based on their positions in the periodic table, the smaller first ionization energy is calcium
Ionization energy is also called as ionization potential is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an isolated atom or molecule and by looking at the periodic table the beryllium and calcium are in the same group with beryllium being 2 period above calcium and therefore the calcium has the smaller first ionization energy and first ionization energy of chlorine is 12.9676 eV
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Why is taq dna polymerase used in pcr reactions rather than a normal dna polymerase?.
T.aq dna polymerase is used in pcr reactions rather than a normal dna polymerase because-
(a) It is thermostable and maintains activity even when high temperatures cause the DNA in the (bacteria) Thermus acquaticus to become denaturized.
(b) Getting several copies of the desired gene (or DNA).
How does taq dna polymerase work?
Thermus aquaticus, also known as T.aquaticus, is a bacterium found in hot springs and hydrothermal vents. Taq polymerase was found to be an enzyme that could tolerate the protein-denaturing conditions like high temperature needed for PCR. Therefore, the DNA polymerase employed in PCR process comes from a specific source.
Thermus aquaticus, a thermophilic microorganism capable of surviving and reproducing in thermal hot springs with temperatures nearing 100 degrees Centigrade, such as those found in Yellowstone National Park, was discovered to contain the Thermus aquaticus enzyme in active form.
The enzyme was discovered to be perfect for PCR processes since an aliquot of enzyme did not need to be added after each cycle of denaturation since at this temperature double stranded DNA is denatured.
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4. How much heat is required to raise the
temperature of 250.0 g of mercury by 52°C?
The heat is required to raise the temperature of 250.0 g of mercury by 52 °C is 1820 J.
given that :
mass = 250 g
ΔT = 52 °C
specific heat capacity of mercury = 0.14 J/g °C
the specific heat capacity expression is given as:
Q = mc ΔT
where,
Q = heat
m = mass = 250 g
ΔT = change in temperature = 52 °C
putting the values in the formula, we get :
Q = mc ΔT
Q = 250 × 0.14 × 52
Q = 1820 J
Thus, The heat is required to raise the temperature of 250.0 g of mercury by 52 °C is 1820 J.
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The part of the solution that is the bigger proportion of the solution is the _________.
The part of the solution that is the bigger proportion of the solution is the Solvent.
What is a Solvent?A solvent is that component of a solution that completely dissolves the solute in it to form a homogenous mixture “solution”. In addition to being a liquid, a supercritical fluid, a solid, or a gas can also be a solvent.
What is a solution?The solution is a homogenous mixture composed of Solvent (larger in concentration) and Solute (smaller in concentration).
A homogenous mixture of two or more than two components is termed as a solution. The material with the highest concentration is referred to as the solvent, while the substance with the lowest concentration is referred to as a solute.
Hence, the part of the solution that is the bigger proportion of the solution is the Solvent.
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BRAINLY to whoever can answer this simply
Based on your knowledge of chemistry, explain what the reactants and the products of the chemical reaction are.
Thank you :)
Answer: Reactants are starting materials and are written on the left-hand side of the equation. Products are the end result of the reaction and are written on the right-hand side of the equation.
Explanation:
Hope this helps!! And you're welcome!
A lustrous cube is measured by a student using a ruler:
w=2.05±0.05 cm
1=2.10 ± 0.05 cm
h=2.15±0.05 cm
The mass found using a digital lab scale:
m= 22.304±0.001 g
Is it possible that the cube is made from aluminum (d>aluminum=2.70 g/cm³) assuming that no human errors have been made?
Please help
Yes, it is possible that the cube is made out of aluminum.
It is known to us that the density of aluminum is 2.7 g/cm³. The weight of the cube is 22.304 g and the dimensions of the cube are 2.05 cm x 2.10 cm x 2.15 cm. The volume of the cube is computed by,
Volume of cube = a³
a³ = (2.1)³
= 4.428 cm³.
If you divide the weight of the cube by the volume of the cube, we get
Density = 22.304/4.428
= 5.04 g/cm³.
