Not even all viruses have an envelope-like membrane surrounding the capsid. Viruses do have a wall outside of the capsid, but it originates from the host.
What do viruses possess?
A virus's outer layer is formed of a nutrient coat that serves as the nucleus of its mitochondrial Genome, either RNA or Genetic material. The second spikey coat of the mailbox is occasionally seen around the virus. Viruses are able to attach to and enter new hosts.
How do viruses become made?
It's probable that mobile genetic elements that had the ability to move between cells gave rise to viruses. They might be related to organisms that were once free-living but later switched to a parasitic mode of reproduction. It's possible that viruses existed before cellular life developed and helped to shape it.
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Define the words “gene” and “chromosome” so that a person without a science background will understand them. Include the definition with an explanation.
Answer:
a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring. this is how you get the color of your hair or the color of your skin.
a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. They are the the things that are linked in pairs. they are also what makes the genes
Explanation:
21. Energy is the ability to
gain power.
do work.
measure electricity.
apply heat.
in protostome development, multiple choice there is no coelom. the mouth forms from the second embryonic opening, not from the blastopore. the coelom forms from mesodermal outpocketings of the gut. the blastopore becomes the anus. the blastopore becomes the mouth.
In protostome development, the blastopore becomes the mouth.
What is protostome development?The blastopore develops into the mouth in protostomes, while the anus emerges from an aperture later in development. The blastopore develops into the anus in deuterostomes, while the mouth forms subsequently. Metazoans are classified as protostomes or deuterostomes based on their embryonic development. Deuterostomes include chordates and echinoderms, whereas protostomes are primordial invertebrates. This classification aids in understanding the links between various animal groupings. A protostome, commonly known as Protostomia, is a phylum of the Kingdom Animalia (animals). They exhibit spiral determinate cleavage, an embryonic mouth that develops before the anus, real tissues, and are bilaterally symmetric. Protostomia, which means "first mouth," refers to the development of the mouth in protostomes.
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A florist places a bouquet of white carnations in water containing blue dye. After a time, the flowers turn blue. What process helped the carnations to change color?.
A florist submerges a vase of white carnations under blue dyed water. Flowers turn blue due to the adhesion and the cohesion of water molecules.
What do carnations symbolize?The carnation flower represents love, enchantment, and distinction, so it's no surprise that it's so popular today and the greatest substitute for rose bouquets. Because of its enduring freshness and aroma, it also adds beauty to any bunch.
How long do carnations live for?If you keep them out of the sun and heat and constantly change the water in the vase, flowers might last at least three weeks. They are also among the most adaptable flowers available and may be colored any color under the sun.
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which of the statements describe how inducers cause changes in gene expression?
a. inducers bind to activator proteins and enhance the ability of the activator to bind DNA
b. inducers enhance transcription of all genes
c. inducers are ions that are essential for the function of RNA polymerase
d. inducers allow transcription of specific genes
e. inducers are small molecules that bind to DNA to enhance transcription of target genes
Option A. inducers bind to activator proteins and enhance the ability of the activator to bind DNA, describe how inducers cause changes in gene expression.
Gene expression is the process with the aid of which statistics from a gene are used within the synthesis of a functional gene product that enables it to provide end merchandise, protein, or non-coding RNA, and in the long run have an effect on a phenotype, as the very last effect.
Gene expression is a tightly regulated manner that allows a cell to reply to its changing environment. It acts as an on/off switch to control while proteins are made and add a quantity control that will increase or decreases the number of proteins made.
Gene expression is prompted by way of numerous factors, consisting of molecules inside the cell, mutations inflicting dominant poor consequences and haploinsufficiency, signaling molecules from surrounding cells and the surroundings, and epistasis. various molecules in the mobile modulate gene expression.
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find the similarities and differences between photosynthesis and cellular respiration. In your answer include the reactants and products of each and explain how energy is transformed, stored, and released.
Answer:
Both respiration and photosynthesis include energy conversion through biochemical reaction
Both utilize and produce ATP in reations which are carried out by the membrane and controlled by the enzymes
Differences
Photosynthesis converts water and carbon dioxide to oxygen and glucose...
while respiration converts glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide
Which of the following statements regarding fecal transplant is correct?
a. Donors and recipients must be carefully matched to prevent an immune reaction in the recipient
b. Fecal matter must be carefully disinfected and screened for viruses, cysts, and endospores before transfer to a recipient patient.
c. This treatment is designed to jump-start the intestinal microbiota after an infection with Clostridium difficile resuts in acute diarrhea.
d. The goal is to completely eradicate Clostridium difficile from a patient's gut microbiota and replace it with a healthy community
Option B is correct Fecal matter must be carefully disinfected and screened for viruses, cysts, and endospores before transfer to a recipient patient.
