The reason that low-income and minority groups often suffer more from the effects of air pollution is because major pollution facilities are often placed in low-income or minority neighborhoods and is denoted as option D.
What is Pollution?This is referred to as the introduction of contaminants or foreign substances into the environment and there are various sources such as wastes from companies, burning of fossil fuel etc.
In most climes, major pollution facilities are often placed in low-income or minority neighborhoods due to the low population and the land being available for such purpose which increases the risk of the inhabitants suffering from its effect.
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which of the following activities would most likely be done by an anatomist? examining the bones of a person with osteoporosis comparing the effects of exercise intensity studying how nutrients are broken down and absorbed in the small intestines researching the flow of blood and fluids through the walls of the capillaries
Examining the bones of a person with osteoporosis.
A person who has received specialized training in anatomy (the study of the structures of animals or plants). Anatomy is a branch of biology that studies the structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is a natural science branch that studies the structural organization of living things. It is an ancient science, dating back to prehistoric times.
An anatomist is a physician who studies the structure of living things. Anatomists frequently work in academia and as biomedical researchers, with a focus on biological structures and their functions. An anatomist may specialize in endocrinology, molecular development, or genetics.
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If trey has a high score in neuroticism and a low score in extroversion on the big 5 personality test, he is likely to be.
If trey has a high score in neuroticism and a low score in extroversion on the big 5 personality test, he is likely to be: anxious and quiet.
Neuroticism describes the personality related to distress and dissatisfaction. If a person has high neuroticism, he/she remains highly dissatisfied with their lives and the work they perform. This can be high due to some stress, anxiety, trauma, etc.
Big 5 personality tests gives scores to an individual based on 5 parameters. These parameters are: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. The test gives an idea about how a person should react to situations.
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Which property of genetic code lowers the chances of a deleterious mutation in an individual?.
Property of the genetic code that lowers the chances of a deleterious mutation in an individual : Redundancy
What do you understand by redundancy?Two or more genes that are performing the same function and that inactivation of one of these genes has no effect on the biological phenotype is called genetic redundancy. Redundancy is very common in in genomes of higher organisms.
Genetic code is said to be redundant when the same amino acid residue is encode by multiple codons. If all the properties of synonymous codons are entirely equivalent, then they would be equally distributed along the protein coding sequences.
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How does a sea sponge get the molecules they need differently than a human?
Sea sponge depends on the flow of water through their bodies for food and oxygen differently than a human.
What is a sea sponge?Sponges are really basic organisms they lack respiratory, digestive, and circulatory systems. Instead, sponges depend on the water passing through their body to deliver food and oxygen, and remove waste.
While sponges and corals are all aquatic invertebrates that are stationary, their structure, eating strategies, and reproductive processes are all quite different from one another.
Therefore due to a lack of respiratory, digestive, and circulatory systems, sea sponges rely on water.
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Wheter you are albino or not i decided by ingle gene with two allele. The normal allele A i dominant to the albino allele a. Demiie i albino but eble i not. They are expecting a baby. We know exactly what i Demiie' allele are what are they and how do you know?
1/4 are albino or not I decided through single gene with allele. The regular allele A I is dominant to the albino allele.
In all sorts of OCA and some kinds of OA, albinism is passed on in an autosomal recessive inheritance sample. this means a baby has to get 2 copies of the gene that reasons albinism (1 from each determine) to have the situation.
Oculocutaneous albinism can end result from mutations in several genes, along with TYR, OCA2, TYRP1, and SLC45A2. changes inside the TYR gene reason type 1 mutations in the OCA2 gene are chargeable for type 2; TYRP1 mutations purpose type three and adjustments in the SLC45A2 gene bring about kind four.
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if cells are placed in a strong sugar solution water will
Water will largely move from cells to the a high sugar solution if cells are submerged in it.
A concentrated sugar solution is what?Since sugar is less diluted than water, water is pulled from the fruits and combines with the sugar there. A sugar solution is produced when the sugar is dissolved in water. Fruits as a result have less water inside of them and are encircled by sugar solution.
What varieties of sugar solutions are there?A homogeneous solution is created when the sugar has been dissolved in the water. The sugar is referred to be a genuine solution as well. Because the sugar particles in sugar solution are less than 1 nm, the term "true solution" was coined.
