Cosmic background radiation is Leftover radiation from the big bang.
What is Cosmic radiation?
When primary photons and particles from outside of the solar system interact with elements of the earth's atmosphere, cosmic radiation, an ionising radiation, is created. The sun's discharge of charged particles, also known as solar flares or "sun storms," is a secondary source of cosmic radiation. The environment in which we live naturally contains ionising radiation, which can be found in the soil, structures, food we eat, and even the bones in our bodies.
Nonionizing radiation, which also includes UV light, radio waves, as well as microwaves, is the other type. Natural radiation has been present in the environment where humans, animals, as well as plants have all evolved, and, with very few exceptions, it poses little danger to human health.
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How many protons for the si silicon atom
Answer:
Silicon has 14 protons in its atoms.
explain why the use of glycerol (1,2,3-propanetriol) in lotions helps retain water and keep the skin moist.
The use of glycerol in lotions helps retain water and keep the skin moist because it is hygroscopic compound
Hygroscopic compounds which are also known as water loving compounds, which are able to attract or hold the water from the environment, either through absorption or adsorption. Many react chemically with water such as metal hydrides or alkali metals.
One of the main application of these compounds was in absorption cycles that were used in the refrigerators.
In glycerol the presence of 3OH groups in it make is more hygroscopic in nature and therefore when we use glycerol's in the lotions, it helps retain the water in it because it now attracts water and hence keeps the skin moist.
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Question 1 (1 point)
Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between the
reactants and the products of a chemical reaction?
The total mass of the reactants must be less than the total mass of the products.
Products and reactants always have the same physical and chemical states.
Products always have a different physical and chemical state than reactants.
The total mass of the reactants must equal the total mass of the products.
Answer: A The total mass of the reactants must equal the total mass of the products.
Explanation:
what does the lewis dot structure of mg2 look like? group of answer choices zero pair of electrons one pair of electrons one pair of electrons, two lone electrons four pairs of electrons
The Lewis dot structure of Mg2+ look like zero pair of electrons
Lone pair: what are they?
The electrons in a lone pair are those who did not participate in any chemical reactions. Any molecule's single electron pair is represented by the following.
Any atom's lone pair of electrons= (Valence electrons - the number of electrons the atom shares) / 2.
Two electrons are lost from the magnesium atom, creating the magnesium ion, or Mg2+.
Mg has the electrical configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 and Mg2+ has the configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6.
In the K and L shells of Mg2+, there are only 10 electrons each. The Lewis structure of Mg2+ reveals that the magnesium ion does not contain a lone pair of electrons.
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if 100. ml of 0.100 m na2so4 is added to 200. ml of 0.150 m nabr, what is the concentration of na ions in the final solution? assume that the volumes are additive.
The concentration of sodium ion in the final solution containing 100 ml of 0.100 m Na₂SO₄ and 200 ml of 0.150 m NaBr is 0.167 M.
The concentration of Na₂SO₄ is given as 0.100 M. So it is clear that 0.100 mol of Na₂SO₄ is present in 1 L of solution.
One mole of Na₂SO₄ contains 2 moles of Na⁺ ions and one mole of SO₄²⁻ ion.
Therefore, the concentration of Na⁺ ion can be calculated as follows:
Concentration of Na⁺ ions (M₁) = 2×0.100 M
= 0.2 M
Volume of Na₂SO₄ (V₁) = 100 mL
Similarly, 0.150 M NaBr is taken, which implies that 0.150 moles of NaBr are present in 1 L of solution.
One mole of NaBr contains 1 mole of Na⁺ ions and one mole of Cl⁻ ion.
Therefore, the concentration of Na⁺ ion (M₂) = 0.150 M
Volume of NaCl (V₂) = 200 mL
It is known that, M₁V₁ + M₂V₂ = MV
Where V is the total volume of solution, that is 100 mL+200 mL = 300 mL and M is the concentration of Na⁺ ion in the final solution. Equating values of M₁, V₁, M₂, and V₂ in the above equation is as follows:
0.2 M×100 mL +0.150 M×200 mL = M×300 mL
⇒M=0.2 M × 100 mL + 0.150 M × 200 mL/ 300 mL
⇒M= 0.1666 M
⇒M=0.167 M
Hence, the concentration of Na⁺ ion in the final solution is 0.167 M.