Fecal transplantation is the process of removing feces, often known as stool or poop, from a healthy donor and placing them into the digestive system of a patient. By introducing beneficial bacteria into the recipient's intestines, the technique can control the infection Clostridium difficile, or C. diff. Both adults and children can undergo FMT. The restoration of beneficial bacteria via fecal transplant has been shown to help control C. diff and prevent its recurrence. FMT has the potential to control C. diff more reliably than antibiotics in several situations.
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which of these methods is likely to be the least accurate in estimating population density? answer counting the number of alligators in a square kilometer of habitat counting the number of oak trees in a forest counting the number of rodent burrows in a given area counting the volume of seed consumed at a bird feeder.
Counting the quantity of seed consumed at a hen feeder of those techniques is probably to be the least correct in estimating populace density.
Scientist uses a quadrat to measure plant population size and density: A quadrat is a square body of known location wherein species of interest can be without problems counted and measured. A field study normally consists of several quadrat samples at random places or alongside a transect in representative habitat.
Populace density is calculated as the whole range of organisms of a species determined in an area divided by using the dimensions of the habitat.
In the U.S., populace density is typically expressed because of the wide variety of people in keeping with rectangular miles of land area. The U.S. cost is calculated by way of dividing the overall U.S. population (316 million in 2013) by the overall U.S. land region (three.5 million square miles).
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a fracture of the ischial tuberosity might be expected to most directly affect the muscles that produce which lower limb movement?
Flexion of the leg The ischial tuberosity is the origin of the hamstrings muscles, so fracturing this bone would effect its origin.
Hamstring originates from the ischial tuberosity and inserts onto the adductor tubercle of the femur. The gracilis adducts the thigh flexes the leg, and aids in medial rotation of the leg. They are weakest adductor muscles.
Long head of the biceps femoris originate from the ischial tuberosity of the pelvis extending to the posterior side of the femur, They also crosses the knee .On the other hand biceps femoris crosses laterally while semimembranosus and semitendinosus cross medially.
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Which of the following is not a kingdom?
A) Fungi
B) Protista
C) Mammals
D) Plants
Answer:
The answer is C.
Explanation:
The process by which carbon is cycled between the atmosphere, land, water, and organisms.
The process by which carbon is cycled between the atmosphere, land, water, and organisms is called the carbon cycle.
Atmosphere is the mixture of gases present in any planet. These mixture of gases are said to be enveloping the whole planet which remains at its position to the gravitations force of that particular planet. The earth's atmosphere is composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and one percent other gases.
Carbon cycle is the flow of carbon between different living and non-living forms. Carbon is the most vital atom that makes up almost everything in the earth and hence it is necessary to maintain its cyclic flow and prevent it from being depleted to maintain the continuity of life.
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student observed that the seeds of peas in the same pod were of different sizes.he wondered if all the seeds in the same pod would grow at the same rate.help the student to plan and design an experiment to find out about the growth of peas from same pod.
In order to measure the growth rate of the seeds from the same pot;
the student should provide the seeds with the same amount of nutrientsthe same amount of waterthe same amount of exposure to sunlightthe student should then measure the increase in length over the same time period for the seedsWhat is growth rate?Growth rate is a measure of the increase in size or length of a living organism over a given period of time.
The growth rate of living organisms depends on such factors as:
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a characteristic 9 2 arrangement of microtubules, consisting of nine doublet microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules describes the ultrastructure of which of the following cellular structures?
The ultrastructure of motile cilia and flagella is described by a distinctive 9+2 arrangement of microtubules, consisting of nine doublet microtubules around a pair of single microtubules.
What contains the nine doublets of microtubules encircling a pair of single microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement?A 9+2 microtubule skeleton, which consists of nine doublet microtubules encircling a pair of central singlet microtubules, often makes up the complex organelle known as the motile cilium.
The axoneme, a core bundle of microtubules, is a component of both flagella and motile cilia. Nine doublet microtubules make up the axoneme, which is centered on a pair of single microtubules. The 9+2 arrangement refers to the configuration of microtubules in the cross-secretion of flagella and motile cilia.
A and B tubules make up each of the nine doublet microtubules. The 9+2 microtubules are connected with additional auxiliary proteins, which give them their stiffness and elasticity.
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zion hidden ecosystem with more plants, animals, and water than the surrounding environment. what is the best explanation for why this occurs? (there may be more than one correct answer.