This is close to the density of aluminum, so it is possible that the cube is made out of aluminum. If the student had made errors in their measurements, it is possible that the cube is made out of another material.
But if there were no errors in the making of the cube, there is a high possibility that the cube is made out of aluminum. As aluminum is in fact a lustrous metal and is light in weight.
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H2Se(g) + 4 O2F2(g) SeF6(g) + 2 HF(g) + 4 O2(g)
30. Which of the following is true regarding the reaction represented above?
(A) The oxidation number of O does not change.
(B) The oxidation number of H changes from −1 to +1.
(C) The oxidation number of F changes from +1 to −1.
(D) The oxidation number of Se changes from −2 to +6.
(E) It is a disproportionation reaction for F.
H2Se(g) + 402F2(g) ⇒SeF6(g) + 2HF(g) + 4O2(g) is true regarding following points ;
B. the oxidation number of H changes from -1 to +1 we can see as in H2Se changes to 2F.
C. the oxidation number of F changes from -1 to +1 we can see in O2F2 to
4O2.
D. the oxidation number of Se changes from -2 to +6 as we can see in H2Se to SeF6.
oxidation number also called oxidation state, is the total number of electrons that an atom either gains or loses in order to form a chemical bond with another atom.
disproportionation reaction is the type of reaction when the compound is converted into 2 oxidation states one of higher and one of lower oxidation state.
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if you wish to make a zn/zn2 concentration cell, what should be the relationship between the ion concentrations?
The Ecell decreases with an increase in molar concentration of [Zn2+].
Concentration cells work to establish equilibrium by transferring electrons from the cell with the decreased concentration to the cell with the higher concentration. The electrode capability distinction between the two half-cells may be calculated with the use of the Nernst equation.
Description. Zinc (II) ion, additionally known as ZN2+ or zinc ion, belongs to the elegance of inorganic compounds called homogeneous transition metal compounds. these are inorganic compounds containing only metallic atoms, with the most important atom being a transition metal atom. Zinc (II) ion is possibly impartial.
A concentration cell acts to dilute the extra-focused answer and pay attention to the more dilute answer, growing a voltage as the cell reaches an equilibrium. this is finished by using shifting the electrons from the mobile with the lower awareness to the cell with the better concentration.
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Answer:
[Zn2+] anode < [Zn2+] cathode
Explanation:
The anode is the electrode where electricity moves into. The cathode is the electrode where electricity is given out or flows out. Anode is going to be negative and the cathode is going to be positive.
the van der waals equation of state (equation 5.3-7) is to be used to estimate the specific molar volume (l/mol) of air at specified values of (k) and (atm). the van der waals constants for air are and . show why the van der waals equation is classified as a cubic equation of state by expressing it in the form
The Van der Waals equation is a cubic in the molar volume. Since this is the first equation of state studied.
The Van der Waals equation is a cubic in the molar volume. Since this is the first equation of state studied in chemistry and physics more complicated than the ideal gas equation, it is noteworthy that the solution of this cubic is rarely if ever addressed.
Van der Waals' equation says that the volume of a real gasoline is the quantity that would be occupied via non-interacting point masses, V ideal fuel, plus the powerful extent of the gasoline molecules themselves.
The precise gasoline equation is equally legitimate for any gasoline, whereas the van der Waals equation carries a couple of constants (a and b) that trade from fuel to gas. the perfect gasoline equation predicts that a plot of PV versus P for a gasoline could be a horizontal line due to the fact PV ought to be a steady.
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Compare and contrast metallic and ionic bonds, including the element groups they are made of, the behavior of electrons, and their typical properties.
The metallic bonds and the ionic bonds do involve charged species while the covalent bonds do not involve charged species.
What are metallic bonds?The term bond has to do with the interactions that holds two atoms together. There are different kinds of bonds that we have in chemistry and these include;
Ionic bondMetallic bondCovalent bondThe ionic bond involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another usually from a metal to a non metal. This results in the formation of ions. In the metallic bond, there is a sea of electrons that lies over metallic ions. In the case of the metallic bonds and the ionic bonds, there are charged species that are present in the system.
