any time dna is damaged, a mutation will result
You discover a population of seals and find it to be at hardy–weinberg equilibrium with respect to the a locus. Suppose that there are two alleles at this locus and the frequency of one of those alleles is 0. 4. Of the individuals that carry at least one copy of that allele, what percent are homozygotes?.
Individuals that carry at least one copy of the allele, percent of homozygotes are 25%.
What is Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium?The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium is a fundamental principal of population genetics, that states : “genotype frequencies in population remain constant between generations in the absence of disturbance by outside factors".
p is frequency of S
q is frequency of s
We know p + q = 1
q is given 0.4, then
p = 1- q
= 1 - 0.4
p = 0.6 and q = 0.4
If the population of seals is at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, then we can find how many heterozygotes and homozygotes are using:
p² + q² + 2pq = 1
p² = frequency SS
q² = frequency ss
p q = frequency Ss
2p*q= 2 * 0.6 * 0.4
2pq = 0.48
q² = (0.4)² = 0.16
To find the fraction of homozygotes (ss) of the individuals that carry at least one s allele, we divide the frequency of homozygotes ss by the frequency of heterozygotes Ss
= 2pq/q²
= 0.48/0.16
= 0.25 or 25%
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The dna content for an organism is analyzed. The results showed that 21% of the nucleotides contained the nitrogenous base adenine. What else can be inferred based on this data? select all that apply.
If the results show that 21% of the nucleotides contain adenine, then the cytosine fraction in vivo is 29% and the thymine fraction is also 21% (options A and C).
Define double helix model of DNA?DNA is a double helix molecule made up of two long strands of nucleotides.There are four types of nucleotides in DNA, each containing a different nitrogenous base: adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine.Adenine always pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine, according to the base-pairing rules.As a result, the percentage of adenine equals the percentage of thymine, and the remaining percentage equals guanine + cytosine (29 + 29 = 58 >> 58 + 21 + 21 = 100). Therefore, if the results show that 21% of the nucleotides contain adenine, then the percentage of cytosine in vivo is 29% and the percentage of thymine is also 21%To know more about double helix model of DNA, visit:
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The complete question is as follows:
The DNA content for an organism is analyzed. The results showed that 21% of the nucleotides contained the nitrogenous base adenine. What else can be inferred based on this data? Select all that apply
A) The percentage of cytosine is 29%.
B) The percentage of adenine is 21% for all organisms.
C) The percentage of thymine in the organism is also 21%.
D) The percentage of guanine in the organism is also 21%.
E) The percentage for cytosine in the organism is also 21%.
an autoradiogram was generated by the dideoxy sequencing method. reading from bottom to top gives you the sequence of the synthesized strand in the 5 to 3 direction. it is 'tgaacggt'. what would the sequence of template strand be from the 5 to the 3 end?
The template strand is complementary and runs in the opposite direction because the synth strand is 5' - TGAACGGT - 3'. ACTTGCCA - 3' - 5'
In the fundamental dideoxy sequencing reaction, an oligonucleotide primer is annealed to a single-stranded DNA template and expanded by DNA polymerase. Four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs), one of which is 35S-labeled, are present while this is being done. Additionally, one of the four ddNTPs, which block elongation when incorporated into the lengthening DNA strand, is present in the reaction. Following the sequencing operations, the results are electrophoresed on a high-resolution denaturing polyacrylamide gel, and the DNA sequence is then visible via autoradiography.
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Which of the following statements about a typical plasma (cell) membrane is correct?
A. Carbohydrates on the membrane surface are important in determining the overall bilayer structure.
B. The phosphoplipids of the cell membrane allow almost all molecules to move in and out of the cell.
C. The two sides of the plasma membrane have different protein compositions.
D. The cell membrane is a tough, rigid structure that primarily functions to protect and support the structure of the cell.
E. The interior of the membrane is hydrophilic because it is composed primarily of the fatty acid tails of phospholipids.
Correct option is C : The two sides of the plasma membrane have different protein compositions.
The lipid and protein content of the plasma membrane's two halves differs. The cytoplasmic and external surfaces of the membrane perform different roles, hence the surfaces' composition and structure must differ.
The cytoplasm of the cell, which includes water and other macromolecules like proteins, is visible from one side. The substance expelled from the cell creates the extracellular matrix on the opposite side. Due to the presence of various types of biomolecules, these sides of the membrane are distinct from one another. Different kinds of proteins are present in the plasma membrane. Peripheral and integral proteins are the two primary categories of proteins.
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Whenever Ian "The Thorpedo" Thorpe swims laps, lactic acid builds up in his Olympic gold medal-winning muscles. It is then transported through his Olympic gold medal-winning blood to his Olympic gold medal-winning __________, where it is converted back into glucose. What organ completes the sentence
Liver is a organ where it is converted back into glucose.
What is thorpedo?Thorpedo takes on the warrior Aquaman. In Sydney, Ian Thorpe was the top swimmer, but that was before Michael Phelps emerged as a fresh challenge.
It's as if the United States, humiliated by Ian Thorpe and his size 17 feet at the Sydney Olympics, gave the order to create a prototype of the world's ideal swimmer. Michael Phelps is that model, and the momentous moment of his Olympic debut has arrived.
Aquaman would need to be extremely gangly and uncoordinated on dry land in order to surpass the Thorpedo. He would have to possess a remarkable level of hyperflexibility. He would have to long for it eternally.
Therefore, Liver is a organ where it is converted back into glucose.
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Answer:liver
Explanation:
What is the function of Kupffer cells in the liver?
Kupffer cells are the first innate immune cells and protect the liver from bacterial infections. They are phagocytic and are responsible for clearing hepatic sinus blood of bacteria and other foreign materials.
What are Kupffer cells made of?
These cells are derived from bone marrow stem cells or monocytes and are highly active in removing particulate matter and toxic or foreign substances that appear in the portal blood from the intestine.
What cell removes bacteria in the liver?
Kupffer cells rapidly capture bacteria from the blood and eliminate them, while still allowing for the induction of adaptive immunity.
Thus, kupffer cells are responsible for protecting the liver from bacterial infections.
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what is systolic pressure? multiple choice the maximum pressure achieved during ventricular contraction the bottom number in a blood pressure reading the maximum pressure achieved during ventricular relaxation the average pressure in the arteries during a heart beat
Systolic pressure is the maximum pressure achieved during ventricular contraction
Systolic pressure The top number, systolic blood pressure, measures the force the heart exerts on the artery walls with each beat. The bottom number, diastolic pressure, measures the force the heart exerts on the artery walls during the beat. Blood pressure readings are indicated by two numbers. The top number is the maximum pressure your heart exerts when it beats (systolic pressure). The bottom number is the arterial pressure between beats (diastolic pressure). In adults, systolic blood pressure less than 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg are considered normal.
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Which membrane protein allows water, but not solutes to diffuse across a lipid bilayer?.
Aquaporins are innate membrane proteins that selectively allow water or other small uncharged molecules to pass through a lipid bilayer.
What proteins allow water to cross the cell membrane?Aquaporins are the transmembrane proteins that control the flow of water into and out of cells. For many years, it was the notion that water movement into and out of the cell was not regulated in any way and could be accounted for by simple diffusion across the cell membrane. smooth diffusion through the cell membrane. Channel proteins and carrier proteins are pore-forming proteins, generating water-filled necks that allow selected hydrophilic solutes to cross the lipid bilayer of the bacterial outer there Are Two Main Classes of Membrane Transport Proteins: bearer and narrow. Like synthetic lipid bilayers, cell membranes allow water.
So we can conclude that Some integral membrane proteins use β-barrels to cross the membrane. These structures are typically large and form water-filled channels.
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A sarcomere that is at a resting length of 1. 7um will generate __________________ force compared to a sarcomere at 2. 15um.