You might be referring to this question - 'Part Of The Hanging Canyon Is Home To A Hidden Ecosystem With More Plants, Animals, And Water Than The surrounding environment. what is the best explanation for why this occurs?'
Here is the solution. The Hidden ecosystem in the Hanging canyon has more of an ecosystem because of the climate there.
Since the Hanging Canyon is big enough to have an ecosystem, it does have one and more richer one as compared to its surroundings. The reason behind this is that it has a more humid and cooler climate. The surrounding regions are comparatively hotter.
It is because of the environment that more flora and fauna are found here.
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which of the following is a hypothesized benefit of foam roller exercises? 1. increased overlap of the sarcomeres within muscle 2. restored water balance in the muscles and fascia 3. significant reduction in scar tissue 4. increased protective tension in fascial tissues
The hypothesised benefit of foam roller exercises is option 4: increased protective tension in fascial tissues.
By releasing adhesions in your muscles and connective tissue known as myofascial buildup, using a foam roller can help reduce muscle tenderness. Foam rolling can improve blood flow by exerting pressure on specific points on muscles, tendons, and ligaments to loosen tight soft tissue.
Foam rolling is said to reduce muscle soreness and tiredness while also increasing muscular performance and flexibility. When using a foam roller, athletes exert pressure to the soft tissues while rolling, whereas when using a roller massager, the pressure is applied to the target muscles with the upper extremities.
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Based on your knowledge of microbial genetics and microbial pathogenesis, where do you think the genetic information for endotoxins are located?.
The genetic information of endotoxin is located in the chromosomes.
Endotoxins are the type of toxins present inside the bacterial cell. They are also known by the name pyrogens and they ruin the immune system. The location of endotoxins is the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. The nature of endotoxins is lipopolysaccharide.
Chromosomes are the compact form of DNA. These are comprised of DNA and histone proteins that are bound together in a highly packed form. The genetic material is transferred from parent to offspring in this compacted chromosomal form. Each chromosome is made of two sister chromatids which are joined together at the site called centromere.
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Kangaroo body cells have 16 chromosomes. After mitosis, you would expect a resulting kangaroo daughter cell to have.
If a kangaroo has 16 chromosomes, then after mitosis, we would expect the resulting kangaroo daughter cell to have 16 chromosomes.
In the field of biology, mitosis can be described as a process by which all the somatic cells of the body divide and maintain the same number of chromosomes. On the other hand, meiosis can be described as a process by which the gamete cells of the body divide and the chromosome number is halved.
Hence, if a kangaroo has 16 chromosomes in its body cells then this means that the daughter cells will also have 16 chromosomes as a result of mitosis. The chromosome number will remain the same.
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which of the cellular junctions are physically linked with the cytoskeleton? adherens junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions tight junctions, adherens junctions, and desmosomes adherens junctions and desmosomes tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes
The cellular junctions are physically linked with the cytoskeleton are:
1. Adherens junctions
2. Desmosomes
3. Hemidesmosomes
Chromosome segregation and cytokinesis in mitosis are mediated by the cytoskeleton, which also participates in cellular signaling. It interacts strongly with the plasma membrane, affecting the intracellular mobility of organelles and vesicles and acting as a framework for cellular contents.
Desmosomes help in force transduction by tying together the cytoskeletons of nearby cells. Strong adhesion between adjacent cells is produced by adherens junctions, which use specific proteins called cadherins and catenins. They resemble desmosomes but differ in their molecular make-up.
Hemidesmosomes (HD) are specialized junctional complexes that help stratified and other complex epithelia, including the skin, cornea, various portions of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract, and the amnion, link epithelial cells to the underlying basement membrane.
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Match the correct term with the corresponding definition or description.
The picture below provides the solution. Enlarge the text to read it.
Describe how the two tools of molecular biology—often described as scissors and glue—are used in conjunction with plasmids to make copies of a gene of interest.
Restriction enzymes act as molecular scissors producing cuts at or near sequence specific regions (i.e, restriction sites) at both the strands of a double stranded DNA molecule. On the other hand, DNA ligase enzymes act as molecular glue and help in joining the fragmented DNA pieces together by forming phosphodiester bonds.
What are restriction enzymes?
Restriction enzymes are naturally found in bacterial and archaebacterial cells. Such enzymes protect these unicellular cells by cleaving and destroying foreign genetic particles injected by bacteriophages (i.e, viral molecules responsible for infecting bacterial cells). Classically, there are four types of restriction enzymes i.e, types I, II, III and IV. Example: EcoRI, EcoRII, HindIII, etc.
What is DNA ligase?
