Activation of naive T cells requires the signal delivered by a peptide:MHC molecule complex binding to the antigen receptor TCR and CD4/8 co-receptor. In addition to this first signal, naive T cells require a co-stimulatory signal delivered by _________ expression of _______ on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell that is recognized by a co-stimulatory receptor _____ on the surface of T cells, thereby leading to ______________ of T cells.
induced
B7 molecule
CD28
proliferation
Naive T cells require a co-stimulatory signal delivered by induced expression of B7 molecules on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell that is recognized by a co-stimulatory receptor CD28 on the surface of T cells, thereby leading to proliferation of T cells.
B7 molecules are the cell surface protein ligands. They acts as ligands for the CD 28 receptor family. The signals produced by them are costimulatory or coinhibitory.
Proliferation is the process of multiplying rapidly of the T cells in immune system. This occurs to create several memory cells for any foreign pathogen or the proliferation occurs in order to fight an infection in the body.
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HELP IM ON LIMITED TIME!
Given the following phylogenetic tree from animals that lived during the Cambrian Era of prehistory, which two classes of arthropods are the most closely related?
Select one:
Insecta and crustacea
Myriapoda and crustacea
Arachnida and insecta
Trilobita and arachnida
Trilobita and arachnida
Advantages of thermal method 1) The basic process technology is available and reasonably well developed. 2) Can be scaled to handle large volumes of liquid waste. 3) An excellent disposal method for biologically hazardous wastes. 4) Large areas of land are not required. 5) Reduction of leachability of the wastes after it is incinerated, thus making
Option 3 is the correct answer, An excellent disposal method for biologically hazardous wastes is advantages of thermal method.
Rapid heating and minimal water hazardous wastes component loss are benefits. High initial investment expenditures and potential thermal method problems with heating homogeneity disposal are drawbacks. As a result of less leaching disposal , this approach is suited for foods with high chopped surface surfaces. Thermal waste treatment is the use of heat to treat waste products. The ideal technique of disposing of hazardous wastes is by incineration. Thermal method for waste management seek to minimize waste volume and transform garbage into hazardous wastes compounds.
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Which statement best describes why computer models are useful in science?
a.They can store and process data to make accurate weather predictions.
b.They are used to create more complex representations of large systems.
c.They cannot be revised after they are developed, tested, and shared with others.
d.They can be used to accurately make predictions without scientific evidence.
The answer is: a.They can store and process data to make accurate weather predictions.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
They can store and process data to make accurate weather predictions.
The largest form of pathogen is
bacteria.
fungi.
parasitic worms.
protozoa.
Answer:
Hi!
The answer would be C) parasitic worms.
I hope this helped you! :)
(mitosis and the cell cycle fill in the blanks)
the cells at each phase of the cell cycle are shown as being the same size. In reality, the daughter cells are bigger than ___ smaller than ___ the same size as ___ the cells at the end of the G1, S, and G2 phases.
The cells at each phase of the cell cycle are shown as being the same size. In reality, the daughter cells are bigger than the parent cells, smaller than the parent cells, the same size as the parent cells at the end of the G1, S, and G2 phase.
What are mitosis and the cell cycle?Mitosis is defined as the process of cell division that occurs in cells in which the cell grows, divides, and produces daughter cells that have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cells.
The cell cycle refers to the cycle in which the cell passes through four stages to produce two daughter cells from a parent cell.
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which new chromosome(s) would represent an inversion of a chromosome that originally contained the segments ABCDE?ACBDEADCBEABBCDECDEABDCEABCXYZAnswer:ACDEACBDEADCBEABDCE
The new chromosomes would look like : ACBDE, ADCBE, ABDCE
What are the chromosomal sequences ?A procedure carried out in the lab to ascertain the complete genetic make-up of a particular organism or cell type is called chromosomal sequencing . This approach can be used to detect changes in specific regions of the genome. These modifications could aid research into how particular diseases, like cancer, develop.
Chromosomes are found in the cell nucleus of all plants, animals, and humans. There are 46 chromosomes in humans, including one pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY) and 22 pairs of numbered chromosomes (autosomes).
There are four different kinds of DNA nucleotides that are naturally occurring nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C).
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What is the purpose of our stress response system?
Will mark brainiest please hurry a unit test please hurry
Explanation:
The stress response, or “fight or flight” response is the emergency reaction system of the body. It is there to keep you safe in emergencies. The stress response includes physical and thoughtful responses to your perception of various situations. When the stress response is turned on, your body may release substances like adrenaline and cortisol. Your organs are programmed to respond in certain ways to situations that are viewed as challenging or threatening.
