Consider the reaction

H2(g) + Cl2(g)2HCl(g)

Using standard thermodynamic data at 298K, calculate the entropy change for the surroundings when 2.41 moles of H2(g) react at standard conditions.
S°surroundings = J/K

Answer: The total mass of the reactants must equal the total mass of the products.

Explanation: This is because the mass of all reactants is the mass of all products. Remember that escaping gases from products can lessen the mass. But in all, all products have the same mass as the reactants. I hope this helps!

Magnesium hydroxide has a limited solubility in water and is a weak base. In 1.8 x 10E-6 M solution, there are two hydroxide ions (OH-) per formula unit, or the following number of hydroxide ions per liter:

2(1.8 x 10E-6) = 3.6 x 10E-6 .

A chemical species' concentration in a solution, specifically the amount of a solute per unit volume of solution, is measured by its molar concentration. The number of moles per liter, denoted by the unit symbol mol/L or mol/dm3 in SI units, is the most often used unit denoting molarity in chemistry.

Molarity is measured in units of M or mol/L. One molar is used to describe a 1 M solution.

The amount of moles of solute per liter of solution is known as molarity (M).

Molarity is defined as moles of solute per liter of solution. The amount of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent is known as molality (m). Molality is defined as moles of solute/kg of solvent.

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The components of a solution are solute and solvent, such as solute is the substance that is being dissolved, whereas the solvent is the dissolving medium.

Polar solvents dissolve polar solutes and similarly non-polar solvents dissolve non-polar solutes. Water is a polar solvent and it dissolves salts and other polar molecules but not non-polar molecules such as oil.

a) Ethanol is soluble in both water and hexane.

b) benzene, carbon dioxide, and tetrachloromethane will be soluble in octane since these compounds are nonpolar.

c)Solubility of potassium chloride is maximum in water. Potassium chloride is an ionic solid and water is a polar solvent.

d)Hydrogen peroxide is soluble in water which is a polar.

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Answer:

They have eight valence electrons, which fill their outer energy level

Explanation:

Noble gases are the least reactive of all elements. This is the most stable arrangement of electrons, so noble gases rarely react with other elements and form compounds.

Answer:

because their valance shell (outermost shell)  is completed with the maximum number of electrons

Explanation:

The early committees trying to regulate that how the newly discovered element were named

Before the regulation were applied to the field of chemistry and the element their characteristics and other information related to them were so disorganized that this was causing the progress in the field to slow down so the committees decided to regulate things such as the names of any newly discovered element and any properties it had so that it could be put to use in a more effective way

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The change in entropy of ammonia is 132.2 J/K.

Firstly calculating molar entropy by the formula -

∆S = ∆Hv/T, where ∆S is entropy, ∆Hv is heat of vaporization and T is temperature.

∆Hv = 23.4 × 10000

Performing multiplication

∆Hv = 23400 J/mol

T = -33.5 + 273

Performing subtraction

T = 239.5 K

Keep the values in formula to find molar entropy.

Molar ∆S = 23400 ÷ 239.5

Performing division

Molar ∆S = 97.7 J/mol K

∆S = molar ∆S × number of moles

∆S = 97.7 × (23/17)

Performing multiplication and division

∆S = 132.2 J /K

Hence, the entropy is 132.2 J/K.

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Number of unpaired electrons present is 1 electron therefore it is paramagnetic in nature. Number of unpaired electrons in zinc is zero therefore it is diamagnetic in nature

The magnetic properties of a compound can be determined from the electronic configuration and the size of the atoms. Because magnetism is generated by the electronic spin. The number of unpaired electrons in a specific compound indicates how magnetic the compound is.

If there are unpaired electrons present in the electronic configuration then the compound is said to be paramagnetic in nature. If the compounds have all paired electrons then the compound is said to be diamagnetic in nature.

In case of Fluorine the atomic number of the atom is 9 so we can see that in the 2p orbital there are 5 electron among which 4 are paired electrons and 1 is unpaired electrons. Hence it is paramagnetic in nature.