DNA ligase, a specific kind of enzyme helps in connecting fragmented DNA strands by facilitating the creation of a phosphodiester bond. It helps the cells to repair single-strand breaks in their duplex DNA, while other varieties (like DNA ligase IV) may only repair double-strand breaks (i.e. a break in both complementary strands of DNA). DNA ligase uses the corresponding strand of the double helix as a template to repair single-strand breaks, producing the last phosphodiester bond necessary to finish the repair of the DNA. Thus, both DNA replication and DNA repair need DNA ligase. Example: T4 DNA ligase, E.coli DNA ligase, etc.
What is molecular cloning?
In this process, a particular gene of interest or the insert can be introduced into a plasmid vector by producing a cut at both the vector and the gene with the same enzyme thus, producing sticky ends and ligating the two fragmented pieces together to produce a recombinant product.
What is the role of the restriction enzymes in molecular cloning?
The isolated DNA has to be incubated with the specific restriction enzymes under optimal conditions.This helps the restriction enzymes in producing sequence specific cuts at specific restriction sites in the DNA molecules. This catalytic reaction is called restriction digestion.Agarose Gel Electrophoresis helps in analyzing the progression of the restriction digestion reactions.On the other hand, the plasmid vector DNA also has to be processed using similar procedures.What is the role of the DNA ligase enzymes in molecular cloning?
Ligation is the process of fusing the two DNA fragments together with the enzyme, DNA ligase.The interest molecule and the vector are combined to create the final DNA molecule. As a result, the new hybrid DNA molecule is also referred to as a recombinant DNA molecule, and the technique is known as recombinant DNA technology.To know more about Phosphodiester bond, please click here https://brainly.com/question/23660733
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Restriction enzymes are considered as scissors that cleave DNA into fragments at or near specific recognition sites. DNA ligases act as a glue that helps in joining the DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond.
What are restriction enzymes?
These are protein isolated from bacteria that cleaves DNA sequences at sequence-specific sites, producing DNA fragments with a known sequence at each end. It helps in recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering.
What are the DNA ligases?
It is a specific type of enzyme that plays a role in, maintaining genomic integrity by repairing single-strand breaks in duplex DNA in living organisms.
In the gene cloning process, Both the plasmid and the DNA sequence of interest are cut with restriction enzymes to generate compatible overhang sticky ends that allow them to bind. The enzyme DNA ligase joins the fragments with matching ends together to form a single, unbroken molecule of DNA. This produces a recombinant plasmid that contains the target gene.
Hence restriction enzymes act as molecular scissors and ligases act as a molecular glue.
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which structure is highlighted? a. palmaris longus b. muscle bicipital aponeurosis c. anconeus muscle d. flexor retinaculum
The structure is highlighted in muscle bicipital aponeurosis.
Bicipital aponeurosis or lacertus fibrosus is an aponeurosis from the tendon of biceps brachii muscle in the cubital fossa. It receives attached to the deep fascia of the medial aspect of the forearm after overlaying the brachial, radial, and ulnar arteries alongside the median nerve.
The bicipital aponeurosis originates from the distal insertion of the biceps brachii and inserts into the deep fascia of the forearm. The biceps tendon inserts on the radial tuberosity, and the bicipital aponeurosis lies medially to it.
Aponeuroses are connective tissues determined on the surface of pennate muscle tissue and are in close association with muscle fascicles. in addition to transmitting muscle forces to the outside tendon, aponeurosis has been hypothesized to influence the course of muscle shape change during a contraction.
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Which of the following statements about the acidic nature of gastric juice is true.
a. It partially digests food protein.
b. It converts the inactive digestive enzymes to their active form.
c. It halts the biological activity of proteins.
Answer: b. It converts the inactive digestive enzymes to their active form.
Explanation:
A. It partially digests food protein is true about the acidic nature of gastric juice.
Why is gastric juice acidic?The acidic nature of gastric juice plays a key role in breaking down food in the stomach, particularly protein. The main component of gastric juice is hydrochloric acid, which lowers the pH of the stomach to a highly acidic level, typically between 1.5 and 3.5.
This low pH helps to denature proteins, which makes them easier to break down by digestive enzymes like pepsin. Pepsin is an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller polypeptides, and its activity is greatest in an acidic environment.
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what would the potential size range be for pumpkin offspring produced from the cross between a parent with genotype aabbccddee and a parent with genotype aabbccddee?
The potential size range for pumpkin offspring produced from the cross between a parent with genotype aabbccddee and a parent with genotype aabbccddee will be with only one genotype since both parents can produce only one type of gamete, i.e., abcde.