Analyze Methods What might be a major drawback of grouping protists based on how they get food?
Simple eukaryotic organisms known as Protists are not classified as either plants, animals, or fungus. Although they are often unicellular, Protists can also be found as a colony of cells.
Why is it difficult to classify protists?Because the kingdom protists includes species with characteristics similar to those of plants, mammals, and fungi, it lacks a clearly defined boundary and establishes a connection with these three other kingdoms. This kingdom is diverse. Therefore, it is challenging for biologists to reach consensus on a protist taxonomy.The absence of other eukaryotes means that protists do not constitute a natural group, or clade, even though it seems likely that they all descended from a common ancestor.Sequence analysis have uncovered novel genetic links among these eukaryotes, disassembling the Kingdom Protista. Furthermore, rather than sharing a recent common ancestor, protists with identical morphological characteristics may have evolved homologous structures in response to similar selective forces.Protist classification is difficult in part because of a phenomena known as convergent evolution.To learn more about Protists refer :
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provide a brief description of and name two diseases caused by the following types of pathogen: protozoans
Two diseases caused by protozoans are malaria, giardia, and toxoplasmosis.
Malaria:-Malaria is a life-threatening disease that is caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of the infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.
Giardia:-Giardia is a tiny parasite (germ) that causes the diarrheal disease giardiasis. Giardia was found on surfaces or in soil, food, or water that has been contaminated with feces (poop) from infected people or animals.
Generally, humans get malaria via being bitten by means of an infective female Anopheles mosquito. most effective Anopheles mosquitoes can transmit malaria and they should have been inflamed through a previous blood meal taken from an inflamed character.
Safety towards mosquito bites consists of the usage of mosquito bed nets (ideally insecticide-treated nets), the sporting of garments that cowl the maximum of the body, and the use of insect repellent on exposed skin. type and attention of repellents rely on age and status.
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The biological species concept works well with all of the following, except
A. bacteria B. insects C. mammals D. flowering plants
The biological species concept works well with all except bacteria.
What is the biological speciation concept?A species taxon is a collection of creatures that may effectively interbreed and give birth to viable offspring, according to the Biological Species Concept. That idea holds that both interbreeding within a species and reproductive barriers between creatures of various species help to protect the integrity of a species.The process of speciation results in the emergence of new species. An ancestor species that can no longer interbreed separates into two or more descendant species that are genetically distinct from one another during speciation.The biological species concept (BSC) was created to help people comprehend biological variety, notably the widely acknowledged finding that sexually reproducing organisms are more likely to be found in genetic and phenotypic clusters than in a continuum of forms.Learn more about biological speciation concept refer to :
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Chemicals used to kill insects and rodents are
solvents.
herbicides.
pesticides.
dioxins.
Answer:
Explanation:
herbicides.
glycolosis that starts with glycogen instead of glucose can be considered to have a higher energy yield because
Glycolysis that starts with glycogen instead of glucose can be considered to have a higher energy yield because, phosphorylase produces a glucose phosphate without spending any ATP to do it.
How does glycogen affect glycolysis?Glycogen degradation in myocytes provides the energy needed for muscle contraction by introducing glucose-6-phosphate for glycolysis reaction. Phosphorylase kinase is an enzyme that activates glycogen phosphorylase, which releases glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen.Glucose phosphate is the initial intermediate of glucose metabolism and is essential for the liver's energy metabolism. It serves as a metabolic connector for glycolysis, the pentose phosphate route, glycogen synthesis, de novo lipogenesis, and the hexosamine pathway.The presence of glycogen as a glucose source in muscle cells allows ATP to be produced for a longer period of time during exercise. During glycolysis, the majority of other carbohydrates enter the cellular respiration pathway.Learn more about phosphorylase here: brainly.com/question/23078927
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Which of the following technological advancements allows scientists to study cells?
How are ionic bonds formed?
Responses
A metal gives electrons to a nonmetal.
A nonmetal gives electrons to a metal.
Electrons are shared between metals.
Electrons are shared between nonmetals and metals.
Answer:
A metal gives electrons to a nonmetal.
Explanation:
Ionic bonds are formed when a metal gives electrons to a nonmetal. This creates a positive charge on the metal and a negative charge on the nonmetal. The positive and negative charges are attracted to each other, forming an ionic bond.
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There is a mojor relationship between carbon and human activities represented in the model.
What is human activities?Human activities are to the various actions for the recreation, living, or necessity done by the person or the people For instance it includes leisure the entertainment, manufacturing, recreation, of the war, and exercise.
Humans are moving more Carbon into the atmosphere with things like fossil fuels. We are also cutting down trees and other plants that actually take carbon away from our atmosphere through photosynthesis and adding oxygen. This is causing the carbon to get stuck in the atmosphere and contaminating our air.
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The images show the events that occur in your body after you eat a sugary snack. Put the events in the correct sequence.
1. Blood glucose levels become high
2. pancreas releases insulin
3. Insulin binds to receptors on target cells
4. Cells take in glucose
5. Blood glucose returns to normal
When blood sugar levels are high, the pancreas releases insulin, which attaches to receptor on target cells and causes the cells to take up glucose. Once the blood sugar levels are normal again.
What causes and what causes blood pressure?Blood pressure is influenced by both how quickly the heart beats and how difficult it is for blood to move through arteries. As the heart is pumping more plasma and as the capillaries narrow, blood pressure rises.
What causes blood pressure to rise the most?What causes blood pressure to increase? High blood pressure typically develops gradually. Unhealthy lifestyle choices, such as failing to get enough regular exercise, can be a factor. Diabetes and obesity are two conditions that could raise the risk of getting high blood pressure.
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Calculate the total amount of fibre there would be in a meal containing 200 g of chicken, 200g of rice and 100g of spinach. Show your working.
Mutations of keratins in the ________ that resist tensile forces in the skin cause the blistering disease known as epidermolysis bullosa simplex.
A. microtubules
B. microfilaments
C. actin filaments
D. intermediate filaments
Mutations of keratins in the microtubules that resist tensile forces in the skin cause the blistering disease known as epidermolysis bullosa simplex.
Hereditary mutations consist of cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, and sickle cell ailment. other mutations can show up on their very own for the duration of a person's life. those are referred to as sporadic, spontaneous, or new mutations. They have an effect on just a few cells.
A mutation is a alternate in the DNA series of an organism. Mutations can result from mistakes in DNA replication for the duration of cellular department, exposure to mutagens or a viral contamination.
Mutational outcomes may be beneficial, harmful, or neutral, relying on their context or place. maximum non-impartial mutations are deleterious. In popular, the more base pairs that are tormented by a mutation, the larger the impact of the mutation, and the bigger the mutation's probability of being deleterious.
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What is the name of the structure in the inner ear which serves to maintain a sense of equilibrium and orientation in space?.
The vestibular system in the inner ear serves to maintain a sense of equilibrium and orientation in space.
The vestibular system is the sensory system present inside the ear. It detects the position and movement of head. Therefore it provides the sense of balance and body position. The vestibular system is comprised of utricle, saccule, and three semicircular canals.
Ear is the organ of hearing and balance of the body. The ear is divided into three sections: outer, middle and inner. The outer ear is called pinna and is made up of cartilage and skin. The middle ear has the structure related to hearing and the inner ear provided the balance to the body.
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Scientists have discovered that climate change is affecting how well fish can breathe in water.
Which of these factors is MOST likely the cause?
Ocean acidification speeds the rate at which water flows over fish gills.
Higher water levels reduce currents that carry oxygen from place to place.
Warmer waters hold less oxygen than colder ones.
Large fish are using up all the oxygen before the smaller fish can access it.
If dna is damaged or incompletely replicated in s phase, the inhibition of which of these molecules prevents the cell from entering m phase?.
cd25 is a molecule. Inhibition of these molecules prevents cells from entering m phase
Mitosis or M phase includes nuclear division and cytokinesis during which her two identical daughter cells are produced. Mitosis includes prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Finally, cytokinesis leads to cell division. Cell division occurs in the M phase, which consists of nuclear division (mitosis) followed by cytokinesis (cytokinesis). DNA is replicated in the previous S phase. Two copies of each duplicated chromosome (called sister chromatids) remain glued together by cohesin. Mitosis is usually divided into four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. This is illustrated in Figures 14.23 and 14.24 for animal cells.
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Hormones are the chemical communicators of which biological system?
Answer:
endocrine system
Explanation:
hormones are produced by the endocrine glands of the endocrine system as a way of sending messages
Read the statement.
Earth’s climate is the result of many different variables interacting over time. Scientists study these variables to develop accurate models that can be used to make predictions about how Earth's climate will change.
Which of the following variables are involved with producing Earth’s climate?
Choose all that apply:
Species extinctions.
Human activities.
Greenhouse gases.
Solar energy and ice interactions.
Human activities is the major variable involved in producing Earth's climate.
What human activities affect the climate?
The loss of biodiversity and the progression of climate change are two issues that are intertwined and contribute to one another. The composition, function, and structure of many ecosystems and species have been severely affected as a result of rising temperatures and other climatic impacts, with some of these changes being irreversible.
The physical environment is affected by humans in a variety of ways, including pollution, deforestation, excessive population growth, and theb. These kind of shifts have been found to be the root cause of climate change, soil erosion, poor air quality, and water that is undrinkable.
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in most of earth's ecosystems, which of the following trophic levels creates the most dead organic material?
The following trophic levels create the most dead organic material Organisms.
The first trophic level consists of autotrophs or primary producers. Autotrophs produce chemical energy from sunlight or inorganic compounds. This level also produces most of the dead organic matter within the ecosystem.
Active organic matter contains readily available energy that can be used by simple soil organisms in the second trophic level of the soil food web. The second trophic level contains simple soil organisms that decompose plants. Decomposers can be primary secondary and tertiary consumers depending on the level of the nutritional pyramid they consume. A worm that eats a dead plant is a primary consumer.
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short segments of newly synthesized dna are joined into a continuous strand by . short segments of newly synthesized dna are joined into a continuous strand by . dna polymerase primase single-strand binding protein ligase helicase
DNA ligases play a key role in maintaining genomic integrity by mending breaks in the phosphodiester backbone of DNA that occur during replication and recombination as well as as a result of DNA damage and subsequent repair.
Consequently, the enzyme Primasa synthesizes a primer, a small RNA fragment, as the first step in the production of DNA. The RNA polymerase known as Primasa uses DNA as a template. Every work by Okazaki begins with a Primer. The DNA polymerase III holoenzyme then creates the correct DNA fragment up until it comes into contact with the following primer. Then, DNA polymerase Ia takes the place of DNA polymerase Holoenzyme III. The function of DNA polymerase I's 5'P-3'OH exonueotic activity.Of order to make a double helix, two polynucleotide chains in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) coil around one another. All known organisms and many viruses have genetic information in the polymer that is necessary for their development, operation, growth, and reproduction. Nucleic acids include DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Nucleic acids are one of the four main categories of macromolecules that are necessary for all known forms of life, along with proteins, lipids, and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
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Select all that are required for the definition of a transcription factor
1.Binds to a specific sequence
2.DNA Alters the affinity of the polII
3.Alters the topology of the DNA
4.Is located a long distance from the promoter
A transcription factor - Binds to a specific sequence and alters the topology of the DNA.
The correct option is 1 and 3.
Transcription factors are proteins that bind to nearby DNA to help turn certain genes "on" or "off." Transcription factors that function as activators promote the transcription of a gene. Reducers make transcription easier.
It is located near the promoter and alters the topology of the DNA.
An enhancer or silencer is a collection of transcription factor binding sites that may turn a gene on or off in a particular region of the body.
Cells may "decide" whether to express a gene by using transcription factors to execute logic operations and incorporate several sources of information.
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Knowledge of the structure of DNA is important in the study of life because DNA
Which of the following is the process of detecting environmental stimuli and converting them into signals that can be detected by the nervous system?
(A) perception
(B) sensation
(C) top down processing
(D) difference threshold
(E) false alarm
Process of detecting environmental stimuli and then converting them into signals that can be detected by nervous system is called: B) sensation.
What is meant by sensation?Sensation is the process by which we receive information from the environment and our senses respond to a limited range of environmental stimuli. We cannot hear sound of frequencies above 20,000 Hz but dogs can hear them.
Stimuli means an event that causes a functional reaction in a tissue or organ and is the detectable change in the structure of an organism.
Reception is the first step in sensation. Reception is the activation of sensory receptors by stimuli such as mechanical stimuli, chemicals, or temperature.
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What happens to daphnia heart rate when the temperature rises ?
Answer:
It'll receive less oxygen
Explanation:
Less oxygen would be present in the warmer water, which could be one explanation for Daphnia's heart rate rising with temperature. Because there may not be enough oxygen in the blood, the heart would have to work harder to pump blood throughout the body.