Zinc atomic number is 30, and we see that there are no unpaired electrons that are present hence the atom is diamagnetic in nature.

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In the identification of configuration if the priority groups are arranged in a clockwise direction then it is R- configuration if it is anticlockwise then it is S- configuration.

All three isomers are based on a hexane chain or a chain of six carbon atoms. However, isomer 1 has a chlorine atom on the first carbon. So for 1-chlorohexidine one of the hydrogen atoms on carbon number 1 can be removed and replaced with a chlorine atom.

Cyclohexane is an alicyclic hydrocarbon containing a ring of 6 carbon atoms and is the cyclic form of hexane used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon. Hexane is used as a special solvent and as a cleaning agent to extract edible oils from seeds and vegetables. When hexane is added to water it floats to the surface of the water with no noticeable mixing. The reason why hexane and water do not mix is ​​complicated.

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The octet rule refers to the tendency of atoms to prefer to have eight electrons in the valence shell.

There are three violations to the octet rule are odd-electron molecules, electron-deficient molecules, and expanded valence shell molecules.

The octet rule refers to the tendency of atoms to favor to have eight electrons within the valence shell. while atoms have fewer than eight electrons, they tend to react and form greater solid compounds.

The octet rule refers to an crucial precept that the atoms which have bonded percentage eight outer electrons. This honestly method that the atom's valence shell has a resemblance with a noble gas. The octet rule states that the atoms like to have 8 electrons most effective of their complete outer shells.

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Disclaimer:- Your question is incomplete,please see below for the complete question.

H : Cl

A. This structure is correct due to the total number of bonds and electrons.

B. this structure is incorrect due to the total number of electrons for the involved atoms.

C. this structure is correct due to allowed exceptions to the octet rule for the involved atoms.

D. this structure is incorrect because the octet rule is not fulfilled for all the atoms.

Because there is so much empty space between the gas particles, most of a gas' volume is made up of compressible gas molecules, Hence option c is correct. i.e, Its particles are spread far apart.

The greater compressible nature of gases compared to liquids or solids is explained by the kinetic-molecular hypothesis. The average distance between the gas molecules at standard pressure and room temperature is roughly 10 times the diameter of the molecules.  Gas particles are pushed closer together when a gas is compressed, such as when the diving tank is then being filled.

There are various uses for compressed gases. Patients with damaged lungs are frequently given oxygen in hospitals to help them breathe better. When a patient is having a major procedure, a compressed gas is usually used to give anesthetic. 

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When two objects collide, a force is exerted on each object. the two forces are exerted in opposite directions, but they are in different strength.

Force is defined as the physical strength.

By Newton's first law of motion,

A body moving or in rest remains in motion or in rest until or unless no external force exertes on the body.

By newton second law of motion,

the force is directly proportional to the rate of change of momentum.

Mathematically,

F = ma

When a body collide and move backward or change it's path by exerting some amount of force. The force which is exerted on the body is always opposite due to which they move backward.

Thus, we concluded that when two objects collide, a force is exerted on each object. the two forces are exerted in opposite directions, but they are in different strength.

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The mass spectrum of gaseous cl which contains isotopes of mass numbers 35 and 37, consists of singly-charged peaks corresponding to m/e values is 78 m/z

A mass spectrum is simply the m/z ratios of the ion present in a sample plotted against their intensities and each peak in a mass spectrum show a component of unique m/z in the sample and height of the peak cannot the relative abundance of the various components in the sample and there are two molecular ion peak in the mass spectra of compound containing a single chlorine atom and this is because chlorine exist as two isotopes ³⁵Cl and ³⁷Cl and the mass spectrum of 2 chloropropane has peak at m/z is 78 due to molecular ion containing an atom of ³⁵Cl

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The egg would be found to float on the sea water which is denser but would tend to sink in the fresh water which is less dense.