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Which five systems help you change from a child to an adult?
Answer:
Infancy (neonate and up to one year of age)
Toddler ( one to five years of age)
Childhood (three to eleven years old) - early childhood is from three to eight years old, and middle childhood is from nine to eleven years old.
Adolescence or teenage (from 12 to 18 years old)
Adulthood.
Explanation:
Please give the brainliest.
polypeptides are continuously being formed and degraded. one of these processes is shown. the figure presents the molecular structures of polypeptides. a molecule at the top of the figure has a backbone with six repeats of the following atoms: n, c, c. one r group, of the range r 1 through r 6, is bonded with the first c of each the n, c, c repeats. an arrow that is joined by another arrow labeled h 2 o points to two shorter molecules, each with only three repeats of the atoms: n, c, c. one of the shorter molecules has r groups r 1, r 2, and r 3. the other molecule has r groups r 4, r 5, and r 6. figure 1. polypeptide reaction which statement is the most accurate description of the reaction shown in figure 1?
It represents a polypeptide chain that is broken down through a hydrolysis reaction.
The backbone of DNA contains deoxyribose while the backbone of RNA contains ribose. A covalent bond is formed between the carbon and nitrogen atoms to form H2OH2O. The hydrophilic phosphate groups of phospholipid molecules are attracted to the aqueous internal and external environment.
The shape and charge of the substrate match the active site of the enzyme. Because the substitution reduced the mass of the enzyme, the mutant enzyme bound the substrate more weakly than the normal enzyme. There is no visible effect on the structure of the CFTR protein. It leads to the synthesis of proteins that aid in cell replication. DNA is usually double-stranded, with both strands oriented parallel, whereas RNA is usually single-stranded.
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Disclaimer:- Your question is incomplete,please see below for the complete question.
polypeptides are continuously being formed and degraded. one of these processes is shown. the figure presents the molecular structures of polypeptides. a molecule at the top of the figure has a backbone with six repeats of the following atoms: n, c, c. one r group, of the range r 1 through r 6, is bonded with the first c of each the n, c, c repeats. an arrow that is joined by another arrow labeled h 2 o points to two shorter molecules, each with only three repeats of the atoms: n, c, c. one of the shorter molecules has r groups r 1, r 2, and r 3. the other molecule has r groups r 4, r 5, and r 6. figure 1. polypeptide reaction which statement is the most accurate description of the reaction shown in figure.
Now you know what the MaKey MaKey kit can do, but how does it work? What property of the matter that it can use (bananas, water, play-dough, noodles, human skin) does the MaKey MaKey take advantage of? Explain in a MEAL paragraph how you know whether this is a physical or a chemical property.
Answer: Bananas
Explanation:
A MaKey MaKey is a small circuit board that turns physical objects (like a banana) into buttons for your computer. It works by creating electrical circuits.
a student weight out .250 g of an unknown diprotic acid, and uses 30ml of .1m naoh to reach the second equivalence point in titrating this acid. show how to calculate the molecular weight of this acid
If 250 g of an unknown diprotic acid, and uses 30ml of .1m naoh to reach the second equivalence point in titrating this acid, then the molecular weight of this acid is 166.67 g/ mol.
Firstly, we will calculate the total number of moles of NaOH.
As we know that,
Molarity = Moles / volume
Moles = M × volume
Given,
Molarity = 0.1 M NaOH
volume = 0.03 L
By substituting all the values, we get
0.1 × 0.03 = moles
moles = 0.003 mol
As we know that the given acid is diprotic acid which means that the second equivalent point in titrating this acid reached, two moles of NaOH is treated by one moles of acid. Due to which the relationship is given as below:
0.003 × 1 mol acid / 2 mol NaOH = 0.0015 mole
Now, we will calculate the molar mass of diprotic acid as follow:
Molar mass = g acid /mol acid
= 0.250 g/ 0.0015 mol
= 166.67 g / mol.
Thus, we concluded that 250 g of an unknown diprotic acid, and uses 30ml of .1m naoh to reach the second equivalence point in titrating this acid, then the molecular weight of this acid is 166.67 g/ mol.
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solid aluminum and oxygengas react to form solid aluminum oxide. suppose you have 7.0 mol of al and 11.0 mol of o2 in a reactor. calculate the largest amount of that could be produced. round your answer to the nearest .