For the covalent bonds, there is a sharing of electrons in the bond and then many of the compounds that have the covalent bonds are fond to be nonpolar.
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The visible spectrum for a colored solution has a maximum absorbance around 500 nm and a maximum % transmittance around 640 nm. What is the color of the solution?.
Green is represented with an absorption wavelength of 500 nm. As a result, it will absorb green and display red, which is complementary to green.
What is the electromagnetic spectrum?
The electromagnetic spectrum is made up of the many wavelengths and associated frequencies of light. The speed of light constantly establishes a relationship between shorter frequencies and longer wavelengths. Because they have the shortest wavelengths, gamma rays can ionize material. The longest lengths are found in radio waves, whose wavelengths can exceed 100,000 km.
Between the ultraviolet and infrared spectra, the visible spectrum has wavelengths.
This is a reference to spectroscopic techniques that calculate how much radiation interacts with a substance, depending on its frequency or wavelength, and how much of that radiation is absorbed. Absorption spectroscopy utilizes the full electromagnetic spectrum.
So, the correct option is green.
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When performing today’s experiment you leave the lid off your setup for the calibration. You remember that you left it off and decide to add it when determining the heat lost by the metal. When performing your calculations, you determine that your heat capacity values are off. Would your values be too high or too low?.
Due of the heat loss, the heat capacity values discovered will be too low.
The values for a substance's heat capacity are the amount of heat needed to increase a substance's unit mass by one degree Celsius is referred to as its heat capacity. The calorimetry method is employed to ascertain a substance's heat capacity. It is assumed that no heat is wasted during the procedure when using the calorimetry method. According to the principle, the amount of heat gained and lost is equal.
Therefore, the heat capacity value will be lower than the actual values if heat is lost from the calorimeter when estimating the heat capacity of a substance.
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Koh + hbr → kbr + h2o a student sets up a titration apparatus with 25 ml of potassium hydroxide in the flask. In three to five sentences, explain how the student can use a 0. 1 m solution of hydrobromic acid to determine the concentration of potassium hydroxide in the reaction.
To determine the concentration of the hydrobromic acid, the student would need to perform titration and take readings.
Titration is the gradual addition of one answer of a regarded concentration to a recognized quantity of some other solution of unknown awareness till the reaction reaches neutralization, which is regularly indicated via a color trade.
The reason of the titration is the detection of the equivalence point, the factor at which chemically equivalent amounts of the reactants had been mixed. the quantity of reactants which have been combined at the equivalence factor depends on the stoichiometry of the reaction.
Titration is a not unusual laboratory technique of quantitative chemical evaluation to determine the awareness of an diagnosed analyte. A reagent, termed the titrant or titrator, is prepared as a standard answer of recognised concentration and extent.
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Students created the electromagnet you see here on the left. Mary's group had some bar magnets on the lab bench and brought one close to the electromagnet. Based on the illustration you see here, determine which statement is not correct. ( DO NOT GIVE ME A PATHETIC ANSWER)
Answer:
bro Ur in my school lol
Explanation:
Answer:
Explanation:
There will be no attractive or repulsive force between the two types of magnets. its A i took this quiz and got it correct. ^^
_______a non-Apple operating system used on mobile devices such as tablets.
Answer:
What's the question though?
Answer:
android.
Explanation:
trust
Which area of science is considered the central science?
Answer:
Chemistry
Explanation:
Chemistry is often called the central science because of its role in connecting the physical sciences, which include chemistry, with the life sciences and applied sciences such as medicine and engineering. The nature of this relationship is one of the main topics in the philosophy of chemistry and in scientometrics.
What is the first element to have a different number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus?.