The term salinity has to do with the amount of salt that is present. A solution is very saline if there is a high concentration of salt in the solution. We know that sea water has a greater density than water. The reason why the density of the sea water is greater than the density of the pure water is that the sea water contains dissolved salts.

Now, we know that given the fact that the sea water is denser than the fresh water, it is easier for an object to sink in the fresh water than it does in the sea water which is denser. This is even observed in ships as there is a greater tendency to remain afloat in sea water than in salt water.

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Nitrogen has five valence electrons, among the following electron configurations (image attached) option (a) represents the ground state for nitrogen.

The atomic number of nitrogen is seven, so the electronic configuration of nitrogen is as:

    1s² 2s² 2p³

Electrons present in 2s and 2p are valence electrons, so the total number of valence electrons is 5. In the outer orbitals, 2s accommodates 2 electrons in the ground state. As we can see that only options (a) (d) and (e) have 2 electrons in 2s, so we consider these as the correct option. Option (d) is also wrong because it consists of outer electrons but the nitrogen has 5 outer electrons. Option (e) is also wrong because it has 6 outer electrons. So the only correct option is (a) having 5 outer electrons 2 in 2s and 3 in 2p.

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The principle quantum number, n indicates the principal energy level.

The angular quantum number, l indicates the shape of orbital in space

The magnetic quantum number, m indicates the sublevel of the orbital

The relative size of the orbital is related to the value of quantum number n

The shape of orbital is related to the value of so the quantum magnetic number l.

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2.67 L volume is occupied by 0.105 mol of helium gas at a pressure of 0.95 atm and a temperature of 295 k

Volume is defined as the space occupied within the boundaries of an object in three-dimensional space

Here given data is

Pressure = 0.95 atm

Temprature =  295 k

Number of mole of He gas =  0.105 mol

R = 0.0821 L.atm.K⁻¹mol⁻¹ = gas constant

We have to calculate volume = ?

So according to the ideal gas equation

PV = nRT

V = nRT/P

V = 0.105 mol × 0.0821 L.atm.K⁻¹mol⁻¹ × 295 k/0.95 atm

V = 2.67 L

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Answer:

B.) The difference in electronegativity of the two elements is less than 1.7.

Explanation:

A difference of less than 2 between atoms leads to covalent bond formation. Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to draw bonding electrons when it is bonded.

We know that in covalent bonding, atoms "share" elections. We also know that in ionic bonding, atoms "take" electrons. If the electronegativity was too great then atoms would no longer share electrons, one would just draw the electron to it. The ideal values to covalently bond, in this case, would be below two.

1. Kc value:

C. remains the same.

2. Qc value:

C. remain the same.

3. The reaction is:

B.  Qc < Kc, the reaction will move in the forward direction.

4. The concentration of N2 is:

A. increase.

Whilst the awareness of all of the reactants increases extra molecules or ions interact to form new compounds and the fee of reaction increases. while the attention of a reactant decreases, there are fewer of that molecules or ions present, and the rate of reaction decreases. If the concentration of reactants is multiplied, there are more reactant particles moving collectively.

Calculation:-

Removing product will shift the reaction in the direction of product as per Le chatelier Principle

So, Equilibrium moves to product side

Since temperature is not changing Kc would not change.

B)Since we are removing product and Qc = [product]/[recatant]

Value of Qc will decrease and hence Qc will be less than Kc

C)Since Qc < Kc, the reaction will move in forward direction.

D)O2 is product here and reaction is moving towards product.

So, concentration of O2 would increase.

There could be more collisions and so the reaction charge is multiplied. The higher the awareness of reactants, the faster the fee of a response will be. awareness can be improved by means of dissolving an extra solute in a given extent of a solution this will increase the mass of the solute. awareness may be accelerated by means of permitting some of the solvents to evaporate this decreases the extent of the solution.