What is a gametic genotype?A gametic genotype can be defined as the specific combination of alleles or gene variants that it may carry out to form a zygote during fertilization.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that a gametic genotype depends on the alleles in the parents to produce the zygote.
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why do ecologists ask questions about events and organisms that range in complexity from an individual to the biosphere
Ecologists investigate events and animals ranging by complexity from either a specific individual to the whole biosphere in order to comprehend linkages within the biosphere.
What is biosphere ?All ecosystems on Earth that support life are collectively referred to as the biosphere. The biosphere includes everything, including the deepest tree roots, the shadowy oceanic depths, lush rain forests, majestic mountain summit, or transitional zones like this one marine and terrestrial ecosystems converge. The biosphere, usually referred to as the ecosphere, seems to be the totality of all ecosystems on the planet. A "life zone" surrounding Earth is another name for it. With few inputs and outputs, the biosphere is essentially a closed loop with respect to matter.
What are the three example of biosphere and its types ?The biosphere, which includes both soil, water, and air, is the area of the planet wherein life can be found. These three parts are known as that of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, or atmosphere. Its types include: The vast biosphere is split up into various biomes. Scientists divided biomes into five categories: aquatic, tundra, grassland, woodlands, and deserts.
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a biologist uses the chi-square test to determine whether the observed distribution of species matches an expected theoretical distribution. the chi-square test yields a test statistic of .
Biologist uses the chi-square test to determine whether observed species distributions match expected theoretical distributions. The chi-square test statistic increases as the difference between the observed and expected proportions increases.
What is the chi-square test?The chi-square test (denoted symbolically as χ2) is essentially an analysis of data based on observations of a random set of variables. This is typically a comparison of two statistical data sets. This test was introduced by Karl Pearson in 1900 for categorical data analysis and distributions. This is a statistical hypothesis test used in contingency analysis when the sample size is large. Simply put, the main purpose of this test is to test whether two categorical variables have independent effects on the test statistic.
The chi-square test is most useful when analyzing crosstabulations of survey response data.
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Which one of the following statements about the redox reactions of the electron transport chain is correct?
a. The redox reactions of the electron transport chain are directly coupled with the synthese of ATP
b. The redox reactions of the electron transport chain are directly coupled to the movement of protons across a membrane
c. The electron transport chain takes electrons from water and gives them to oxygen
d. NADH gains electrons in the initial reaction of the electron transport chain
e. The oxidation of NADH is directly coupled to the reduction of oxygen to water
The redox reactions of the electron transport chain are directly coupled to the movement of protons across a membrane.
The electron transport chain is a collection of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions, resulting in an electrochemical gradient that leads to the formation of ATP in a process known as oxidative phosphorylation. It occurs in both cellular respiration and photosynthesis in mitochondria.
The electron transport chain, the final stage of cellular respiration, is responsible for transferring energy from electron carriers to even more ATP molecules, the "batteries" that power work within the cell.
The electron transport chain produces the most ATP of any step, with 28 molecules produced. This results in a total of 32 ATP molecules for the entire cellular respiration process.
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The calvin cycle and the krebs cycle are similar in that both ________________________________.
The Calvin cycle and the Krebs cycle are similar in that both create energy and sugar, the cycles are comparable.
The Krebs cycle uses 3-carbon molecules, whereas the Calvin Cycle needs carbon dioxide, making them distinct from one another.
Both the Calvin Cycle and the Krebs Cycle, also called the citric acid cycle, are biological processes that exist in nature. Both internal cell activities are cyclical. Various molecules enter the process and different molecules exit it. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and carbon dioxide are produced by the Krebs Cycle and used as fuel by the Calvin Cycle. Additionally, the Calvin Cycle is an oxygen-free mechanism that only occurs in photosynthetic plants. The Krebs Cycle, on the other hand, takes place in the mitochondria of all types of cells and calls for oxygen.
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Besides recombination, what other event in meiosis increases the genetic diversity of the gametes?.
Answer:
Crossing over.
Explanation:
Crossing over is when the two sex cells or gametes exchange their genetic material during sexual reproduction to create 2 UNIDENTICAL daughter cells.
Unidentical daughter cells = genetic variation because they are not identical.
Describe the cell cycle.
Which statement explains why the tetra fish are able to produce a green glow?
A.
The tetra fish were bred with jellyfish, which produced offspring that can make the protein for green light.
B.
The genetic material of both the jellyfish and tetra fish were combined, which created a fish with all traits from both species.
C.
The inserted gene gave the tetra fish the ability to make the protein that produces green light.
D.
The protein that produces green light was taken from the jellyfish and injected into the tetra fish.
Answer:b maybe
Explanation: