this it is made possible for the general public to access information and actively participate in the decision making process.
Even though it's possible that the Ontario Environmental Assessment Act also results in decisions that are enforceable, this is not a clear distinction from NEPA, as the statement implies. There aren't many differences between the two acts, except for discussion of penalties for non compliance and discussion of the timing of the acts implementation. The correct answer is d.
Learn more about National Environmental Policy Act at:
brainly.com/question/4433750
#SPJ4
determine what type of evidence the following may be: A man holding a book of matches at the scene of a fire
Answer:
Well, The only specific evidence we have at the current scene would be that man that has a book of matches but sense we cant really determine whether or not he was the one who did it, therefore we have no exponential evidence that he did it.
Explanation:
24 . what is the best way to monitor alcohol consumption when guests move from the bar to the dining area?
The best way to monitor alcohol consumption when guests move from the bar to the dining area is to assign waitstaff to oversee the alcohol service and consumption.
The waitstaff can keep a tab of the amount of alcohol served to each guest and monitor their behavior to ensure responsible consumption.To maintain the safety of the guests and reduce the risk of overconsumption, it is also recommended to limit the amount of alcohol served per guest and to offer non-alcoholic alternatives such as mocktails or soft drinks. Additionally, it is essential to train the waitstaff to recognize the signs of intoxication and to cut off service to guests who appear to have had too much alcohol.Furthermore, displaying signs around the venue reminding guests to drink responsibly and to never drink and drive can also help to promote responsible alcohol consumption.
To know more about alcohol , visit ;
https://brainly.com/question/947751
#SPJ11
who are the stakeholders that are affected by anticybersquatting legislation?
The stakeholders that are affected by anticybersquatting legislation are the companies, consumers, and individuals or organizations who hold intellectual property rights over domain names, trademarks, and online brand identities.What is Anticybersquatting.
Anticybersquatting refers to the practice of registering domain names that are identical or similar to a company or brand's registered trademark with the intention of profiting from their sale back to the legitimate owner. It is a violation of intellectual property rights and can cause significant damage to a company's brand image.Anticybersquatting LegislationThe United States Congress enacted the Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act (ACPA) in 1999, which amended the Federal Trademark Act to address the issue of cybersquatting. The ACPA provides legal remedies to trademark owners who are victims of cybersquatting. It allows them to bring a civil action against cybersquatters who register, traffic, or use a domain name in bad faith with the intent to profit from the trademark owner’s goodwill and reputation.Stakeholders affected by Anticybersquatting LegislationStakeholders affected by anticybersquatting legislation include:Trademark holders: They are the ones who have the most direct stake in anticybersquatting legislation. They are affected by the practice of cybersquatting, which can cause significant harm to their brands and intellectual property rights.Domain name registrants: They are the people who register and purchase domain names, and they can also be affected by anticybersquatting legislation. If they register a domain name that infringes on a trademark owner’s rights, they could face legal action. Consumers: They are also stakeholders affected by anticybersquatting legislation. Cybersquatters often use deceptive tactics to lure consumers into purchasing counterfeit products or services that can cause financial harm.
To know more about legislation , visit ;
https://brainly.com/question/27893557
#SPJ11
write a 3-page briefing of potential factors and issues associated with four types of business entities in the context of u.s. contract law.
Briefing on Potential Factors and Issues Associated with Four Types of Business Entities in the Context of U.S. Contract Law includes Sole Proprietorship, Partnership, Corporation and Limited Liability Company.
Proprietorship: Simpleness and individual ownership are important, but the main disadvantage of a sole proprietorship is unlimited personal liability which puts the owner's personal assets at risk from contractual obligations.
partnership: Collaboration and shared ownership are key components of a partnership. Potential problems include partner disputes over decision-making, profit distribution, and exit strategies as well as partners unlimited personal liability.
Corporation: Two important elements are limited shareholder liability and separate legal entity. Concerns over corporate governance, shareholder rights, and formality compliance may give rise to difficult contractual negotiations.
Limited Liability Company (LLC): Two important aspects are flexibility and limited liability protection. Conflicts between members over management, decision making and profit sharing may be a problem and have an impact on contractual obligations.
Learn more about Contract Law at:
brainly.com/question/32735711
#SPJ4
outline the four major sources that may provide probable cause.
The four major sources that may provide probable cause are as observation, information, evidence and expertise.
Probable cause can be derived from firsthand observations made by law enforcement officers. This includes what they see, hear, or otherwise perceive through their senses. Information received from reliable sources, such as informants or tipsters, can contribute to establishing probable cause. This may include tips about criminal activities, specific individuals involved, or locations where illegal actions are taking place. Physical evidence that is found or collected during an investigation can provide probable cause. Law enforcement officers with specialized knowledge or expertise in a particular area can use their training and experience to establish probable cause.
It's important to note that these sources must be evaluated within the context of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which protects individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures.
To know more about Probable cause, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/29617865
#SPJ11
I need help please.
Answer:
Lower courts are much less formal than are courts of general jurisdiction. ... An appeal by a convicted defendant asks that a higher court review the actions of a lower court. -Courts within the appellate division, once they accept an appeal, do not conduct a new trial. Instead, they review the case on the record.
Explanation:
true
a city council consists of democrats and republicans. if a committee of people is selected, find the probability of selecting democrats and republicans.
The probability of selecting 3 Democrats and 2 Republicans from the city council is approximately 0.476 or 47.6%.
Let's assume that the city council has 10 members, with 6 Democrats and 4 Republicans.
We can use the idea of combinations to calculate the likelihood of choosing Democrats and Republicans. The binomial coefficient formula can be used to determine how many different ways there are to choose a specific number of Democrats and Republicans.
Probability of selecting 3 Democrats and 2 Republicans:
P(3 Democrats and 2 Republicans) = C(6, 3) × C(4, 2) / C(10, 5)
C(n, k) = the number of combinations of n items taken k at a time.
P(3 Democrats and 2 Republicans) = (6 choose 3) * (4 choose 2) / (10 choose 5)
= (20) × (6) / (252)
= 120 / 252
= 0.476
Learn more about Democrats at:
brainly.com/question/14213873
#SPJ4
describe two ethical dilemmas that may be encountered by a digital forensic practitioner and what steps they should take to ensure their integrity isn’t called into question.
A digital forensic practitioner may encounter various ethical dilemmas in their line of work. Here are two examples along with steps to ensure their integrity Confidentiality and Privacy and Impartiality and Objectivity.
One ethical dilemma faced by digital forensic practitioners relates to the balance between their duty to investigate and their obligation to maintain confidentiality and respect privacy rights. For instance, they may come across sensitive personal information unrelated to the investigation during the course of their work. To ensure integrity, practitioners should strictly adhere to professional codes of conduct and legal requirements regarding data handling and privacy. Another ethical dilemma arises when a digital forensic practitioner is involved in a case where their personal or professional biases might influence their analysis and conclusions. To safeguard their integrity, practitioners should strive for impartiality and objectivity throughout the investigation process.
By adhering to ethical guidelines, maintaining confidentiality, respecting privacy rights, striving for impartiality, and being transparent in their practices, digital forensic practitioners can ensure that their integrity remains unquestioned and their work upholds the highest ethical standards.
To know more about ethical dilemma, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/30401544
#SPJ11
what is the relationship between law and morality with regard to euthanasia?
Answer:
please give me brainlist and follow
Explanation:
The law plays no role in euthanasia if good fortune or good medicine allows such a death. Today, however, euthanasia all too often attracts a second meaning1, an act or omission designed to hasten death and thus relieve the suffering of a dying or incurably sick patient.
brad and mariah are partners in doctors for children, a medical clinic. brad’s dissociation from the firm results in
Brad's dissociation from the firm results in the automatic termination of the firm's legal existence.
Other partnership's buyout of Brad's interest in the firm the immediate maturity of all partnership debts the temporary suspension of the partnership's business.