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Accelerate the hydrologic cycle while decreasing the ocean's thermohaline circulation. (Choice b)

A hydrologic disaster is an incident that results in a major loss of life, material, and environmental harm that is brought on by changes to the hydrologic cycle. A shift in a watershed's typical hydrology due to natural or artificial factors is referred to as an adjustment of the hydrologic cycle.

Watershed hydrology has a significant impact on the long-term viability of local ecosystems and the availability of water. Land use change & rising temperatures are two of these causes.

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False

According to Newton's Second Law of Motion, the net force on an object is equal to the product of its mass

(M) and acceleration (A)

.

That is: F(net)= M×A

If the net force on the object is zero, the acceleration of the object is also zero.

However, this does not mean that the object is in rest. It means that the object will continue to maintain its state of rest or uniform motion, according to Newton's first law of motion. If the object was moving, it will continue to move with a constant velocity.

Hence, the statement is false.

The energy of the metal d orbitals distributing a charge of −6 due to an increase in electrostatic repulsion.

What is crystal field theory?

The ability of transition metals to form complexes is a key property. A complex is made up of a core metal atom or ion surrounded by a number of ligands. Crystal field theory governs the interaction of these ligands with the core metal atom or ion.

Crystal field theory was developed in 1929 and treats the interaction between metal ion and ligand as a purely electrostatic phenomena, with the ligands seen as point charges in the region of the central atom's atomic orbitals. Crystal field theory was developed and extended to account for the partly covalent character of bonding between ligands and metal atoms, primarily through the application of molecular orbital theory.

To accurately grasp the crystal field interactions in transition metal complexes, knowledge of the geometrical or spatial distribution of d orbitals is required. In a free gaseous metal ion, the d-orbitals are fivefold degenerate. If a spherically symmetric field of negative ligand filled charge is imposed on a central metal ion, the d-orbitals remain degenerate but the energy of the free ion changes.

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The volume of 5.0 grams of gasoline which has a density of 0.70 g/ml is 7.14m3

Petroleum-derived clear flammable liquid known as gasoline or petrol is the main fuel for the majority of spark-ignited internal combustion engines. It mostly comprises of organic compounds made from petroleum fractional distillation that have been improved with various additions.

Density is the measurement of how tightly a material is packed together. It is defined as the mass per unit volume.

Acc. to the given data

mass of gasoline = 5.0 g

density of gasoline=0.70g/ml

now to find the volume we use the following formula

V=m/p

V= 5.0/0.70

V=7.14m3

Hence, the volume of 5.0 grams of gasoline which has a density of 0.70 g/ml is 7.14m3

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It would be starch or any other pill-coating material that was left.

Why is dichloromethane a good solvent for extraction?
Dichloromethane can dissolve a variety of organic compounds, despite the fact that it is not miscible with water. These characteristics make DCM a very powerful solvent in many industrial processes, along with its volatility.

What is dichloromethane used for?
Dichloromethane is a solvent used in the production of food. In aerosol formulations, it is used. It is a blowing agent for ethane foam. used in the production of pharmaceutical products as a solvent.

Why is dichloromethane not a good solvent?
DCM and other organic solvents are hazardous due to their high volatility. As a result, they can quickly evaporate.

It would be starch or any other pill-coating material that was left.

This is because starch binds the tablet together but is an inactive ingredient that would not dissolve in the solvent.

Thus, the solid remained behind starch or any pill-coating substances.

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Answer:Chemical reactions that release energy are called exothermic. In exothermic reactions, more energy is released when the bonds are formed in the products than is used to break the bonds in the reactants. Chemical reactions that absorb (or use) energy are called endothermic.

Explanation:

The boiling point of a solution made of 76 g of urea (NH₂)₂CO dissolved in 850 g of X will be 136.5 °C

Normal boiling point (T1) = 134.5 °C

Molal boiling point constant (Kb) = 1.36 °C.Kg.mol⁻¹

Weight of urea = 76 g

weight of X = 850 g or 0.850 Kg

Boiling point (T2) = ?

