Chapter 3 HW Learning through Art: Cellular Organelles breakdown and recycling energy harvest processes proteins Group 1 Group 2 provides support Group regulates transport Grove 2 hores genetic Information Group 1 Group 2 movement flagellum nucu Golgi cyloskeleton Group 1 Group 1 Group 1 Group plasma membrane Group 2 Group 2 Group 2 Group 2 Pearson Education, Inc. lysosome mitochondrion

Adenine and Thymine invariably base pair with Cytosine and Guanine in DNA. These pairings take place because of the geometry of the bases, which only permits hydrogen bonds to form between certain pairs. While cytosine and guanine will make three hydrogen bonds, adenine and thymine will only form two.

Only in DNA may adenine and thymine be paired as bases. The two nitrogenous bases are joined by two hydrogen bonds. One of the hydrogen bonds is created between the oxygen atom of the keto group at C-4 of thymine and one of the amino group's hydrogen atoms at C-6 of adenine.

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Apoptosis is used by cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected cells.

Antibody-producing plasma cell.

Releases cytokines and interleukins to activate other cells.

T and B cells undergo differentiation into effector cells after activation, which carry out vital effector tasks such generating cytotoxic antipathogen chemicals and antibodies, respectively. Innate, adaptive, & passive immunity are the three kinds that exist in humans. innate defense: Innate (or natural) resistance is a form of all-encompassing defense that is present from birth. The skin, for instance, serves as a barrier to prevent pathogens from entering the body. Lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, & NK cells), neutrophils, and monocytes/macrophages are the immune system's most prevalent cell types. White blood cells come in a variety of forms. T cells can eliminate malignant or contaminated cells. Additionally, they control the immune reaction by assisting B cells in eradicating foreign infections. Antibodies are made by B cells.

(Match each cell type with it's effector response.

Cytotoxic T cell: Releases interleukins and cytokines to stimulate other cells

Plasma cell: Destroys infected cells via apoptosis

Helper T cell:Produces antibodies )

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Biodiversity Hotspots

The processing that takes place before a mature mRNA exits the nucleus,

A translation stop codon is introduced to the pre-mRNA's 3' end.

c. The 3' end of the pre-mRNA gets a poly-A tail (50–250 adenine nucleotides) attached to it.

d. Ribosomes splice out coding segments referred to as exons.

The cleaving of pre-mRNA and attachment of about 200 A nucleotides, or the 3'poly (A) tail, to the mRNA by the poly (A) polymerase enzyme protein complex is known as the 3' Poly-A tail step. This facilitates the transfer of mRNA to the cytoplasm, stops pre-mRNA degradation, and starts translation.

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Amino acid building blocks, which are the basis of proteins, are linked together in intricate patterns.

What are the two distinctions between proteins and carbohydrates?

If we consider the genuine distinction between proteins and carbohydrates. Proteins are macromolecules consisting of amino acids, whereas carbohydrates are simple sugars.

Proteins also contain sulphur, nitrogen, and phosphorus, while carbohydrates predominantly contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

What connections do proteins and carbs share?

Answer and justification Proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates are all made of carbon and hydrogen.

They belong to the field of organic chemistry, in fact. All three of them are polymers that are created when dehydration synthesis links their monomers together.

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During prophase 1, replicated homologous chromosomes pair up and undergo synapsis. the following testable question is generated regarding synapsis and genetic variability is that, " is the distance between two gene loci related to crossover rate?"

By recombining combinations of gene alleles on a single chromosome that always segregate together, synapsis and crossing-over mechanisms increase genetic diversity. A synapsis is formed by the joining and pairing of homologous chromosomes. This occurs during the first stage of meiosis, known as prophase I.

Mutation (which can generate completely new alleles in a population), random fertilization, random mating, and recombination among the homologous chromosomes during meiosis (which reshuffles alleles inside an organism's offspring) can all cause genetic variability.

The likelihood of a crossover among two genes is proportional to their distance apart. That is, the greater the distance between two genes, the more likely it is that they will cross over during meiosis.

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Answer:

Plant cells require both chloroplasts and mitochondria since they carry out both cell respiration and photosynthesis.

Explanation:

The mRNA codon for TTT is  bldA gene.

Genes are made up of sequences of DNA and are arranged, one after another, at specific locales on chromosomes in the nexus of cells. The bldA gene encodes a Leu- tRNAUUA patch that's needed to express rare TTA codons, garbling Leu, which are known to be concentrated in genes garbling biosynthetic and nonsupervisory proteins.

Phenylalanine (TTT) can beget intellectual disabilities, brain damage, seizures and other problems in people with PKU. Phenylalanine occurs naturally in numerous protein-rich foods, similar as milk, eggs and meat. Phenylalanine is also vended as a salutary supplement.

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The development of the mouth and anus in the embryo helps establish animal body plans.

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Anticline is the answer to this. An anticline is a fold with an upward arch. When rock layers experience horizontal stress, an anticline is created.

The oldest rocks are on the outside and the youngest rocks are in the center of a syncline, which is a fold that bends downward. A basin is created when rocks bend downward in a circular pattern.

Deep inside the Earth, rock melts and forms igneous rocks. Sand, silt, dead plants, and animal bones are all layers that contribute to the formation of sedimentary rocks. Metamorphic rocks are made from other rocks that are altered underground by heat and pressure.

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Answer:

It is called an anticline

Explanation:

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Answer:

Selective breeding involves choosing parents with particular characteristics to breed together and produce offspring with more desirable characteristics. Humans have selectively bred plants and animals for thousands of years including: crop plants with better yields.

Explanation:

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The part of the digestive tract that has the most lymph nodules and bacteria is the ileum, which is present in Option C, and the gut bacteria play an important role in digestion.

The small intestine is important in digestion because it contains the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, with the ileum being highly folded to facilitate digestion and absorption rates into the blood; additionally, there are many gut bacteria that aid in digestion.

Hence, the part of the digestive tract that has the most lymph nodules and bacteria is the ileum, which is present in Option C, and the gut bacteria play an important role in digestion.

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The first stage of photosynthesis involves energy molecules and the second stage this energy for sugar molecules formation.

 Phase I begins with the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy in the presence of water, which is subsequently stored as ATP and NADPH. At this point, oxygen is also emitted as a waste product. In phase II, carbon dioxide is combined with chemical energy from ATP and NADPH to produce glucose. Organelles in plant cells are referred to as chloroplasts. Grana are stacks that are present in each chloroplast and are found in the chloroplasts. The grana are made up of membranes called thylakoids that resemble sacs. These membranes include photosystems, which are assemblages of molecules that contain chlorophyll, the green pigment.

Hence, photosynthesis involves sugar molecule formation.

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The sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place inside the cells of human body is known as Metabolism.

The organism uses the energy given off by respiration in cells to power its ongoing, enzyme-controlled metabolic activities for the production of new molecules. Transformation of glucose into starch, glycogen, and cellulose is one example of a metabolic process.

A living thing's metabolism is the culmination of all the chemical activities that occur inside each cell and supply the energy for both essential functions and the synthesis of new organic substances. The ability to draw energy from their surroundings and utilise it for tasks like movement, growth and development, and reproduction makes living things special.

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Rese Ureters External urethral sphincter Urethra Urinary bladder Trigone Rugae Levator ani muscle Internal urethral sphincter.

Detrusor muscle is found in the bladder. Contraction of the detrusor muscle compresses the urinary bladder and expels it's contents into the urethra.

Trigone acts as a funnel that channels urine into the urethra when the urinary bladder contracts. Internal urethral sphincter is located in the neck of the urinary bladder. It provides involuntary control over the discharge of urine from the bladder.

Therefore, Rese Ureters External urethral sphincter Urethra Urinary bladder Trigone Rugae Levator ani muscle Internal urethral sphincter.