A partnership is a kind of business where a formal agreement between two or more people is made who agree to be the co-owners, distribute responsibilities for running an organization and share the income or losses that the business generates.
Hence, Brad's dissociation will automatic terminate the firm's legal existence.
Learn more about dissociation here:
https://brainly.com/question/32674500
#SPJ1
All of the Special Agent Entry Programs of the FBI require that an applicant have at least _____.
Answer:
1) They need to be at least 23 yet under 37
2) A four year minimum degree from an american college/university
3) valid driver’s license
4) must be a US citizen
5) must have completed at least two years of professional work experience, or one year for those that hold a master’s or higher degree.
6) must comply with the FBI Drug Policy and meet the physical fitness standards described below.
7) must be able to be cleared for Top Secret SCI (Secure Compartmentalized Information).
Answer:
A bachelors degree
Explanation:
Maurice Lamont Davis and Andre Levon Glover "committed a string of gas station robberies in Texas." The federal government charged both of them "with multiple counts of robbery affecting interstate commerce in violation of the Hobbs Act" under 18 U.S.C. §1951(a). They were also charged with "one count of conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery." The jury found the defendants guilty on most of the counts. The federal government also charged the men under §924(c). Section 924(c)(1)(A) states:
. . . [A]ny person who, during and in relation to any crime of violence or drug trafficking crime . . . for which the person may be prosecuted in a court of the United States, uses or carries a firearm, or who, in furtherance of any such crime, possesses a firearm, shall, in addition to the punishment provided for such crime of violence or drug trafficking crime—(i) be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not less than 5 years; (ii) if the firearm is brandished, be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not less than 7 years; and (iii) if the firearm is discharged, be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not less than 10 years.
. . . [A]ny person who, during and in relation to any crime of violence or drug trafficking crime . . . for which the person may be prosecuted in a court of the United States, uses or carries a firearm, or who, in furtherance of any such crime, possesses a firearm, shall, in addition to the punishment provided for such crime of violence or drug trafficking crime—(i) be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not less than 5 years; (ii) if the firearm is brandished, be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not less than 7 years; and (iii) if the firearm is discharged, be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not less than 10 years.
Under the section certain weapons also trigger increased penalties. "[T]he government argued that Mr. Davis and Mr. Glover had each committed two separate §924(c) violations by brandishing a short-barreled shotgun in connection with their crimes." The jury agreed with the argument on the additional violations. "Adding the §924(c) mandatory minimums to its discretionary sentences for their other crimes, the district court ultimately sentenced Mr. Glover to more than 41 years in prison and Mr. Davis to more than 50 years."
Assume that Glover and Davis file an appeal in your court.
1. In the U.S. legal system, courts can declare statutes unconstitutional if the statute is vague. Is §924(c)(3) unconstitutionally vague? How would you decide this case? Explain your answer.
2. What problems does it cause when statutes are too vague? Explain your answer.
3. If it is unconstitutionally vague, which branch of government is responsible for correcting it? Explain your answer.
[See United States v. Davis, 139 S. Ct. 2319 (2019).]
1. In the United States legal system, courts can declare statutes unconstitutional if the statute is vague. §924(c)(3) is unconstitutionally vague.
I would decide this case in favor of Glover and Davis.The lower court erred in finding §924(c)(3) to be unconstitutionally vague. However, after careful consideration, the Supreme Court found that §924(c)(3) was unconstitutionally vague because it failed to provide a fair warning of what conduct would be considered a violation of the statute.2. When statutes are too vague, they cause problems in the legal system. One of the problems is that vague statutes are susceptible to arbitrary enforcement, which can result in inconsistent and unpredictable applications. Additionally, vague statutes may not provide adequate notice to individuals about what conduct is prohibited, which can lead to confusion and unjust prosecution.3. If it is unconstitutionally vague, the judicial branch of government is responsible for correcting it. The Supreme Court has the authority to interpret and strike down statutes that it finds to be unconstitutional. The Supreme Court's decision in United States v. Davis, 139 S. Ct. 2319 (2019), is an example of the Court exercising its power to declare a statute unconstitutionally vague and correct the issue.