Calculate the boiling point elevation by using the following equation:

    ΔT = Kb × M

    M = molality

Calculate the number of moles of urea

    number of moles = mass / molar mass

    number of moles of urea = 76 g / 60.06 g/mol

    number of moles of urea = 1.3 mol

Calculate the molality

    molality = moles of solute / mass of solvent (Kg)

    molality of urea = 1.3 mol / 0.850 Kg

    molality of urea = 1.5 mol/Kg

Now calculate the ΔT

    ΔT = 1.36 °C.Kg.mol⁻¹ × 1.5 mol/kg

    ΔT = 2.0 °C

Boiling point (T2) will be:

    T2 = T1 + ΔT

    T2 = 134.5 °C + 2.0 °C

    T2 = 136.5 °C

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The activity coefficient of the given solution would be 0.85

What is activity coefficient in thermodynamics?

Activity coefficient is a major factor in the area of thermodynamics, it can be used to account for any deviations such as in the case of substances or chemical mixture.

If the solution is ideal then activity coefficient of  glucose can be calculated in the following manner :

a = 0.66 k / Kf = 0.355 mol/kg

The molality of the solution is

m = 73 gm X  1mol / 180.16 g / 966 X 10-3kg = 0.419 mol/kg

The activity coefficient is y = a / n

                                         y = 0.3555 mol/kg / 0.419 mol/kg = 0.85

This is how we can determine the activity coefficient.

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Maximum mass of water produced from the chemical reaction is calculated to be 58.46 gram.

Chemical reaction is a process where one or more substances that is the reactants are converted to one or more different substances that is the products.

2C₆H₁₄  + 19O₂ --> 12CO₂ + 14H₂O

Stoichiometry of hexane to oxygen--> 2:19

number of moles hexane = 40 g / 86.2 g/mol = 0.464 mol

number of moles of oxygen =88.6 g / 32 g/mol = 2.76 mol

If we consider hexane is limiting reactant,

As, 2 moles of hexane reacts with 19 mol of oxygen

therefore, 19/2 x 0.464 = 4.408 mol

As 4.408mol of oxygen is present, which implies O₂ is in excess and therefore hexane is the limiting reactant.

stoichiometry of hexane to water --> 2:14

2 mol of hexane will give 14 mol of water

therefore, 14/2 x 0.464 = 3.248mol

mass of water formed is 3.248 mol x 18.0 g/mol

= 58.46 gram

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A series of nuclear events that transform four protons into the helium nucleus, two positrons, and two neutrinos result in the fusion of hydrogen into helium.

Transformation of one element into another, typically with the emission of additional particles and energy.

There are four types decay as follows;

Beta Decay 2 neutrons and 2 protons were lost. Atomic mass decreases by 4, atomic number decreases by 2.

Alpha Decay A proton is created from one neutron. Atomic number increased by 1.

Particle Emission One proton transforms into a neutron.

Beta Decay A nucleus with a high energy output emits energy and stabilizes.

When two nuclei join together to form one atom, fusion processes take place. Two hydrogen atoms are fused together to create helium in the sun's reaction.

Thus, a series of nuclear events that transform four protons into the helium nucleus, two positrons, and two neutrinos result in the fusion of hydrogen into helium.

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I think the ball has energy but less energy than if it was sitting on the ground because it is farther away from Earth’s surface. Therefore option C is correct.

In order to accomplish labor and to produce heat and light, energy must be transmitted to a body or to a physical systems. Energy is a preserved resource, according to the rule of conservation of energy, energy can only be transformed from one form to another and cannot be generated or destroyed.

Examples of these include, electrical energy, sound energy, chemical energy, nuclear or atomic energy, light energy, heat energy, mechanical energy, gravitational energy, and so on.

Thus, option C is correct.

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The three primary constraints that project managers should be familiar with are time, scope, and cost.

What are some examples of constraints?

What are the 4 common types of constraints facing services?

What types of situational restrictions are there?

What are some instances of societal restrictions?

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