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According to the pressure-flow hypothesis, which direction are sucrose and water flowing in the phloem when roots are sources and leaves are sinks?.
According to the pressure-flow hypothesis, direction in which sucrose and water are flowing in the phloem when roots are sources and leaves are sinks is that : Water and sucrose flow up the stem.
What is pressure-flow hypothesis?The pressure flow hypothesis which was introduced by Ernst Münch, describes a mechanism of osmotically generated pressure differentials that drive the movement of sugars and other solutes in the phloem.
Pressure flow hypothesis proposes that water containing food molecules flows under pressure in the phloem. The pressure is created by the water concentration difference of the solution in the phloem and pure water in the nearby xylem ducts.
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which of the following is not a function of our skeletal system? storage support movement reproduction homeostasis blood
The function which is not a part of skeletal system is: blood cells formation.
Skeletal system is the one which is mainly involved in providing the structural framework, support and correct posture to the body. The bones are the major part of the skeletal system. These are also the reservoirs of calcium and phosphorus and hence are involved in homeostasis.
Blood cells are of three types: Erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. They are found dissolved in the blood and are involved in functions like transport, protection, preventing blood clot formation, etc. These blood cells are formed in the bone marrow of the bones.
The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:
Which of the following is not a function of our skeletal system? storage, support, movement, reproduction, homeostasis, blood cell formation.
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Fossils present in ______ layers of rock are older, according to the principle of superposition.
Fossils present in lower layers of rock are older, according to the principle of superposition.
What is meant by fossils?The remains of dead organisms are preserved in fossils. This is the earth's former inhabitants' impression. Animal bones, shells, imprints in stone, cast molds, and other objects are examples of fossils. Fossils are the subject of paleontology.
Fossils are the geologically altered remnants of a once-living organism and/or its behavior.. Body fossils, which represent all or a portion of the creature's body, and trace fossils, which provide evidence of the behaviour of the organism.
The term "fossil" refers to the preserved, solidified remains, traces, or tracks of any extinct plant, animal, insect, or other life form. The majority of fossils are created during the fossilization process.
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In the G2 phase Cyclin and CDK (cyclin dependent kinase) work together to inhibit (stop) or stimulate (start) the cell cycle at this checkpoint.
True or false
During the cell cycle, cyclins activate CDK, and together they form complexes that stimulate the cycle progession. The provided statement is false because this complex does not inhibit (stop) the cell cycle by itself.
What is the role of cyclin/CDKs complexes?Cyclins are cell cycle regulator proteins that control the cell during the process of division. Different types of cyclins act on a different stages.
For each stage of the cell cycle, there is an especific cyclin,
When the cell is going through one of the stages, the only cyclin in high levels is the one that is regulating that part of the cycle.Once that stage is over, that cyclin concentration decreases, and the following one increases.Kinases, Cdk, are enzymes that depend on cyclins and that remain inactive until cyclins are present.
The enzyme becomes functional when the cyclin binds it. Then, the kinase can accomplish its functions.
When the cyclin and the kinase are together, they compose the Maturation Promotor Factor, MPF.
MPF is composed of cyclin and kinase. MPF controls the cell cycle evolution, and is in charge of letting the cell go from the G2 stage to the M stage.
The inactivation of MPF is regulated by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) that are proteins that regulate cyclins and kinases bonds due to the degradation of cyclin. As cyclin is destroyed, the MPF gets inactive.
The following statement is false ⇒ In the G2 phase Cyclin and CDK (cyclin dependent kinase) work together to inhibit (stop) or stimulate (start) the cell cycle at this checkpoint.
It is false because the Cyclin-CDK complex work to stimulate the cell cycle evolution. Other factors act to inhibit its progress.
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if a somatic cell from a frog contains 20 picograms of dna during g2 of interphase, how many picograms of dna would be present in each gamete produced by this species? (enter the number only, not the units.)
Each gamete that this species produces would contain 5 picograms of DNA.
What one word best describes "gamete"?Gamtes are a term used to describe an organism's reproductive cells. Sex cells is another name for them. Gametes are also known as sperm for males and ova or egg cells for females. Gametes are made of haploid cells, which contain only one copy of each chromosome.
Are there gametes in all humans?Some people live their entire lives without ever producing gametes. When we reach puberty, the rest of us begin to produce them, and then some of us stop once more. Change your sex throughout puberty, during menopause, or following cancer surgery? If so, gender reassignment surgery also changes your sexual orientation.