Hydrogen is the first element to have a different number of proton and neutron in the nucleus
Hydrogen is a chemical element with symbol H and atomic number 1 classified as nonmetal hydrogen is gas at room temprature and hydrogen a gaseous material that is colorless odorless and tasteless and flammable and is the most basic chemical element and a proton with one unit of positive electrical charge and an electron with one unit of negative electrical charge make up the hydrogen atom nucleus
Hydrogen makes up around 0.14 percent of the weight of the earth crust and despite being the most common element in the universe and three times as abundant as helium and the next most frequent element and the water in ocean, ice cap and river as well as lakes and atmosphere all contain significant amount of it and for most common isotope of hydrogen each atom has one proton and in electron and no neutron
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what product(s) would you expect from dehydration of the following alcohols with pocl3 in pyridine? indicate the major product in each case.
The product(s) formed from dehydration of the following alcohols with pocl3 in pyridine is 2-Methylpent-2-ene.
The dehydration word is composed of two words, de- means remove and hydration means water. The dehydration reaction is defined as the removal of water molecules from the substrate molecule.
We are told to find the product that would be expected POCl3 in pyridine.
The major product obtained in the above reaction is identified by considering the Saytzeff rule according to which the more substituted alkene is the major product due to its greater stability.
Therefore, on dehydration of 2-Methylpentan-3-ol gives 2-Methylpent-2-ene as the major product and 2-Methylpent-3-ene as the minor product.
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The pH reading of a sample of each substance is given. Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration of the substance. (a) Vinegar: pH = 3.0 (b) Milk: pH= 6.5
The hydrogen ion concentration of the substance in Vinegar is 1.098 and in case of milk it is 1.871
pH is a measure of how acidic or basic water is. The pH scale actually ranges from 0 - 14, with 7 being neutral. pHs that are less than 7 indicate that it is acidic in nature , whereas a pH of greater than 7 indicates that it is basic in nature. pH is really a measure of the relative amount of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions present in the water.
The formula to find pH is as follows;
pH = -log[tex][H]^{+}[/tex], In the above given question we need to find out the hydrogen ion concentration so we can rearrange the formula as;
[tex][H]^{+}[/tex] = Antilog pH
In case of Vinegar [tex][H]^{+}[/tex] = Antilog of 3 ⇒ 1.098
In case of Milk [tex][H]^{+}[/tex] = Antilog of 6.5 ⇒ 1.871
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Which phase describes an oxidizing agent?
1. A substance that gains an electron in a reaction
2. A substance that provides oxygen in a reaction
3. A substance that provides electrons to other substances
4. A substance that reacts with oxygen
which of the following atom has the smallest atomic radius? (hint: first locate the positions of these elements in the periodic table) oxygen (o) sulfur (s) selenium (se) tellurium (te) polonium (po)
Of the following atoms (oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium), oxygen has the smallest atomic radius. In the periodic table, the trend atomic radius is increases down the group.
Atomic radius is one of the periodic properties defined in the periodic table. Atomic radius is the distance to the nucleus that accounts for 95% of the electron load of the density. It can be defined as a function of internuclear distance. This distance varies, depending on whether the atoms are connected by chemical bonds or simply touching without forming a bond.
Atomic radius is a periodic property that increases with period (top to bottom) and decreases with group (left to right). Additional electron shells are added because the atomic radius increases with the number of planes occupied.
The elements when arranged from smallest to largest atomic radius is given as;
Oxygen < Sulfur < Selenium < Tellurium < Polonium
therefore the smallest atomic radius is oxygen.
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WHo is heisenberg I cant figure it out and my friends say im super unsmart for not knowing this
How many aluminum atoms are in 30.0g of Al2O3
a) 0.294 atoms
b) 2 atoms
c) 1.77 * 10^23 atoms
d) 3.54 * 10^23 atoms
(I put C but that was wrong)
The number of aluminum atoms present in 30.0 g of [tex]Al_2O_3[/tex] would be 3.54 x [tex]10^{23[/tex] atoms.
Amount of atoms in substancesAccording to Avogadro, 1 mole of every substance contains about 6.022 x [tex]10^{23[/tex] atoms or molecules of the substance.
[tex]Al_2O_3[/tex] is a compound of aluminum and oxygen. In ion form, the compound ionizes to aluminum and oxygen ions as follows:
[tex]Al_2O_3[/tex] ---> [tex]2Al^{3+} + 3O^{2-}[/tex]
This means that every 1 mole of [tex]Al_2O_3[/tex] contains 3 moles of Al.
Recall that: mole = mass/molar mass
Molar mass of [tex]Al_2O_3[/tex] = 101.96 g/mol
Mole of 30.0 g [tex]Al_2O_3[/tex] = 30/101.96
= 0.2942 mole
From the mole ratio, the equivalent mole of Al would be:
0.2942 x 2 = 0.5885 mol
We said: 1 mole = 6.022 x [tex]10^{23[/tex] atoms
Thus, 0.5885 moles = 0.5885 x 6.022 x [tex]10^{23[/tex] atoms
= 3.54 x [tex]10^{23[/tex] atoms
In summary, 30.0 g of [tex]Al_2O_3[/tex] will contain 3.54 x [tex]10^{23[/tex] atoms of aluminum.
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6. The average kinetic energy of water molecules increases
when
1) H₂O(s) changes to H₂O7 at 0°C
2) H₂O changes to H₂O(s) at 0°C
at 10°C changes to H₂O
at 20°C changes to H₂0
H₂O
3)
4) H₂O
at 20°C
at 10°C
The average kinetic energy of water molecules increases when H₂O at 10°C changes to H₂O 20 °C.
The average kinetic energy of the substance increases when it does not undergo a phase change but the temperature will increases. as water molecule when H₂O at 10°C changes to H₂O 20 °C. when it is heated. When the temperature increases the kinetic energy increases. the average kinetic energy is given as :
K = ( 3/2 ) ( R/ Na) T
where,
K = average kinetic energy
R = gas constant
Na = Avogadro's number
T = temperature
Thus, The average kinetic energy of water molecules increases when H₂O at 10°C changes to H₂O 20 °C.
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freshwater is either , , , and other. most surface water exists in . is our second largest source of freshwater. explain what makes an aquifer similar to a sponge: most aquifers are found within rock, which has space between its particles allowing water to flow through.
An aquifer is an underground layer of rock saturated with water. Water from rain, meltwater, lakes, streams, and wetlands seeps into the soil and collects in rock crevices, much like water collects in a sponge.
Aquifers are saturated rock bodies in which water can readily move. Aquifers should include rock types such as sandstone, conglomerate, crushed limestone, loose sand and gravel, and be both permeable and porous. Fractured volcanic rocks such as columnar basalt are also good aquifers.
Many aquifers are like reservoirs, storing useful water for humans and aquatic ecosystems. Groundwater can naturally exit the aquifer as springs. When the water table of the aquifer reaches the surface, groundwater is released into rivers and lakes as surface water.
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2. explain how molecular exclusion chromatography can be used to measure the molecular mass of a protein.
Molecular exclusion chromatography can be used to measure the molecular mass of a protein as it separates the proteins on the basis of molecular mass.
Exclusion chromatography refers to those chromatographic techniques that divide sample components based on their molecular weight. Several of these methods are now under development, and it is practical to categorize them into two groups: sieving separations and gel permeation.
The chromatographic technique known as size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), also referred to as molecular sieve chromatography, separates molecules in solution based on their size and, in some situations, molecular weight. Proteins and commercial polymers are typical examples of big molecules or macromolecular complexes to which it is typically applied.
Thus, molecular exclusion chromatography can be used as it separates the proteins on the basis of molecular mass.
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the energy from radiation can be used to cause the rupture of chemical bonds. a minimum energy of 495 kj/mol is required to break the oxygen-oxygen bond in o 2. what is the longest wavelength of radiation that possesses the necessary energy to break the bond?
The energy of a photon is quantized, as demonstrated by Planck's formula, which is given by the equation E = h v, where h is the Planck constant, with a value of 6.626 x 10^34 Js, and is the photon's frequency.
The energy of photons is quantized because E = N h v gives the energy of N number of photons.
What is Planck's constant used for?
At the atomic scale, the behavior of particles and waves is described by Planck's constant. One of the factors that led to the development of quantum mechanics is Planck's constant.
Answer is,
One mole of O₂ contains 6.022× 10²³ molecules, hence, the energy required per molecule(per bond) is
E = [tex]\frac{E per mole}{6.022 X 10^(23) molecules/mole}\\[/tex]
substituting, for E per mole as 495 x 10^23,
E =8.219 x 10^-19 J
The longest wavelength of radiation for breaking the bond.
E = [tex]\frac{hc}{lambda}[/tex]
Substituting, h = 6.626 x 10^-34 Js
c =3 x 10^8 ms
E =8.219 x 10^-19 J
wavelength = 241.85 nm
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if you found a chemical substance that has a low concentration ld50 , what do you expect to see in your test animals when exposing them to the chemical? group of answer choices
When expose to the chemicals, species are highly susceptible to the poison.
What is concentration?
A substance's concentration is the amount of solute present in a given amount of solution. Molarity is the number of moles of solute in one liter of solution and is used to express concentrations.
The LD50 can be calculated for any route of administration, including dermal and oral contact or ingestion of chemicals. A species with a high LD50 has a high tolerance to the poison. A low LD50 indicates that the species is extremely vulnerable to the poison.
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A redox reaction can be divided into two ____ -reactions, each of which represents one aspect of electron transfer.
A redox reaction can be divided into two half reactions, each of which represents one aspect of electron transfer.
A redox reaction can be defined as a chemical reaction in which the electrons are transferred between two reactants that are participating in the chemical reaction. This transfer of electrons can be identified by observing the changes in the oxidation states of the reacting species.
By doing so we can differentiate two types of reactions happening here one is called as the oxidation reaction and the other is called as the reduction reaction. These reactions are individually known as the half cell reactions. When we combine these half cell reactions we get a redox reaction.
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an anhydrous (water removed) salt has a formula mass of 130.863 g/mol. if the hydrated version of the salt has 3 mol of water associated with it, what is the mass % of water in the hydrated salt? report your answer to three digits after the decimal.
The mass % of water in the hydrated salt is 47.34%
Mass % is the mass of the element or solute divided by the mass of the compound or solute
Here given data is
Mass = 130.863 g/mol
3 mol of water associated with it
We have to calculated mass % of water in the hydrated salt = ?
So mass of anhydrous salt = 160.167g/mol
Mass of the hydrated salt = 160.167 + 8(18)
160.167 + 144 = 304.167g
% mass of water in hydrated salt = (144/304.167) ×100 = 47.34%
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Stephen is investigating the rate of the reaction between calcium carbonate and
hydrochloric acid. The equation for the reaction is;
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl → 2 + H2O + CO2
He adds 5.0 g of calcium carbonate to an excess of hydrochloric acid and measures the mass of carbon dioxide given off every 10 seconds. The results of his reaction are shown in the table below.
Time
in seconds Mass of CO2 produced in grams
0 0
10 13
20 18
30 22
40 24
50 25
60 26
70 26
80 26
a) Calculate the mean rate of the reaction after 15 seconds
b) After how many seconds has the reaction finished?
a. The mean rate of reaction after 15 seconds is 1.03 g/second.
b. After 60 seconds, the reaction has gone to completion.
What is the rate of a reaction?The rate of reaction is the rate at which product molecules are formed or the rate at which reactant molecules disappear.
The rate of reaction measures the time it takes for 1 mole of reactant to be converted to the product or the time it takes for one mole of product to be formed from reactants.
Mathematically;
Rate of reaction = amount of reactant converted / time taken rate of reaction = amount of product formed / time takenThe rate of the given reaction is determined as follows:
a. mean rate of reaction after 15 seconds = (13 + 18) / (10 + 20)
mean rate of reaction after 15 seconds = 1.03 g/second
B, the reaction goes to completion when the mass of CO₂ produced remains constant or unchanged.
The mass of CO₂ produced remains constant after 60 seconds.
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