To know more about government , visit ;
https://brainly.com/question/1078669
#SPJ11
Private law pertains to personal rights, such as the right
to protect one’s own property and interests.
Select one:
True
False
The statement "Private law pertains to personal rights, such as the right to protect one’s own property and interests." is true as private laws are for individual liberty.
Private law also referred to as civil law is a subset of the law that addresses the rights and connections between people or entities. It includes individual rights, such as the right to safeguard one's own assets and interests. Numerous facets of daily life are governed by private law including contracts, property ownership, torts, family law and business dealings.
It focuses on resolving conflicts between private parties and offering remedies for any wrongdoing or rights violations. Public law which deals with issues pertaining to the government and the relationship between the state and its citizens is distinct from private law.
Learn more about Private law at:
brainly.com/question/32182909
#SPJ4
In cities and towns which do not have have a mandatory re-cycling laws, why are aluminum cans more likely to be recycled than glass bottles?
In cities and towns without mandatory recycling laws, aluminum cans are more likely to be recycled than glass bottles due to their higher economic value, convenience, environmental benefits and market demand.
Because aluminum has a higher scrap value, recycling businesses find it to be profitable. Additionally lightweight and stackable, aluminum cans are simpler to handle and store. Recycling aluminum also benefits the environment because it uses less energy and emits fewer emissions than manufacturing new cans.
An additional incentive for people and businesses to recycle cans is the high market demand for recycled aluminum. In areas without mandatory recycling laws, aluminum cans are more likely to be recycled than glass bottles due to a combination of these factors.
Learn more about recycling at:
brainly.com/question/30486970
#SPJ4
I need help please.
Answer:
the answer is true
Explanation:
because the force is greater than that which is needed to compel compliance
Specifically what cases did United States v. Jones overturn, either entirely or in part? Please explain
In the case of United States v. Jones, the Supreme Court of the United States addressed the issue of whether the government's attachment of a GPS tracking device to a suspect's vehicle constituted a search under the Fourth Amendment.
The Fourth Amendment's safeguard against arbitrary searches and seizures was broken, the Court found, by installing and using the GPS device without a valid warrant.
The ruling in United States v. Jones did not expressly reverse any earlier decisions. The Court's earlier decisions in United States v. Knotts (1983) and United States v. Karo (1984), which dealt with electronic surveillance and the use of tracking devices, were clarified and significantly expanded upon. According to United States v. Jones even when GPS tracking takes place in public areas, it still counts as a search under the Fourth Amendment and needs a warrant.
Learn more about Fourth Amendment at:
brainly.com/question/7955252
#SPJ4
What conclusion can you draw about why excessive use of force can happen sometimes in the fields of policing and corrections?
Answer:
Especially in the fields of police and corrections, excessive force can happen frequently because of a few things. The first would be bias, when the officer has premonitions about the victim. They act out of fear or on impulsivity. Also, the scenario and circumstances around the officer and victim can contribute to excessive force usage.
Explanation:
Look above :)
2certificates of confidentiality may contribute to increased enrollment in trials due to assurance of participant privacy. true or false
True. Certificates of Confidentiality may contribute to increased enrollment in trials due to the assurance of participant privacy.
Certificates of Confidentiality (CoCs) are issued by various research funding agencies and institutions to protect the privacy of individuals participating in research studies. By obtaining a CoC, researchers are legally bound to safeguard the participant's identifiable information from being disclosed in legal proceedings. This assurance of privacy helps alleviate concerns about potential privacy breaches and encourages individuals to participate in research trials. The use of CoCs can enhance trust and confidentiality in research settings, particularly when dealing with sensitive information or stigmatized conditions. Participants may feel more comfortable sharing personal details, knowing that their information will be kept confidential and not subject to legal demands for disclosure.
Therefore, the availability of Certificates of Confidentiality can contribute to increased enrollment in research trials by providing participants with a greater sense of privacy and security, fostering trust between researchers and participants.