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one of the important outcomes of gastrulation is the establishment of germ layers. if gastrulation failed to occur, then: tissues and organs would not develop, and the pregnancy would not be viable. only skin and muscle would develop. only skin and the digestive tract would develop. only skin would develop.
If gastrulation failed to occur, then tissues and organs would not develop, and the pregnancy would not be viable
What is gastrulation ?When an embryo undergoes gastrulation, it reorganises from a one-dimensional layer of epithelial cells (blastula) into a multilayered, multidimensional structure known as the gastrula.
The formation of germ layers is one of the main effects of gastrulation. Tissues and organs would not develop, and the pregnancy would not be viable, if gastrulation did not take place.The development of the primitive streak and node marks the beginning of the digestive process. Deeper embryonic layers are accessible through the primitive streak. A vital molecular signalling hub is the primitive node.Learn more about Gastrulation here:
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in modern systematics, species are organized into monophyletic groups based on their evolutionary relationships; that is, they are organized into blank . multiple choice question.
In modern systematics, species are organized into monophyletic groups based on their evolutionary relationships; that is, they are organized into clades.
Systematics is a branch of biology that deals with classification of organisms based on their species, genus or taxa, which represents their evolutionary relationships. A monophyletic group consists of members having common ancestral origin and all the descendants of that most recent common ancestor. It is same as cladistic grouping. It also has descendants of common ancestors. Identification of evolutionary relationships helps in understanding the anatomy of the extinct organisms, their development over time and how their features evolved to survive in the changing nature/ environmental conditions. Evolutionary biology seeks to explain the diversity of life and interpret the adaptations among the species. With time, the most fit species survived by the process of natural selection of best evolved species.
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How does scientific knowledge continue to change over time?
A. Living systems are constantly changing, so previous explanations
no longer apply.
B. Scientists always change their assumptions and explanations to
keep their work interesting.
C. Each new discovery is based on new data and ignores previous
investigations.
OD. Scientists reevaluate current assumptions and explanations as
new data and technology become available.
Answer: the answer is D
Explanation:
glycogen synthetase kinase 3 beta is a protein kinase that has been implicated in many types of cancer. depending on the cell type, the gene for glycogen synthetase kinase 3 beta can act either as an oncogene or as a tumor suppressor. which of the following best predicts how glycogen synthetase kinase 3 beta mutations can lead to the development of cancer? responses cells with overactive glycogen synthetase kinase 3 beta have longer cell cycles cells with overactive glycogen synthetase kinase 3 beta have longer cell cycles cells with inactive glycogen synthetase kinase 3 beta fail to trigger apoptosis cells with inactive glycogen synthetase kinase 3 beta fail to trigger apoptosis cells with inactive glycogen synthetase kinase 3 beta fail to proceed past the g2/m checkpoint cells with inactive glycogen synthetase kinase 3 beta fail to proceed past the g2/m checkpoint cells with overactive glycogen synthetase kinase 3 beta are more likely to repair dna damage cells with overactive glycogen synthetase kinase 3 beta are more likely to repair dna damage
Cells with inactive GSK3βGSK3β fail to trigger apoptosis are the following best predicts how GSK3β mutations can lead to the development of cancer.
What does GSK3β do?The multifunctional serine/threonine kinase glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3) was first discovered as a regulator of glycogen metabolism. It is essential for the control of several signaling pathways, including those that control biological processes including cell division, inflammation, and proliferation. There has been a noticeable increase in the number of articles and patents published by various employees throughout the world during the past several years. As a therapeutic target for the treatment of medical conditions, several pharmaceutical firms are concentrating on GSK3. The focus of the current review is on the signaling mechanisms of various disease conditions where GSK3 is involved. We provide a thorough map of GSK3 signaling pathways in disease physiologies in this review.Learn more about GSK3β mutations refer :
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what is the best reason below why snap cap tubes should not be used for the centrifugation of biohazards?
The forces during centrifugation may cause leakage around the top of the tube and cap because snap cap tubes are not completely airtight.
What is cap tubes ?When it comes to small commercial refrigeration applications like prep tables and reach-in cooler boxes, capillary tubes are a fixed metering device that is frequently used. The process of turning the high pressure liquid refrigerant into a spray of low pressure liquid only requires a short piece of copper tubing.
Products that have already been chilled are stored using cap tube systems. It may take up to 24 hours for a cap tube refrigeration system to cool a box of non-refrigerated goods to the proper temperature.
A device used to metre refrigerant from a liquid state to a gas state is known as a refrigeration cap tube, also known as refrigeration capillary tubing. This procedure is used to take the heat out of a cooler or freezer. Nearly all of the smaller refrigeration units in bars and restaurants use capillary tubing.
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Coral reefs are found in shallow tropical ocean waters. A coral reef is a diverse ecosystem that is supported by the photosynthesis of marine plants and the algae that live within the tissues of the coral. Given this information, when would the waters in a coral reef likely have the highest dissolved oxygen concentration?
Responses
7 a.m.
2 p.m.
9 p.m.
midnight
The ecosystem of corals found in shallow tropical ocean water is diverse. Because photosynthesis occurs during the day, the highest concentration of dissolved oxygen can be found at 7 a.m.
What is photosynthesis?Photosynthesis is a process in which oxygen and glucose are formed by utilising water and carbon dioxide. This reaction is catalysed by sunlight.
The corals are found in shallow water. Different marine plants do photosynthesis and increase the oxygen concentration in the water. Because photosynthesis occurs during the day, the highest concentration of dissolved oxygen is found during the day that is 7 am..
Hence, the answer is 7 a.m. This is the daytime.
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there is a bone on the lab bench in front of you. on it, you see that there is a smooth and slightly convex articular surface. this bone marking would be considered a
On the laboratory bench right in front of you, there is a bone. You can tell that it has an articular surface that is smooth and just slightly concave. This skeletal feature would be referred to as a Facet.
What is the composition of human bone?A transcription factor collagen forms the structure of bones, and calcium phosphate, a mineral, gives the framework strength and hardness. When other body parts require calcium, bones release some of the calcium they have stored into the blood.
Why are bones so durable?A living, developing tissue is bone. Collagen, a polypeptide that provides a soft structure, and calcium, a mineral that gives strength and hardness, make up the majority of its composition. Together, these factors give bone the strength and flexibility it needs to withstand stress.
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invertebrates1. illustrate the phylogenetic relationships among the major groups of animals, including the points on the tree where major adaptations appeared, such as tissues, bilateral symmetry, protostome and deuterostome development, ecdysis, and lophotrochozoan characteristics
Lophotrochozoan are protostomes, examples: flatworms, molluscs, and annelids; mouth forms; cilia with a crown of tentacles (worms)
What is Lophotrochozoan?The word "Lophotrochozoa," which refers to a clade of protostome animals that is sister to Ecdysozoa, has become commonly used in contemporary evolutionary and developmental literature. More animal phyla are represented by these non-ecdysozoan protostomes than by any other metazoan clade. Specifically, these include Annelida (together with a few extinct phyla, including Echiura, Pogonophora, Vestimentifera, and maybe Sipuncula), Brachiopoda, Bryozoa, Chaetognatha, Cycliophora, Entoprocta, Gastrotricha, Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, Mollusca, Nemertea, Phoronida, This quantity of phyletic diversity includes the second-biggest phylum (Mollusca), two phyla with some of the highest body plan disparities, and around half of all living animal phyla (Mollusca and Annelida). Although the connections between these phyla are yet debatable— Apart from the Ecdysozoa vs. Articulata problems
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Help
Name one trait/advantage that cell organization during blastula stage allows
One trait and or advantage that cell organization during the blastula stage allows is cell specialization in order to develop future tissues.
What is the blastula stage?The blastula stage can be defined as a stage of development in which the zygote divides several rounds to form a mass of cells that will develop an embryo, which is composed of cells that will produce tissues in the advanced stages of development.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the blastula stage is one of the first stages of development and it contains cells that will specialize to perform different tasks.
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most bony fish are ______ or cold-blooded, with the exception of the tuna and mackerel shark family, which are ______, or warm-blooded.
Most bony fish are Sea or cold-blooded, with the exception of the tuna and mackerel shark family, which are land, or warm-blooded.
Warm-bloodedness, also known as Homoiothermy, also spelled Homeothermy, in animals, the capability to keep a rather consistent inner temperature (about 37° C [99° F] for mammals, approximately forty° C [104° F] for birds), regardless of the environmental temperature.
Humans are warm blooded, that means we are able to modify our inner body temperature regardless of the surroundings. To maintain our our bodies core temperature regulated at 37ºC the system begins inside the brain, the hypothalamus is accountable for releasing hormones to manipulate temperature.
Humans are heat-blooded, with our body temperature averaging around 37C. heat-blooded certainly way we are able to alter our inner body temperature, unbiased of surroundings, even as bloodless-blooded animals are situation to the temperature of their environment.
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Africa, Asia, South America, and Antarctica share some patterns of primitive (fossil) plants and early reptiles, but do not have similar mammal populations. These findings
A. suggests that the mammals evolved earlier while continents were joined, but plants & reptiles radiated into diverse groups after separation.
B. cast serious doubts upon the theory of continental drift & fused land.
C. suggest that the earlier plants and reptiles evolved with continents were joined, but mammals radiated into diverse groups after separation.
D. suggests that a pattern of land bridges existed at different times in geological history.
E. are an unsolved puzzle probably due to the random nature of biological evolution
These findings suggest that the earlier plants and reptiles evolved with continents were joined, but mammals radiated into diverse groups after separation.
Briefing:
Seas and oceans separated species as continents split from Pangaea, leading to speciation. Previously compatible individuals were reproductively separated from one another and finally developed incompatible adaptations.
Species were produced as a result, driving evolution.
Smaller mammals appeared to have a greater chance of surviving because they could conceal themselves more easily and because they could adapt more swiftly to a variety of diets.
The preserved remains, or traces of remains, of extinct animals and plants are known as fossils.
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For the experiment on the D1580 locus, place the following steps in the PCR reaction in order from what you will do first to last. - Place the PCR tube in the DNA thermocycler and amplify for 30 minutes. - Add 25 pl of 2x Phusion Flash PCR Master Mix. - Mix the PCR tube and spin down the reagents. - Transfer 20 ul of Chelex supernatant to a clean PCR tube. Add 5 ul of the forward and reverse primer mix.
The Principle of PCR is to amplify many copies of Specific DNA region in a test tube rather in an organism. It requires several components like DNA template, DNA polymerase, Buffer solution, two DNA primers etc.
Moreover, PCR is also called a Polymerase chain reaction. It is a method developed by Kary Mullis.
The Principle of PCR is to amplify many copies of Specific DNA region in a test tube rather in an organism. It requires several components like DNA template, DNA polymerase, Buffer solution, two DNA primers etc. The procedure includes three steps namely: 1) Denaturation 2) Annealing 3) Extension/Elongation.
For the experiment on the D1S80 locus, the following steps in the PCR reaction are as follows:
1) Transfer 20 \mu l of Chelex supernatant to a clean PCR tube.
2) Add 25 \mu l of 2x Phusion Flash PCR Master Mix.
3) Add 5 \mu l of the forward and reverse primer mix.
4) Mix the PCR tube and spin down the reagents.
5) Place the PCR tube in the DNA thermocycler and amplify for 30 minutes.
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Please help me …..…………
Answer:
enzymes.
Explanation:
enzymes are classified as proteins.
One of the first breakthroughs in biotechnology was the discovery of the gene
that makes insulin. Part of this process involved scientists making DNA to
match each possible sequence of insulin mRNA. What was the next step of
this process?
A.
Scientists found the DNA in the pancreas
that matched the
manufactured DNA.
B. Scientists inserted
pancreas DNA into bacterial cells.
C. Scientists used the
codon table to find the possible sequence of
mRNA.
D. Scientists mixed small portions
of manufactured DNA with DNA
from the pancreas.
Scientists made DNA to match each possible sequence of mRNA
In order to match every potential mRNA sequence, scientists created DNA.
To manufacture insulin properly, the following procedures must be followed:
1. The pancreatic cell is stripped of the human gene that produces insulin.
2. The insulin mRNA's possible sequence is then determined.
3. A restriction enzyme and DNA from bacteria are used to make the recombinant DNA of the human insulin-producing gene.
4. This recombinant DNA is then given to the bacterium.
5. Recombinant DNA is used to multiply the bacterium in order to produce human insulin.
Deoxyribonucleic acid is a kind of DNA. DNA is a polymer made up of two polynucleotide chains that coil around one another to create a double helix. (listen);[1] DNA) All known organisms and many viruses have genetic information in the polymer that is necessary for their development, operation, growth, and reproduction. Nucleic acids include DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Nucleic acids are one of the four main categories of macromolecules that are necessary for all known forms of life, along with proteins, lipids, and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides).