The largest amount of Al₂O₃ produced from the reaction is 3.5 moles
What are limiting reactants?
A reactant that is completely consumed at the end of a chemical reaction is known as the limiting reagent. This reagent regulates the amount of product produced because the reaction cannot proceed without it.
Finding the limiting reactant,
4Al + 3O₂ —> 2Al₂O₃
From the balanced equation above,
4 moles of Al reacted with 3 moles of O₂.
Therefore,
7 moles of Al will react with = (7 × 3)/4 = 5.25 moles of O₂
From above, only 5.25 moles of O₂ out of 11 moles given, is needed to completely react with 7 moles of Al.
Therefore, Al is the limiting reactant and O₂ is the excess reactant.
Now, the largest amount of Al₂O₃ produced from the reaction. This can be obtained by using the limiting reactant as shown below
From the balanced equation above,
4 moles of Al reacted to produce 2 moles of Al₂O₃.
Therefore,
7 moles of Al will react to produce = (7 × 2)/4 = 3.5 moles of Al₂O₃.
Thus, the largest amount of Al₂O₃ produced from the reaction is 3.5 moles
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redox reactions occur spontaneously because . multiple choice question. atoms of different elements have different tendencies to gain and lose electrons atoms of different elements have different tendencies to gain and lose protons the products of redox reactions are not soluble in water
redox reactions occur spontaneously because atoms of different elements have different tendencies to gain and lose electrons
Redox reactions are oxidation-reduction chemical reactions in which the reactants undergo a change in their oxidation states. The term ‘redox’ is a short form of reduction and oxidation. All the redox reactions can be broken down into two different processes that is a reduction process and an oxidation process.
The oxidation and reduction reactions always occur simultaneously in redox or Oxidation-Reduction reactions. The substance that are getting reduced in a chemical reaction is known as the oxidizing agent, while a substance that is getting oxidized is known as the reducing agent.
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What mass of water is needed to prepare a 1.20 molal solution using 0.60 mol propyleneglycol?
To produce a 1.20 molarity solution with 0.60 mol propylene glycol, 0.5 kg volume of water is needed.
What exactly is polypropylene glycol and how does it work?A synthetic liquid material that absorbs water is called propylene glycol. Additionally, polyester compounds and the foundation for deicing solutions are made with propylene glycol. When a leak could result in contact with food, the chemicals, food, and pharmaceutics utilize propylene glycol as an antifreeze.
Must you stay away from propylene glycol?The majority of processed foods include propylene glycol in some amount. Despite its low toxicity, eating a lot of foods that contain it can have negative effects on your health. Avoiding goods that contain the chemical is the greatest defense. Instead
Briefing:M: 1.20
moles: 0.60
Kg:?
(m)(kg)/(m)= 0.60/1.20= 0.5Kg
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The gallium in the image is melting in the person's hand. Which
changes will occur on a microscopic level?
O The gallium atoms will gain potential energy, moving
freely from each other.
O The gallium atoms will increase in temperature,
O The gallium atoms will be moving faster on average.
O The gallium atoms will gain kinetic energy.
The gallium in the image is melting in the person's hand changes will occur on a microscopic level is the gallium atoms will increase in temperature at its melting point
The melting point also called as liquification is the process by which the solid substances turn into liquid upon giving heat energy and there is equilibrium established between the solid and liquid phase during melting of a substances and the gallium metal has low melting point and upon touching a person hand the atom heat up and there is increase in temprature which is enough to melt it and atom heat up and liquify as it reaches its melting point
Therefore when the gallium metal is kept on a person hand the atom heat up and melt upon reaching its melting point
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Sodium is not a product of the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution because it is more __________ than hydrogen. What word completes this sentence?
Sodium is not a product of the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution because it is more reactive than hydrogen.
What is electrolysis?Electrolysis is the decomposition of a substance in a molten or solution form when a direct current is passed through it.
A substance in a molten state or a solution that allows electric current to pass through it is known as an electrolyte.
During electrolysis, the ions in the solution of molten gain or lose electrons to become discharged as neutral atoms.
The ability of ions to be discharged during electrolysis depends on the position of the ion in the electrochemical series as well as on the concentration of the ions. Reactive ions are not easily discharged during electrolysis.
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Which of the samples shown contains a mixture?
Answer:
D.
Explanation:
The molecules shown are different, they are also not combined which means a mixture is shown.
Mixture is defined as when two or more than two components are mixed together. The samples shown contains a mixture is option D.
What is mixture ?A substance made up of two or more separate chemical compounds that are not chemically linked is referred to as a mixture. When two or more substances are physically combined, their identities are maintained, and the mixture takes the shape of solutions, suspensions, or colloids.
A substance made up of two or more separate chemical compounds that are not chemically linked is referred to as a mixture. When two or more substances are physically combined, their identities are maintained, and the mixture takes the shape of solutions, suspensions, or colloids.
When two or more distinct substances physically join, a mixture is produced that can be dispersed back into its constituent parts.
Thus, option D is correct.
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calculate the expected change in boiling point when 1.00 mole of nacl and 1.00 mole of c6h12o6 are each dissolved in seperate 500. g portions of water
The expected change in boiling point of a solution containing non-volatile solutes will always be higher than that of the pure solvent.
Dissolving 0.1 mol of sodium chloride or 0.1 mol of sugar in 1 L of water gives different increases in boiling point. Sugar is not an electrolyte and does not dissociate in aqueous solution. NaCl is a strong electrolyte and completely dissociates into sodium and chloride ions. Therefore, 0.1 mol of sodium chloride and 0.1 mol of sugar produce different numbers of particles. Therefore, boiling point elevation may vary.
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Make a list of the similarities and differences between covalent bonds and london dispersion forces.
Difference between covlant bond and London dispersion forces:
covlant bond are intramolecular forces of attraction.but londen dispersion forces are intermolecular attraction forces .similarities Between covlant bond and London Dispersion Forces
London Dispersion Forces and covlant bond both of forces of attraction.London Dispersion Force
The London dispersion force is the weakest intermolecular force. The London dispersion force is a temporary attractive force that occurs when electrons of two adjacent atoms occupy positions that form a temporary dipole. This force is sometimes called the induced dipole induced dipole attraction. The London force is the attractive force that causes a non-polar substance to condense into a liquid and freeze into a solid when the temperature drops sufficiently.
Dispersion forces exist between all molecules, whether polar or nonpolar.
Large, heavy atoms and molecules exhibit stronger dispersion forces than smaller, lighter ones. In atoms or molecules larger than
, the valence electrons are on average farther from the nucleus than in smaller atoms or molecules. They are held less tightly and are more likely to form transient dipoles.
The ease with which electron distribution around an atom or molecule is distorted is called polarizability.
London Dispersion forces are generally
stronger between more polarizable molecules. It is weaker between molecules that are difficult to polarize.
Covalent Bonds
Covalent bonds occur when electron pairs are shared by atoms. Atoms covalently bond with other atoms to increase stability. This is achieved through the formation of perfect electron shells. By sharing their outermost (valence) electrons, atoms can fill their outer electron shells and gain stability. Non-metals readily form covalent bonds with other nonmetals to achieve stability, and can form 1-3 covalent bonds with other nonmetals depending on the number of valence electrons they possess.
Octet Rule
The octet rule requires that all atoms in a molecule have eight valence electrons to be stable by sharing, losing, or gaining electrons. In covalent bonds, atoms tend to share electrons with each other in order to follow the octet rule. This is the amount of electrons required to fill the s and p orbitals (electron configuration), so 8 electrons are required. Also called noble gas composition. All atoms want to be as stable as noble gases.
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Draw the structure of the major organic product formed in the reaction of 1−methylcyclohexene with bromine in water.
The major organic product formed in the reaction of 1−methylcyclohexene with bromine in water is attached as a picture.
A reaction mechanism is a representation of step by step transfer of electrons and molecules from one compound to another compound. In reaction mechanisms, the curved arrows show the moment of electrons.
In the reaction mechanism of 1-methyl cyclohexene the double bond of 1-methyl cyclohexene act as an attacking group and attacks Br2. As a result, one Br atom gets attached to 1-methyl cyclohexene. This results in a carbocation generation on the carbon having the methyl group. This carbon cation then attacks the oxygen of water molecules and (1S,2S)-2-bromo-1-methylcyclohexan-1-ol will generates as the major product.
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Which of the following areas of the mitochondria has the lowest pH?a. The mitochondrial christaeb. The mitochondrial matrixc. The intermembrane spaced. The cytosol
The intermembrane space has the lowest pH in the mitochondria.
Describe mitochondria.
The majority of the chemical energy required to drive a cell's metabolic operations is produced by membrane-bound cell organelles called mitochondria. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a little molecule that stores the chemical energy generated by the mitochondria. Small chromosomes unique to mitochondria make up each cell.A proton gradient is necessary for ATP synthase, which is found on the inner mitochondrial membrane, to produce ATP. Accordingly, protons must be pushed through the inner mitochondrial membrane and into the intermembrane space. As a result of the high proton concentration, the intermembrane space in the mitochondria has the lowest pH.
While the cytosol is not a component of the mitochondria, the inner mitochondrial membrane is where the mitochondrial matrix is located. Neither of these have pH values that are unusually low.
The inner mitochondrial membrane has folds called christae that increase its surface area for the activities involved in the electron transport chain. Despite being structurally important in promoting respiration, the pH of christae is similar to that of the mitochondrial matrix.
Hence, The intermembrane space has the lowest pH in the mitochondria.
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If you forgot to add the primers to your pcr reaction, what would happen and why?.
Learn PCR reaction and primer.
What is PCR?
A specific DNA segment can be quickly multiplied (amplified) into millions or billions of copies using the polymerase chain reaction, also known as PCR, so that it can be further examined in the lab.
What is primer?
A substance used as a primer coat on previously unpainted wood, metal, or canvas, especially to stop the absorption of additional layers of paint or the growth of rust.
Taq polymerase cannot add bases in the absence of a small amount of DNA, so your reaction would not succeed. Because there wouldn't be an enzyme that could add new nucleotide bases, your reaction would fail.
Therefore, your reaction would not succeed. Because there wouldn't be an enzyme that could add new nucleotide bases, your reaction would fail.
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100 POINTS
Salt
The recommended daily value of salt in an adult diet is 1,500 mg. The average
American adult consumes 3,400 mg of salt per day. How many more molecules of salt
does the average American adult consume compared to the recommended daily value?
(1 g = 1,000 mg)
Answer:
3400-1500= 1900mg or 1.9 gm
A chemistry teacher mixes two clear substances together and notices a solid forming at the bottom of the beaker. Is the teacher demonstrating a physical or chemical change?.
A chemistry teacher mixes two clear substances together and notices a solid forming at the bottom of the beaker then the teacher demonstrating chemical change
A chemical changes happen when bond are broken and new ones are created and thus in science lab cash mixes two clear liquid together in a beaker and bubbles are produced and white solid form and settle to the bottom means it is a precipitate and when heat the beaker over low heat and make more observation in a chemical change and as we know that chemical change are irreversible change and come out with new product always
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Did the Simulations from this lesson provide evidence that supported the ideas you wrote on the proposed answer? This is not a simple yes or no question. Be detailed. Why did you say yes or no?
Use the CER method to receive full credit.
Answer:
q
Explanation:
an element e has the electron configuration [kr] 5s24d105p3. the formula for the hydride of e is most likely
The formula oh Hydride of of antimony is H3Sb.
Hydrides is the hydrogen anion with the the formula H-.It is the binary compound of the hydrogen with other elements .In this Hydrogen is covalently bonded. this is bonded to a less electronegative element. This only exists in extrema condition. This consist of two electrons and a proton. Electronic configuration of hydride is 1S2.
[Kr]5s24d105p3 is antimony.
The formula of hydride in antimony is SbH3.This is a colorless gas and it is highly toxic. This is the main covalent hydride of antimony. This is also known as antimony hydride or hydrogen antimonite. This is the binary compound of Hydrogen with antimony.
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3. Hydrogen fuel cells are used on the space shuttle. These cells run on hydrogen ions,
hydrogen gas and oxygen gas.
a) Write two most likely half reactions, and net reaction that will take place in the hydrogen
fuel cell.
b) Calculate the electric potential difference for this reaction. (show all work)
Fuel cell automobiles use hydrogen gas to electricity an electric powered motor. Unlike traditional automobiles which run on gas or diesel, gas cell motors and vehicles integrate hydrogen and oxygen to supply electricity, which runs a motor.
The gas cell electricity plants generate warmth and water as by-merchandise of electrical electricity generation. The extra warmth is directed to gas cell warmth exchangers, in which the extra warmth is rejected to Freon coolant loops. The water is directed to the potable water garage subsystem.
Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) Rocket Fuel.
The Saturn rockets used it for his or her secondary degree engines. Later the NASA area commute could use it to electricity its 3 most important rocket engines. Liquid hydrogen gas has many benefits, consisting of its low molecular weight and excessive power output whilst burned collectively with liquid oxygen.
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What is the oxidation state argon
Answer: Possible oxidation states are 0.
Consider a molecule that has carbon as the central atom and is best described by sp3 hybridization. How many other atoms are connected to this carbon?.
According to the molecular geometry, if carbon is central atom and is sp³ hybridized then it is attached to four other atoms.
What is molecular geometry?
Molecular geometry can be defined as a three -dimensional arrangement of atoms which constitute the molecule.It includes parameters like bond length,bond angle and torsional angles.
It influences many properties of molecules like reactivity,polarity color,magnetism .The molecular geometry can be determined by various spectroscopic methods and diffraction methods , some of which are infrared,microwave and Raman spectroscopy.
They provide information about geometry by taking into considerations the vibrational and rotational absorbance of a substance.Neutron and electron diffraction techniques provide information about the distance between nuclei and electron density.
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The half life of radium-226 is 1602 years. If you have 500 grams of radium today how many grams would have been present 9612 years ago?
The initial mass present is 32000 g.
What is the mass of the radium-226?We know that the half life is the time that is taken for only half of the number of the original radioactive atoms to remain. Now, we have been told in the question that the half life of the atom is 1602 years.
Now we have;
N/No = (1/2)^t/[tex]t_{\frac{1}{2} }[/tex]
N = Number of atoms at time t
No = Number of atoms originally present
t = time taken
[tex]t_{\frac{1}{2} }[/tex] = Half life of the sample
Now;
500/No = (1/2)^9612/ 1602
500/No = (1/2)^6
No = 500/(1/2)^6
No = 32000 g
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.400 moles of CO2 gas are confined in a 5.00-liter container at 25 °C. Calculate the pressure exerted in atmospheres and mm Hg.
The pressure exerted by 0.400 moles of carbon dioxide in a 5.00 Liter container at 25 °C would be 1.9563 atm or 1486.788 mm Hg.
The ideal gas lawAccording to the ideal gas law, the product of the pressure and volume of a gas is a constant.
This can be mathematically expressed as:
pv = nRT
Where:
p = pressure of the gas
v = volume
n = number of moles
R = Rydberg constant (0.08206 L•atm•mol-1K)
T = temperature.
In this case:
p is what we are looking for.
v = 5.00 L
n = 0.400 moles
T = 25 + 273
= 298 K
Now, let's make p the subject of the formula of the equation.
p = nRT/v
= 0.400 x 0.08206 x 298/5
= 1.9563 atm
Recall that: 1 atm = 760 mm Hg
Thus:
1.9563 atm = 1.9563 x 760 mm Hg
= 1486.788 mm Hg
In other words, the pressure exerted by the gas in atm is 1.9563 atm and in mm HG is 1486.788 mm Hg.
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Combusting an unknown hydrocarbon produces 5 mol co₂ and 6 mol h₂o. What is the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon?.
C5H12 is the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon .
What are Hydrocarbons ?
Hydrocarbons are type of organic chemical compounds composed only of the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). Carbon atoms bond to form the skeleton of a compound, and hydrogen atoms bond to it in various configurations. Hydrocarbons are the components of oil and natural gas. They are used not only as fuels and lubricants, but also as raw materials for plastics, textiles, rubber, solvents, explosives and industrial chemicals.
Many hydrocarbons exist in nature. Not only do they form fossil fuels, they are also present in trees and plants. For example, it exists in the form of pigments called carotenes found in carrots and green leaves.More than 98% of raw natural rubber is a hydrocarbon polymer, a chain-like molecule with many units attached. The structure and chemical properties of individual hydrocarbons are highly dependent on the type of chemical bond that connects the constituent atoms.
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