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Genes are the hereditary units, which are present in the coded segments of the DNA. Genes carry the information from parent to daughter cells.

There are 20,000 to 25,000 genes that make up the human genome.

Human Genome Project was conducted for several years, the result obtained was:

The human genome project was an international scientific project, which aimed at determining the base pairs that make up the human DNA.

The project estimated that humans consist of 20,000 to 25,000 genes in their genome. Each individual inherits the copies of genes from both parents.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option C.

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Answer:

Can be caused by environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation from the sun, or can occur if a mistake is made as DNA copies itself during cell division.

Active transport is a energy dependent process. It requires an input of ATP.

In cellular biology, active transport is the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient. An input of energy is required in the process of active transport as it involves the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane from low to high concentration. The movement requires energy to maintain the electrochemical gradient. The uptake of glucose in the intestine of the human body and also the uptake of minerals or ions into the root hair cells of the plants are some of the examples of active transport. There are two types of active transport namely – Primary active transport and secondary active transport.

Hence, option a is correct answer because it state active transport requires an input of ATP.

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Healthy diet, regular physical activity, and not using tobacco products are the keys to prevention. Checking and controlling risk factors for heart disease and stroke such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol and high blood sugar or diabetes is also very important.

Stopping to use tobacco products, such as smokeless tobacco, is one of the finest things you can do for your heart.

Heart disease risk can be lowered by engaging in regular, everyday physical activity. Your weight can be managed with exercise.

A balanced diet can lower the risk of type 2 diabetes, lower blood pressure, and enhance cholesterol.

Obesity, high blood pressure, heart attacks, diabetes, and depression are all more common in those who don't get enough sleep.

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Genetic recombination via Crossing over and independent assortment of gametes are the 2 main processes that occur during meiosis that explain why there is so much diversity between individuals of the same family and within the same species.

The physical breakage, exchange, and rejoining of two DNA molecules is known as genetic recombination. In bacteria, several different pathways can mediate homologous or general recombination. RecA protein is required for each of these pathways to align the DNA molecules between regions of significant DNA sequence identity.

Crossing over is a cellular process that occurs when identical chromosomes line up during meiosis. Parts of the chromosome can be switched when two chromosomes — one from each parent — line up. The same genes may exist on both chromosomes, but in different forms.

Alleles from two (or more) different genes are sorted into gametes independently of one another, according to Mendel's law of independent assortment. In other words, a gamete's allele for one gene has no effect on the allele received for another.

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Gregor Mendel has been observed that pea plant traits did not blend in with their offspring. This would led him to figure that living items do not merge their offspring.

The term offspring has been refers to the young innovation of the living beings. That particular organism has been assembled either by an individual organism or, in the topic of physiological property, reproduction between the two organisms.

The main reason for this is that the offspring of the living creature will have one parent trait or the other parent trait, but they do not blend or mix together, such as when two plants are tall and the other is short; the children will be tall or short, but not medium size.

Therefore, Gregor Mendel has been observed that pea plant traits did not blend in with their offspring. This would led him to figure that living items do not merge their offspring.

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The two most important risk factors which can be modified to reduce risk of heart diseases are reducing the smoking rate and avoiding excessive junk food.

Heart diseases are those which affect the functioning of heart such as ability to pump blood properly or generation of electrical signals inside the heart so that the cardiac cycle can be continued smoothly. Risk factors are those conditions which affect the chances of diseases being worse with time. Heart is related to lungs almost directly as pulmonary system and cardiovascular system work in coordination with each other.

Excessive smoking causes damage to bronchioles and lungs due to suffocation and settling of harmful particulate matter inside the lungs. Similarly, excessive junk food chokes the heart muscles and arteries due to accumulation of cholesterol and fat. Lack of physical exercise is also one of the cause. Alcohol consumption, stress and anxiety and opium consumption is also disastrous for heart.

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Sexual reproduction has several advantages over asexual reproduction. For one, it allows for a greater variety in the genetic material of the offspring.

The parents can pass on different combinations of genes, which results in a greater variety of traits in the offspring. This diversity can help the species adapt and survive in changing environments.

Another advantage of sexual reproduction is that it allows for the recombination of genetic material, which can help the species evolve and become more adapted to different conditions. Recombination occurs when two different sets of genetic material are combined. Finally, sexual reproduction allows for the formation of new species. Offspring created through sexual reproduction can have characteristics that set them apart from their parents.

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Yes, snails have both the reproductive organs. Mostly, snails are hermaphrodites, with both male and female sexual organs in the same body.

Garden snails generally hibernate during winters and they have both the female and male reproductive cells as they are hermaphrodite. They don't need to mate with another snail in order to reproduce as self fertilization is possible.

Most of the terrestrial gastropods are hermaphrodites, but some snails do not have this attribute, like some freshwater snails like the Apple Snails and periwinkles. These two types of snails have separate male and female individuals.

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Convergent, analogous. If two species from separate evolution branches have comparable ecological functions and natural selection has sculpted parallel adaptations, they may start to resemble.

Analogous structures demonstrate that comparable selection forces might result in similar adaptations with advantageous traits, whereas homologous structures demonstrate evidence for shared ancestry. The relatedness of different species can be ascertained by comparing and contrasting biological molecules, such as the DNA sequence of genes.

Natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation are the four driving forces behind evolution. In a gene pool, mutation produces new genetic variety. A population's genetic makeup evolves throughout time as a result of the process of evolution. Genes can change as a result of an organism's adaptation to its environment, which is reflected in evolution.

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Answer: Environmental factors can influence natural selection because they can increase or decrease

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Answer:

Radiation, chemicals, and infectious agents influence genetic variation, so I would say that something like natural disasters would not influence genetic variation.

Explanation:

The process of transport across cell membranes that costs biochemical energy is active transport.

Cell membranes are the outer layer of the cells made up of proteins and lipids. It is lipid bilayer that separated the outer and inner components. It is also involved in the regulation of substances that can cross to enter or exit the cell.

Active transport is the form of transport where energy is required. It involves the transport of substances from the region of low concentration to high concentration, i.e., uphill movement. The active transport is further divided into two types: Primary active transport and Secondary active transport.

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Answer:

the mass of the solute, the temperature of the environment, the solvent density, and the distance traveled.

Recombination is the process that occurs during meiosis in which pieces of DNA are broken and recombined to create new combinations of genes. During meiosis, chromosomes randomly move to separate poles. This process is known as independent sorting.

Genetic recombination is a process that occurs during meiosis (cell division that results in gametes). During this process, homologous chromosomes combine to form units known as tetrads. Chromosomes then cross over and exchange genetic material, creating new combinations of alleles. Recombination mixes pieces of the maternal and paternal genes together so that the genes can be classified independently.

After meiosis, gametes have 23 chromosomes, but independent arrangement means that each gamete has one of many different combinations of chromosomes. Different genes and alleles are inherited independently, according to the law of independent classification within sexually reproducing organisms. Chromosomes separate into multiple gametes during meiosis. The crossover process rearranges the linked genes on the chromosome. Mendelian bicrosses are a good example of independent assortment.

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Antigen presented on a MHC class II molecule. The antigen is delivered by the B-cell antigen receptor to intracellular locations, where it is broken down.

Sent back to the surface of the B-cell as peptides attached to MHC class II molecules. Armed helper T cells that are specific for an antigen can recognise the peptide: MHC class II complex, inducing them to produce proteins that cause the B cell to multiply and its offspring to develop into cells that secrete antibodies. In the absence of assistance from T cells, some microbial antigens can directly activate B cells. Many significant bacterial infections can be quickly responded to thanks to the B lymphocytes capacity to react directly to these antigens. However, the interaction of antigen-stimulated B cells with helper T cells and other cells is necessary for somatic hypermutation and switching to specific immunoglobulin isotypes.

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