Because the two DNA strands are made up of simpler monomeric units termed nucleotides, they are referred to as polynucleotides.
Each nucleotide is made up of a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and one of the four nitrogen-containing nucleobases (cytosine [C], guanine [G], adenine [A], or thymine [T]).
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Sharon has a history of of bulimia. Which of the following symptoms would be congruent with her diagnosis?
a. Binging, purging, obesity, hyperkalemia.
b. Binging, purging, normal weight, hypokalemia.
c. Binging, purging, severe weight loss, hyperkalemia.
d. Binging, laxative abuse, amenorrhea, severe weight loss.
The symptoms of bulimia are binging, purging, normal weight, and hypokalemia.
Bulimia: What is it?The severe eating disorder bulimia nervosa, also referred to as bulimia, has a high mortality rate. Bulimics may secretly overeat and purge in an effort to burn off the extra calories in an unhealthy way. Consuming enormous amounts of food without restraint is referred to as bingeing.
Numerous methods can be used by bulimics to burn calories and prevent weight gain. You might, for instance, overuse laxatives, diet pills, diuretics, or enemas after bingeing or repeatedly self-induce vomiting. You can also use other tactics like fasting, strict dieting, or overexerting oneself to burn calories and prevent weight gain.
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what is the commonly used unit to describe the size of a protein introduced in this lab?
Answer: kDa or kilo daltons
Explanation:
the schwann cells plasma membrane spirals repeatedly around the unmyelinated fiber as it does myelin sheath. True or False
The given statement is false. The Schwann cells plasma membrane spirals repeatedly around the unmyelinated fiber as it does myelin sheath.
What purpose do Schwann cells serve?The maintenance of the peripheral nervous system depends heavily on the Schwann cell (PNS). Myelinating and non-myelinating Schwann cells are the two types of Schwann cells, which are produced from neural crest cells. Both are crucial for maintaining and regenerating the axons of the neurons in the PNS.
Peripheral nerve fibres, both myelinated and unmyelinated, are maintained by glial cells known as schwann cells. The myelin sheath is created by Schwann cells in myelinated axons.
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Queen Victoria was a carrier of a recessive sex-linked allele for hemophilia. Which of the following possibilities could explain the presence of the hemophilia allele in her genotype? a. Either her mother was a carrier or her father had a dominant allele.
b. Either her mother was homozygous dominant or her father had hemophilia.
c. Both her mother and her father had hemophilia.
d. Either her mother was a carrier or her father had hemophilia.
The following possibilities which could explain the presence of the hemophilia allele in her genotype is that either her mother was a carrier or her father had hemophilia and is therefore denoted as option D.
What is Genotype?This is referred to as the genetic constituent or constituent of an organism and contributes to the phenotypic traits.
Recessive traits are the one that is only expressed when an organism has two recessive alleles for that trait. This therefore means that it is either her mother was a carrier or her father had it which results in it having two different alleles.
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A tree species has one facultative mutualist animal that disperses its seeds. If the animal goes extinct, what is the most likely consequence for the tree species?
A tree species has one facultative mutualist animal that disperses its seeds. If the animal goes extinct, the most likely consequence for the tree species is mean seedling distance from parent tree.
What do you understand by the term extinct?Extinction is the final phase of a sort of creature or a taxon—typically a species. Although the ability to reproduce and bounce back may have been lost earlier, the death of the last member of the species is typically considered to be the moment of extinction.
What do you mean by seedling?A seedling is a juvenile sporophyte that has emerged from a plant embryo. The germination of the seed initiates the growth of the seedling. The radicle (embryonic root), hypocotyl (embryonic shoot), and cotyledons make up the majority of immature seedlings (seed leaves). The number of seed leaves that make up the two groups of flowering plants (angiosperms) differs: monocotyledons (monocots) have one blade-shaped cotyledon, whereas dicotyledons (dicots) have two round cotyledons. Gymnosperms have a wider range. Some blooming plant seedlings lack any cotyledons at all. They are described as acotyledons.
Thus from above conclusion we can say that a tree species has one facultative mutualist animal that disperses its seeds. If the animal goes extinct, the most likely consequence for the tree species is mean seedling distance from parent tree.
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