A sarcomere that is at a resting length of 1. 7um will generate less force when compared to a sarcomere at 2. 15um.
As the actin and myosin filaments are best aligned when sarcomeres are at their resting length, this produces peak tension. As sarcomere length decreases, actin filaments are drawn along myosin filaments, which in turn draws the z-lines nearer to the myosin filaments. In the formula, 2T represents the separation between bands 1 and 2. T is the halfway point between 1 and 2.
Divide the measurement from 1 to 2 in mm by 2. Frequently, the ideal muscle length is the length at which it can produce the most active force. If the muscle length doesn't change but the muscle tension does, then the contraction is said to be isometric.
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which of the following defense systems would be involved in eliminating virally-infected cells? which of the following defense systems would be involved in eliminating virally-infected cells? humoral immunity phagocytosis t lymphocytes complement system
The defense system involved in eliminating virally infected cells will be T lymphocytes that is option C is correct.
The defense system responsible for protecting the body from various diseases is the Immune system of the body. This system attacks the infections as well as prevent them from affecting the body of the individual. It consists of the two kinds of Lymphocytes namely B lymphocytes and T Lymphocytes. The lymphocytes are the main components protecting the body and they are generated within the bone marrow of the individual. They can work in two ways. They become either B cells and work as the main system by locating all the infections within the body or they become T cells and attack the infection as located by the B cells. The B cells are B lymphocytes and T cells are T lymphocytes.
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enhancers can act over long stretches of dna, but are specific about which genes they affect. how do eukaryotic cells prevent these transcription regulators from looping in the wrong direction and inappropriately turning on the transcription of a neighboring gene?
The arrangement of DNA into topologically connected domains by chromosomal loop-forming proteins results in the grouping of certain genes and the associated enhancer binding regions.
A process related to RNA 3′-end processing ends transcription. Most eukaryotic mRNA precursors are cut at a certain location in the 3′-untranslated region, and the upstream cleavage result is polyadenylated. These reactions include a huge number of proteins.
Transcriptional activators and repressors both control gene expression in eukaryotic cells. Like their prokaryotic counterparts, eukaryotic repressors bind to certain DNA sequences and block transcription.
Eukaryotic organisms only express a small part of the DNA that is encoded in each given cell. The amount and kind of protein generated by each type of cell is influenced by gene expression regulation. When a protein's DNA gets translated into RNA and then into proteins, it is said to be expressed.
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In a large population of plants, notches in the leaves are caused by a dominant allele n and lack of notches by a recessive allele n. Over many generations the proportion of plants in the population with notched leaves increases. What is the most likely cause?.
In a large population of plants, notches in the leaves are caused by a dominant allele n and lack of notches by a recessive allele artificial selection.
The maximum not unusual interplay between alleles is a dominant/recessive courting. An allele of a gene is stated to be dominant when it correctly overrules the opposite (recessive) allele. Eye shade and blood agencies are each examples of dominant/recessive gene relationships.
Recessive inheritance means each genes in a couple should be abnormal to purpose ailment. humans with handiest one defective gene within the pair are called carriers. these human beings are most usually now not affected with the situation. however, they can pass the atypical gene to their kids.
Dominant refers to the relationship among two variations of a gene. people acquire variations of each gene, known as alleles, from every parent. If the alleles of a gene are distinctive, one allele could be expressed; it's miles the dominant gene. The effect of the other allele, known as recessive, is masked.
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predict how the rate of cell division would differ between single-celled algae living in a sunny, nutrient-rich pond versus algae living in a shady, nutrient-poor pond. explain why. how could you test your prediction? (hint: think about what stages of the cell cycle are cells when they are actively dividing
Because the pond's nutrient levels are higher and the development circumstances are greater, the algae cells there would divide more frequently.
what is best Algal toxicity or potential benefitsBoth cyanobacteria and algae are neutral in their own right. Due to their ability to produce the oxygen required to support life, these organisms are crucial to the planet. Algae and cyanobacteria can, however, be harmful to people, animals, and the environment if they develop in large numbers or produce toxins.
In what ways are humans harmed by algae?Injurious algal blooms contain cyanobacteria that really can irritate the skin, lead to gastrointestinal problems, and occasionally create toxins that have a major negative influence on the health of people, animals, and pets. If cyanobacteria get on your skin when swimming or wading, you could be exposed to their toxic effects.
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many of the coal deposits we have today date to the carboniferous period and were formed from great forests that thrived at that time. which of the following characteristics would you be least likely to find among the plants in those forests? group of answer choices
Pollen
Late in the Paleozoic Era, from 359.2 to 299 million years ago*was the Carboniferous Period. England is where the word "Carboniferous" first appeared, in reference to the country's abundant coal resources. These coal resources can be found in eastern and southeastern North America, as well as northern Europe and Asia.
These comprised sponges, rugose corals, and trilobites, which went extinct at the end of the Permian period. There were numerous cephalopods living in the pelagic, or water column, habitat.
Earth's climate was warm at the beginning of the Carboniferous Period. Later, the equatorial regions were frequently warm and humid while glaciers formed at the poles. As the planet transitioned between glacial and interglacial periods, its climate.
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true or false: approximately 1500 ml of fluid moves into the lumen of the small intestine each day by osmosis, attracted by osmotic particles in chyme and by secreted na , cl-, and hco3-.
Approximately 1500 ml of fluid will move into the lumen of the small intestine each day by osmosis process, attracted by osmotic particles in chyme and by secreted Na, Cl-, and HCO3-. This statement is true.
The chyme moves into the small intestine. Infiltration takes place here. The chyme is more concentrated than the epithelial cells lining the intestine. Therefore, water enters these cells through semi-permanent membranes to achieve homeostasis.
The small intestine carries water from the bloodstream into the gastrointestinal tract, helping to break down food. The small intestine also absorbs water along with other nutrients. colon. In the colon, more water moves from the digestive tract into the bloodstream.
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What step of the carbon cycle is occurring when a plant absorbs carbon dioxide for photosynthesis?.
The step of the carbon cycle is when a plant absorbs carbon dioxide for photosynthesis Assimilation.
It describes the mechanisms of photosynthesis and raw material absorption that plants use to obtain sustenance. Photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, and the absorption of nutrients into living tissue following digestion are a few examples of assimilation.
Plants absorb water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from the soil and atmosphere during photosynthesis. Water is oxidized, which means it loses electrons, while carbon dioxide is reduced, which means it receives electrons, inside the plant cell. Water is converted into oxygen and carbon dioxide into glucose as a result.
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What is the name given to the process by which a parent cell becomes two identical daughter cells?.
Mitosis is the process by which a parent cell becomes two identical daughter cells.
What is mitosis?The process of cell duplication, or reproduction, is called mitosis. where two genetically identical daughter cells are produced from one parent cell. The process of mitosis involves the duplication and distribution of the chromosomes, which contain the genetic code.
As the means of asexual reproduction in single-celled eukaryotes, it is a crucial process. Mitosis' primary purpose is to multiply cells.
In a multicellular creature, which is created from two gametes, life begins with a single cell. As this single celled multicellular organism only carries genetic information in the form of DNA and lacks sufficient cells, mitosis occurs, dividing one cell into two. These two cells divide again via mitosis to produce four, eight, sixteen, and finally thirty-two cells.
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a researcher examining a root tip observes a plant cell with condensed sister chromatids, kinetochores with attached microtubules, and individual chromosomes that are aligned at the equatorial plate of the cell. which of the following best describes what the next process will be in the cell? responses homologous chromosomes (each with two sister chromatids) will move toward opposite poles of the cell. homologous chromosomes (each with two sister chromatids) will move toward opposite poles of the cell. paired chromatids will separate, and the new daughter chromosomes will move toward opposite poles of the cell. paired chromatids will separate, and the new daughter chromosomes will move toward opposite poles of the cell. the nuclear envelope will break down, and the spindle will begin to form. the nuclear envelope will break down, and the spindle will begin to form. the chromatin will decondense, and the daughter cell will enter interphase.
Paired chromatids will separate, and the new daughter chromosomes will move toward opposite poles of the cell.
What are chromosomes?DNA is tightly bundled into thread-like structures called chromosomes within the nucleus. Histone proteins, which give the structural support, are wrapped around the DNA. During cell division, chromosomes aid in ensuring proper DNA replication and distribution. The centromere, which separates the p (short) arm and the q (long) arm of each chromosome, is known as the centromere. The constriction point of the cell, which may or may not be the chromosome's center, is where the centromere is found.
A repetitive nucleotide sequence cap known as a telomere is located at the end of each chromosome. The telomere in vertebrates is made up of a TTAGGG sequence that is repeated for about 15,000 base pairs.
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Paired chromatids will split apart, and the resulting daughter chromosomes will migrate to the cell's opposite poles.
What exactly are the human chromosomes?Long stretches of DNA are transported by chromosomes, which are organelles located in the nucleus of cells. The substance containing genes is called DNA. The human body's foundation is made up of it. Proteins found on chromosomes also aid in the appropriate structure of DNA.
What is a chromosome, and what does it do?In terms of DNA and protein arrangement, chromosomes are the highest level. The primary role of chromosomes is to transport DNA and pass genetic material from one set of parents to another. In the process of cell division, chromosomes are crucial. The DNA is shielded against tangles and damage by them.
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the lectin pathway for complement action is initiated by the lectin pathway for complement action is initiated by gram-negative cell walls. mannose on the surface of microbes. lectins of the microbe. mannose on host membranes. gram-positive cell walls.
The pathway of lectin is initiated by mannose on the surface of the microbes.
The lectin pathway is one of three pathways that can activate the complement system. This pathway binds mannose-binding lectin (MBL), collectin 11 (CL-K1), and ficolin (ficolin-1, ficolin-2, and ficolin-3) to oligosaccharides and acetylated residues on the microbial surface, respectively. is started by
The lectin pathway plays an important protective role during the susceptibility window that infants experience between the breakdown of maternal antibodies and the establishment of an effective adaptive immune system. Activation of the proenzyme form of MASP leads to complement activation via the lectin pathway.
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What amino acid chain results from this DNA code?
mRNA:
TAC GCA CCA TGC AAT CGC
Help asap no rocky p
Answer:
It c
Explanation:
can make me the brainliest pls
in pea plants, the gene for round seed (r) is dominant and wrinkled seeds (r) are recessive. the endosperm of the pea is also either starchy, a dominant gene (s) or waxy (s). what can be said of a fully heterozygous dihybrid cross?
In a dihybrid cross, all of these options are potential combinations.
What genotype does a pea plant have if the round seeds are heterozygous recessive and the green seeds are homozygous recessive?RrYy is the genotype of a plant pea with heterozygous round seeds and homozygous recessive green seeds. A dihybrid cross's starting genotype would be RrYy and RrYy.
The pea wrinkled seed allele is a recessive allele, so why?Garden peas' gene for wrinkled seed shape is regarded as recessive because heterozygotes do not express the characteristic it is linked to. Heterozygotes are people with two distinct alleles at the same gene locus.
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PLEASE HELP!!!!!!!!!
There is growing concern over the decline in the U.S. honeybee population due to the use of pesticides. How could this affect biodiversity and ecosystem services? Suggest a solution for this problem.
What kind of change results from the breakdown of starch into glucose by saliva?.
Saliva in the mouth changes starch into maltose.
Saliva is capable of breaking down starch into less complex sugars such as maltose and dextrin. In maltose two glucose molecules are linked together to form this structure.
Saliva consists of many enzymes, that have ability of breaking down complex sugars like starch into simpler sugars(glucose). Saliva also have an enzyme named amylase which can break starch down into smaller sugars, such as disaccharides. Amylases is responsible for digesting starch into smaller molecules, that yield maltose, which in turn is break into two glucose molecules by maltase.
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Please help me with #5, I GIVE THANKS AND MARK BRAINLIEST!
Answer:
1. Isoleucine, Glycine, Leucine, Glycine, Valine, Alanine2. Glycine, Leucine, Alanine, Valine, Isoleucine, IsoleucineExplanation:If you do the example given backward, you get one of the different sequences. As you can see on the diagrams, they are listed from small to big to small to big and continued, so you just do a small, big, small, big pattern until you use all of the amino acids.You're welcome!! :)which of the following best explains how environmental stressors, such as wildfires, can affect biodiversity in an ecosystem? responses after an environmental stress, a genetic bottleneck may occur, which will increase genetic diversity. after an environmental stress, a genetic bottleneck may occur, which will increase genetic diversity. habitat diversity will increase the available niches if the landscape becomes more uniform after a disturbance. habitat diversity will increase the available niches if the landscape becomes more uniform after a disturbance. ecosystems with more species diversity are more likely to recover after a disturbance than ecosystems with low species diversity. ecosystems with more species diversity are more likely to recover after a disturbance than ecosystems with low species diversity. smaller populations are less likely to go extinct than larger populations, so the species diversity will remain constant.
The best explanation of the effect of environmental stressors upon biodiversity in an ecosystem is: ecosystems with more species diversity are more likely to recover after a disturbance than ecosystems with low species diversity.
Biodiversity is defined as the presence of the varying species of plants and animals in an area. More are the number of species in an area, richer is the biodiversity of that area considered.
Ecosystem is composed of all the living components and non-living objects present in an area depending upon each other. The ecosystem also takes into consideration the climate and the landscapes of the region.
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Which of the following situations delay the development of muscle fatigue the longest?
a. Prolonged muscle contraction
b. Repetitive stimulation of a muscle
c. Consistent interruptions of muscle stimulation
d. High intensity exercise
e. Alternating sprints with up-hill jogging
The correct option is c (Consistent interruptions of muscle stimulation). Slow-twitch fibers can contract, albeit weakly, over extended periods of time. They are generally used in endurance sports like long-distance running and cycling. There are fewer capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin in fast-twitch muscle fibers.
The pulses will reach the muscles for muscular stimulation, causing them to contract. Pulses that target the neurological system prevent pain signals from traveling to the spinal cord and brain. How hard you pushed yourself will determine how long you experience muscle tiredness. Having said that, it should take you three to five days to fully recuperate. If muscle soreness persists longer than that, you may have overexerted yourself and should take that into account for any future workouts.
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the only evolutionary process that leads to adaptive change is:
Natural selection is the only evolutionary mechanism that consistently leads to adaptive evolution.
Natural selection allows adaptation in a population by selecting only beneficial alleles.
It increases the allele frequencies of heritable traits.
The natural selection process decreases deleterious alleles by selecting against them, leading to adaptive evolution.
What is adaptive evolutionary change?
Evolutionary adaptation, or simply adaptation, is the adjustment of organisms to their environment in order to improve their chances of survival in that environment.
What is natural selection?
Natural selection is the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change.
Thus, natural selection is the evolutionary process that leads to adaptive change.
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A known carcinogen, _____, is produced when carbohydrate-rich foods are fried at high temperatures for extended periods of time. Examples include french fries and potato chips.
A known carcinogen, acrylamide, is produced when carbohydrate-rich foods are fried at high temperatures for extended periods of time. Examples include French fries and potato chips.
Carcinogen is any substance that can induce cancer in the body. A carcinogen can be some chemical substance or any radiation or even biological agents. The examples are cigarette smoke, X-rays, HBV, HCV, etc.
Acrylamide is the chemical agent that causes cancer. It is used to conduct a chemical reaction between sugars and asparagine, an amino acid, in plant-based foods. The formation of acrylamide is done during high temperature cooking like roasting, frying, etc.
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