To know more about Certificates of Confidentiality, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/8456548
#SPJ11
walker suggests that most of the time, the system operates in a chaotic and arbitrary manner.
In his analysis, Walker argues that the criminal justice system often exhibits characteristics of chaos and arbitrariness. He contends that factors such as race, socioeconomic status, and the discretion of key actors within the system contribute to this perception.
Walker highlights that disparities exist in the treatment of individuals based on their background and circumstances. For example, he points to studies showing that people from marginalized communities, particularly racial and ethnic minorities, often face harsher penalties compared to their counterparts from privileged backgrounds. Moreover, the discretion exercised by prosecutors, judges, and law enforcement officials can introduce inconsistency and unpredictability into the system. Additionally, Walker suggests that the sheer volume of cases and limited resources may result in rushed decisions, inadequate legal representation, and a lack of thorough examination of evidence, leading to potential errors and injustices.
While not universally applicable to every jurisdiction or case, Walker's assessment underscores the need for ongoing efforts to address the perceived chaos and arbitrariness within the criminal justice system and to promote fairness, equal treatment, and transparency in its operation.
To know more about Walker, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/31622350
#SPJ11
If emergency vehicles are responding to an emergency, you need to
Answer:
move aside to give the emergency vehicle room
Explanation:
Can someone please answer this
Answer:
B) by lending money at interest
Explanation:
In 2000, Ann and Carlos met at university. In 2004 they married. They immediately bought, and began running in partnership, a hotel. In 2010 they incorporated Hotelux Ltd, to take over the business of running the hotel. Ann and Carlos each owned 50 per cent of the company’s shares and were the company’s only directors. They agreed they would share equally the running of the company.
In 2018, the company needed to raise more finance to purchase another hotel. Ann’s accountant introduced her to Kambili, a venture capitalist who bought a 20 per cent shareholding in Hotelux (leaving Ann and Carlos each owning 40 per cent of the shares). Kambili was appointed a director but has never attended any board meetings. In 2019, it was agreed that Kambili’s son, Tayo, could work for Hotelux as a manager of one of its hotels.
In 2020, Ann and Carlos’s marriage broke down. Ann became very depressed and stopped attending board meetings. Carlos persuaded Kambili to join with him in voting for Ann’s removal as a director, and Carlos continued running the company alone. Under Carlos’s sole management, the company’s fortunes have declined considerably. Carlos recently made a number of
14
Hotelux’s employees redundant, including Tayo. Kambili complains that this goes against what the shareholders agreed in 2019. Carlos has offered to buy Ann’s and Kambili’s shares from them at a fair market price, to be determined by the company’s auditors.
Advise Ann, and Kambili, whether each of them could bring successful proceedings under section 994 Companies Act 2006.
Ann and Kambili may potentially bring successful proceedings under section 994 of the Companies Act 2006 against Carlos.
Under section 994 of the Companies Act 2006, Ann and Kambili may potentially bring successful proceedings against Carlos. Section 994 allows minority shareholders to seek relief from the court if the company's affairs are being conducted in a manner that is unfairly prejudicial to their interests.
In this case, several factors support Ann's claim. Firstly, Ann and Carlos initially agreed to share the running of the company equally, indicating an understanding of joint management. However, Carlos's decision to remove Ann as a director without legitimate cause and continue running the company alone could be viewed as unfairly prejudicial. Additionally, the decline in the company's fortunes under Carlos's sole management could be seen as further evidence of unfair treatment.
Regarding Kambili, the fact that he was appointed as a director but never attended board meetings raises questions about his involvement and the fulfillment of his responsibilities. If it can be established that his appointment was merely a formality and he was excluded from decision-making processes, it could be argued that his interests have been unfairly prejudiced.
Ultimately, the success of proceedings under section 994 would depend on the specific circumstances and evidence presented in court.
For more such question on Companies Act 2006
https://brainly.com/question/29065245
#SPJ8
Everyone has the right to seek safety in another country if his own country goes against the purposes and principles of the United Nations.
Answer:
correct
Explanation: