By using the Doppler effect, - 81634.27km/s is found to be the velocity of the cloud.
The Doppler effect can be used to solve this problem. When an observer travels in relation to the wave source, the frequency or wavelength changes from the viewpoint of the observed. The Doppler Effect is commonly used to calculate the velocity of the origin of waves or the velocity of the viewer. The generic waveform and frequency equations are used to derive the Doppler Effect velocity equations. The source velocity may then be calculated by setting the observer velocity to zero.
The Doppler shift in wavelength or frequency is calculated using the following relationship:
Δλ / λne = ν / c
where,
Δλ = wavelength shift
λne = wavelength of stationary source
ν = velocity of source
c = velocity of light = 3 x [tex]10^5[/tex] km/s
Given:
Initial wavelength, λini = 0.2521cm
New wavelength, λnew = 0.1835cm
Calculation:
Wavelength shift,
Δλ = λnew - λini
Δλ = (0.1835cm) - (0.2521cm)
Δλ = - 0.0686
On substitution of the known values in the above equation, we get:
Δλ / λne = ν / c
- 0.0686 / 0.2521 = ν / 3 x [tex]10^5[/tex]
ν = - 0.0686 x 3 x [tex]10^5[/tex] / 0.2521
ν = - 81634.27km/s
Result:
- 81634.27km/s is found to be the required velocity of the cloud moving towards us.
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Calculate the density of a fluid that has a mass of 100 grams and a volume of 97.18 cm3. Use a calculator if necessary.
Answer:
Density = mass÷volume (g/cm³)
= 100÷97.18
= 1.029
= 1.03 g/cm³ (3 significant figures)
What is the name of C4S3?
Answer:
Carbon trisulfide or tetracarbon trisulfide.
Explanation:
I don't know if this compound actually exists. The C is carbon and the S is sulfur. The carbon retains its name and is in first position in the name. A compound of sulfur is given the nickname "sulfide." The number of S atoms needs to be identified using the latin prefix "tri." The number of C atoms is often not identified in chemical naming, based on the irritating assumption that anyone looking at the three sulfurs would be able to determine that 3 carbons are necessary. But that is often not obvious, as in this case. So I prefer adding the latin prefix for 4 (tetra-) for the sulfur, to make it tetrasulfur trisulfice. {Try fitting that into a bottle}.
a 1.00 g sample of gas occupies 250 ml at 273 k and 1.00 atm. calculate the molar mass of the gas. multiple choice question. 89.7 g/mol 24.9 g/mol 1.12 × 10–2 g/mol 0.897 g/mol
The given sample of gas if found to have a molar mass of 89.686g/mol.
For bulk quantities, the molar mass makes it possible to convert between a substance's mass and its quantity. It is determined as the total of all of the substance's atoms' standard atomic weights.
PV = nRT, where P is pressure (in atm), V is volume (in L), n is the No. of moles of gas, universal gas constant is denoted by R (0.082 Latm/molK), and T is temperature (in K), is the formula used to calculate the molar mass of a gas.
Given:
Mass of gas = 1g
P = 1atm
V = 250mL
T = 273K
To find:
Molar mass of Gas = ?
Formula:
PV = nRT
Calculations:
n = 1 x 0.25 / 0.082 x 273
n = 0.01115 mol
Mass of gas = No. of moles x molar mass
Molar mass = 1 / 0.01115
Molar mass = 89.686g/mol
Result:
The gas is found to have 89.686g/mol molar mass.
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this reaction is first order with respect to reactant a and second order with respect to reactant b. if the concentration of a is doubled and the concentration of b is halved, the rate of the reaction would by a factor of .
The rate of reaction will reduce by a factor of ½ when the concentration of A and B is doubled and halved respectively.
The reaction rate or rate of reaction is the rate at which a chemical reaction occurs, defined as proportional to the rise in product concentration per unit time and the reduction in reactant concentration per unit time. Chemists calculate reaction rates by initiating the reaction, evaluating the concentration of the product or reactant at various time points throughout the reaction, occasionally charting the concentration as a function of the time on a graph, and then computing the alteration in concentration per unit time. The rate of reaction may be calculated by calculating the amount of product created in a given amount of time. The time period used may be determined by the rate of the reaction.
Reaction:
[tex]A + 3B \rightarrow 2C + D[/tex]
Reaction rate is given as:
Rate = [tex]K [A][B]^2[/tex]
First order:
Rate (1) = [tex]K [A][B]^2[/tex]
When the concentrations of A and B is doubled and halved respectively:
Rate (2) = [tex]K [2A][B/2]^2[/tex]
Rate (2) = 2 [tex]\frac{K [A][B]^2}{4}[/tex]
Rate (2) = ½ [tex]K [A][B]^2[/tex]
Therefore, the rate of reaction will reduce by a factor of ½.
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A molecule contains 3 atoms. It has 1 triple bond and 1 single bond. There are no lone pairs on any of the atoms. How many rheds are within the molecule?.
The given molecule has only 1 rhed – region of high electron density because of presence of one triple bond.
An electron density zone might be either bonding or non-bonding. Electrons in a covalent bond between two atoms are counted as one region, whether the link is single, double, or triple (or anything in between). The amount of lone pairs on the core atom is used to count non-bonding areas.
Double and triple bonds qualify as one high electron density region. A single unpaired electron counts as one high electron density region. One can utilize any of the resonance structures for molecules or ions that have resonance structures.
A high electron density atom or group indicates that some component of the molecular structure (such as resonance or inductive effects) is transferring negative charge towards this location in the molecule.
In the given molecule, A – B ≡ C
Only one triple bond is there and no lone pairs of electrons. Hence, only 1 rhed (region of high electron density) is present within the molecule.
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What type of protons do you need to create a galaxy
According to the question ,[tex]10^{80}[/tex] protons create a galaxy.
Why do protons exist?1.67262 1027 kg, or 1,836 times the mass of an electron, is the rest mass of the proton, a stable subatomic particle with a positive charge that is equivalent to one electron's charge.
What materials make up proton?
One down quark and two up quarks make up protons. Two down quarks and one up quark make up neutrons. One of the four fundamental forces, the "strong nuclear force," keeps the nucleus together (gravity and electromagnetism are two others).
The amount of protons in the cosmos is measured by the Eddington number , in astrophysics. Eddington estimated it to be approximately 1.571079; according to recent estimations [tex]10^{80}[/tex].
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HELP MEEEEE IMA FAIL
Calcium has a 2+ charge, and
oxygen has a 2- charge. A
Lewis dot diagram should
contain one calcium atom and
one oxygen atom to show how
these atoms form an ionic
bond.
O True
O False
The statement ,Lewis dot diagram having 1 calcium atom and 1 oxygen atom to form an ionic bond is true.
What is an ionic bond?Ionic bond or electrovalent bond is a type of bond which is formed between two elements when there is an exchange of electrons which takes place between the atoms resulting in the formation of ions.
When the atom looses an electron it develops a positive charge and forms an ion called the cation while the other atom gains the electron and develops a negative charge and forms an ion called the anion.
As the two atoms are oppositely charged they attract each other which results in the formation of a bond called the ionic bond.
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Answer:
A true
Explanation:
a sample of gas contains 1.75 moles at 37.8 °c in a volume of 3.61 l. if 2.67 moles of gas are added, what is the new volume (in l) assuming temperature and pressure do not change.
Using Avogadro’s law, the new volume of the gas is found to be 9.11L
Avogadro's law is a gas law that relates the volume of a gas to the amount of gas substance present. According to Avogadro's law, "equivalent volumes of all gases have the same number of molecules at the same temperature and pressure." Avogadro's law asserts that given the same temperature and pressure conditions, similar volumes of different gases contain an equal number of molecules.
Given:
V1 = 3.61L
n1 = 1.75 moles
n2 = 4.42 moles
To find:
V2 = ?
Formula:
V1/V2 = n1/n2
Calculation:
V2 = V1n2/n1
V2 = 3.61 x 4.42 / 1.75
V2 = 9.11L
Result:
The volume of the gas is found to be 9.11L
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3. If an acid has a pH of 2, what is its [H*]?
If an acid has a pH of 2, then [H⁺] of the given acid is 100.
What is an acid?
An acid is a molecule or ion that may either donate a proton (i.e. hydrogen ion, H+) as a Brnsted-Lowry acid or establish a covalent bond with an electron pair as a Lewis acid. The proton donors, also known as Brnsted-Lowry acids, are the first type of acid. Proton donors in aqueous solutions generate the hydronium ion H3O+ and are known as Arrhenius acids. The Arrhenius hypothesis was expanded by Brnsted and Lowry to include non-aqueous solvents. A Brnsted or Arrhenius acid is often composed of a hydrogen atom coupled to a chemical structure that remains energetically advantageous following the loss of H+.
pH = log[H⁺]
[H⁺] = antilog(pH)
= 10² = 100
Hence, [H⁺] of the given acid is 100.
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HCl has a molarity of 0.010 M and is a 0.010 M solution. Since [H+] = 1 x 10-2 M, this is true. This H+ ion solution is aqueous, and its pH value is 2.
Describe an acid ?A Lewis acid is a molecule or ion that can either contribute a proton (such as the hydrogen ion, H+) or form a covalent bond with an electron pair. The first kind of acid is the proton donor, also Brnsted-Lowry acid. Arrhenius acids are proton donors in aqueous solutions that produce the hydronium ion H3O+. Brnsted and Lowry expanded the Arrhenius hypothesis to incorporate non-aqueous solvents. A Brnsted or Arrhenius acid is frequently made up of a hydrogen atom attached to a chemical structure that continues to be energetically beneficial even after H+ is lost.
pH = log[H⁺]
[H⁺] = antilog(pH)
= 10² = 100
Hence, [H⁺] of the given acid is 100.
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Most elements' names end in the suffix -ium. This practice started around the year 1800, with many elements discovered before that having a more common name. However, some elements are more recently discovered and don't end in -ium. Do you notice any patterns for these elements?
Most elements' names end in the suffix -ium this practice started around the year 1800, with many elements discovered before that having a more common name however, some elements are more recently discovered and don't end in -ium because element name start with the latin name and then it give suffix to the element
The ium in helium can be thought of carrying the meaning 'derived from' with the hel part representing greek helios means sun it having being inferred that helium was present in sun atmosphere and the ium suffix is a latin suffix which forms abstract nouns, thus it is used to form chemical elements name from its naming origin
There are 81 elements that end in the suffix ium or um which is derived from the latin and it is denoted a metallic substances
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Classify each of the following examples as a physical change or a chemical change. Answer choices may be used more than once.
1. Physical change
Sugar dissolving in waterWater freezing into iceIn a physical change the appearance or form of the matter changes but the kind of matter in the substance does not. However in a chemical change, the kind of matter changes and at least one new substance with new properties is formed.
2. Chemical change
Burning a candleRust forming on a carA chemical change is a change of materials into another, new materials with different properties and one or more than one new substances are formed. It results when a substance combines with another to form a new substance.
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Calculate the average atomic mass of rubidium from the data below. Show your work.
Isotope
Rubidium-85
Rubidium-87
Mass
84.9118
86.9092
I
Percent abundance
72.2%
27.8%
Answer:
avg is 85.4678 atomic mass unit
What is the law that is responsible for having the same number and type of atoms present in the reaction at the beginning and at the end?.
Answer-
The law of conservation of mass says that matter is not created or destroyed in a closed system. That means if we have a chemical reaction, the amount of each element must be the same in the starting materials and the products.
Hope it makes sense!
What is a molecule dipole moment?
Answer:
the measure of net molecular polarity, which is the magnitude of the charge Q at either end of the molecular dipole times the distance r between the charges.
Explanation:
It is a separation of charge forming a positive and a negative end of a molecule
a lewis structure will usually require one or more multiple bonds if there is an atom present that does not have a full after all available electrons have already been placed. the multiple bond is formed by exchanging one electron pair for each new bond.
A lewis structure will usually require one or more multiple bonds if there is an atom present that Octet does not have a full after all available electrons have already been placed. the multiple bonds are formed by exchanging one lone electron pair for each new bond.
The entire number of valence electrons should be known. Step 2: Outline the molecule's skeletal structure. Step 3: Form each bond in the skeletal structure using two valence electrons. Step 4: Attempt to fill the remaining valence electrons' nonbonding positions to fulfill the atoms' octets.
The valence shell electrons in a molecule are depicted in an extremely simplified manner by a Lewis Structure. It is used to demonstrate how the electrons in a molecule are positioned around particular atoms. When two atoms are bonded together, electrons are depicted as "dots" or as a line.
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how does the octet rule explain the formation of a calcium ion? how does the octet rule explain the formation of a calcium ion? by losing two valence electrons from the fourth energy level, calcium achieves an octet in the third energy level so it attains [kr] electron configuration. by gaining two valence electrons into the fourth energy level, calcium achieves an octet in the fourth energy level. by losing two valence electrons from the fourth energy level, calcium achieves an octet in the third energy level so it attains [ne] electron configuration. by losing two valence electrons from the fourth energy level, calcium achieves an octet in the third energy level.
Group 2 of the periodic table places calcium, or Ca, which has two electrons on its outermost shell. Calcium must lose these two outermost electrons, also known as valence electrons, in order to have a full octet. Ionic compounds will be created when calcium reacts with nonmetals.
What is the octet rule rule?The octet rule describes an atom's propensity to prefer eight electrons in its valence shell. Atoms with fewer than eight electrons are more likely to interact with one another and create more stable compounds.Group 2 of the periodic table places calcium, or Ca, which has two electrons on its outermost shell. Calcium must lose these two outermost electrons, also known as valence electrons, in order to have a full octet. Ionic compounds will be created when calcium reacts with nonmetals.Only the main group elements are subject to the octet rule. The octet rule is known to be followed by the molecules of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and halogens. The s-block elements are typically among the elements that follow this rule.To learn more about : Octet rule
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What volume of gas is generated when 58. 0 l of oxygen gas reacts at stp according to the following balanced equation? assume that the reaction goes to completion and that no starting materials remain.
The volume of gas that is CO2 generated when 58.0 L of oxygen reacts at STP is 38.67 L.
At STP, Temperature is 0°C and Pressure is 1 atm. So in this condition the one mole of gas will occupy a volume of 22.4 L.
Since the given equation goes to completion as given in the question, the balanced chemical equation will be:
CH₃CH₂OH + 3O₂ ⇒ 2CO₂ + 3H₂O
From this we can calculate the mole ratio O2 to Co2 and that is 3:2.
From this we can find the volume of Co2,
Volume of CO₂ = 58 × ²/₃
Volume of CO₂ = 38.67 L
Hence the volume of gas that is CO2 generated when 58.0 L of oxygen reacts at STP is 38.67 L.
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A sample of nitrogen gas occupies a volume of 7.22 L at 60.0°C and 402 torr.
If the volume of the gas sample is decreased to 5.29 L, while its temperature is decreased to –4.0°C, the resulting gas pressure will be
The resulting gas pressure will be 512.08 torr.
By ideal gas law, PV = nRT
P = pressure
V = volume
n = number of mole of gas
R = gas constant
T = temperature
Using ideal gas law, P₁V₁/ T₁ = P₂V₂/ T₂
P₁= 402 torr
V₁ = 7.22 L
T₁ = 60.0°C
P₂ = ?
T₂ = 56° C
V₂ = 5.29 L
Put these values in formula, P₁V₁/ T₁ = P₂V₂/ T₂
P₂ = P₁V₁T₂/ T₁ V₂
P₂ = 402 torr ×7.22 L ×56° C / 60.0°C ×5.29 L
P₂ = 512.08 torr
Hence, the resulting gas pressure will be 512.08 torr.
The ideal gas equation is formulated as: PV = nRT.
In this equation, P refers to the pressure of the ideal gas, V is the volume of the ideal gas, n is the overall quantity of ideal gas this is measured in terms of moles, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the temperature.
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a modified ringer’s irrigation has the following formula: sodium chloride 4.6 g potassium chloride 0.2 g calcium chloride 0.43 g peg 3350 25 g water for injection ad 500 ml assuming that 470 ml of water is used in preparing the irrigation, calculate its specific gravity.
The specific gravity of a modified ringer's irrigation is 1.06g/ml
We start by calculating total mass of ingredients:
Total mass of ingredients=4.6+0.2+0.43+25+500
=530.23g
Volume of water=500ml
We now get the density of the solution:
Density=Mass of ingredients/volume of water
=530.23/500
=1.06g/ml
Calculate the specific gravity:
Specific gravity=Density of substance/Density of water
( Density of water=1g/ml)
Specific gravity=1.06/1
=1.06g/ml
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Eukaryotic cells contain a structure called the _______ which is distinct central organelle that contains the cells ____ material.
Eukaryotic cells are organelles with a developed nucleus. Eukaryotic cell contains a structure called cytoskeletal structure which is distinct central organelle that contains the cells genetic material DNA.
What is Eukaryotic cells?There are two type of cells based on the nucleus. If the cell is having a well developed nucleus it is called eukaryotic cells and the cell which have no developed nucleus is called prokaryotic cell.
Eukaryotic cells contains nucleus, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, mitochondria and ribosomes.
In eukaryotic cells contains a cytoskeletal structure inside cytoplasm consist of fibers, microtubules and filaments which make it strong.
The genetic material DNA is placed inside this cytoskeleton. Cytoskeleton provide perfect shape to the cell and helps to stimulate the cell movement.
Therefore, the special organelle contained in eukaryotic cells which contains the genetic material DNA.
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a 25.00 ml sample of acetic acid containing phenolphthalein indicator is titrated with 0.1067 m naoh. the solution changes color after 30.07 ml naoh has been added. what is the concentration of the acetic acid before titration?
The concentration of the acetic acid before titration is 0.1283m
25 ml CH_3 COOH titrated with [tex]$0.1067 \mathrm{~m}$[/tex][tex]$\mathrm{NaOH}$[/tex] of [tex]$30.07 \mathrm{ml}$[/tex] where solution change colour, meany Equivalence point occurs. where
[tex]$$n_{\text {acid }}=n_{\text {base }}$$[/tex]
[tex]$\Rightarrow m_{\text {acid }} v_{\text {acid }}=m_{\text {base }} v_{\text {base}$[/tex]
[tex]$\left[\mathrm{CH}_3COO\mathrm{H}\right]=\frac{\left[\mathrm{NaOH}\right] \times V_{\mathrm{NaOH}}}{\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{CHOOH}}}$[/tex]
[tex]$=\frac{(0.1067 \mathrm{~m}) \times(30.07 \mathrm{~ml})}{(25 \mathrm{ml})}$[/tex]
[tex]$=\frac{3.20847}{25} \mathrm{~m}$[/tex]
[tex]$=0.1283 \mathrm{~m}$[/tex]
Acetic acid, which has the molecular formula CH3COOH, is also referred to as ethanoic acid, ethylic acid, vinegar acid, and methane carboxylic acid. As a byproduct of fermentation, acetic acid gives vinegar its distinctive smell. About 4-6% of the acetic acid in vinegar is water.
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The work function of iron is 4.50 eV.
What frequency of light will create
photoelectrons with a KE of 1.88 eV?
Frequency of light that will create photoelectrons with a KE of 1.88 eV is 1.54 × [tex]10^{15}[/tex].
How to find frequency ?The frequency of a repeating event is the number of occurrences per unit of time. It is also known as temporal frequency to distinguish it from spatial frequency and ordinary frequency to distinguish it from angular frequency.
Frequency is defined as the number of waves that pass through a fixed point in one unit of time; it is also defined as the number of cycles or vibrations that a body in periodic motion goes through in one unit of time. The number of periods or cycles per second is defined as frequency. The hertz is the SI frequency unit (Hz). A hertz is one cycle per second.
Kinetic energy of photoelectrons = Planks constant × frequency - work function
KE = h ×f - Ф (h = planks constant = 6.62610 × [tex]10^{-34}[/tex]
1.88 + Ф = h × f
1.88 + 4.50 = h × f
f = 1.54 × [tex]10^{15}[/tex]
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Determine the number of bonding electrons and the number of nonbonding electrons in the structure of.
A full valence shell's number of electrons less the amount of electrons involved in bonding equals the number of non-bonding electrons (which is 2 x the typical number of bonds). The amount of electrons not in bonds is equal to the number of lone pairs divided by two.
How can you tell how many electrons are involved in bonds and how many are not?A full valence shell's number of electrons less the amount of electrons involved in bonding equals the number of non-bonding electrons (which is 2 x the typical number of bonds). The amount of electrons not in bonds is equal to the number of lone pairs divided by two.Method 1 for Calculating Bond Order (immediately determine bond order, half bond order) Antibonding Electrons.According to the molecular orbital theory, the difference between bonding and anti-bonding electrons is accounted for by the bond order. Additionally, the molecule will grow more stable the higher the bond order.To learn more about Bonding electrons refer to:
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A molecule contains 3 atoms. It has 1 triple bond and 1 single bond. There are no lone pairs on any of the atoms. How many rheds are within the molecule?.
The central atom of the molecule has three electrons on its valence shell.
What is the valance shell electro pair repulsion theory?
The valance shell electron pair repulsion theory shows us the number of electron pairs that can be found on the valance shell of the central atom of the molecule. Recall that the shape of the molecule is determined by the number of electron pairs that can be found on the valance shell of the central atom of the molecule.
Hence, given the fact that the molecule contains 3 atoms. It has 1 triple bond and 1 single bond, we can be able to conclude that the molecule has three electron pairs on its valance shell.
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Which model(s) represents a pure substance?
Answer:
models 1,2,3,4
hope it helps
Help please I been stuck on this
what might an engineer need to consider when designing a heating/cooling system for a home in a cooler climate?
How might the design differ for a house found in a warmer climate?
An engineer might need to consider this when designing a heating/cooling system for a home in a cooler climate are Operating Environment, Size Matters, Available Power, and Filtration.
The design might differ for a house found in a warmer climate as the inside environment of buildings will be impacted by a warmer climate, which will also impair the longevity of building materials. A larger requirement for cooling will result from hotter summers. The word "HVAC" refers to the many systems that are employed in both residential and commercial structures for the purpose of heating, cooling, and transferring air between indoor and outdoor areas.
These are the systems that keep you cozy and toasty during the winter and cool and energized during the summer. The three essential elements of heating and cooling systems are a source of hot or cold air, a device for transferring the heated or cooled air into your living space, and a way to control the temperature in your home.
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THIS IS VERY URGENT IM OFFERING 60 POINTS AND ILL MAKE YOUR BRAINLIEST!!!
An isotope of the element iridium has a 77 protons and 115 neutrons in its nucleus.
Which of the following correctly represents this isotope?
A.115 over 77 Ir
B. 77 over 115 Ir
C. 192 over 77 Ir
D. 192 over 115 Ir
PLEASE HURRY :C
Answer: 192 over 77 Ir
Explanation:
Iridiums atomic mass is 192.217 and to get 192 you would add both protons and neutrons to get the atomic mass. When writing in isotope notation, the mass goes on top.
What is the density?
Answer:
Density = mass/volume (g/cm³)
First find the volume of the stone by subtracting the readings of the measuring cylinder.
Each unit is 4 ml. Take the reading where the lowest point of the curve of the liquid sits.
The first measuring cylinder reading is 24 ml.
The second measuring cylinder reading is 60 ml.
Volume of stone = 60 - 24 = 36 ml
Make sure the units are appropriate. Convert when necessary. ml and cm³ are the same so there is no need to convert. (36 ml = 36 cm³)
Density = 40/36 = 1.11 g/cm³
Please help its due today
In the previous lesson you described the similarities and differences between the light signs in shops, such as the ones "open", "closed", and fireworks. Zooming in, what do you think is happening at the atomic level to explain these differences and similarities? Explain.
Atomic level to explain these differences and similarities are existing or occurring within an atom or atoms
Atomic level is the when photon are incident in the new medium and they are absorbed by the atom or electron and then remitted or converted to internal energy and here firework are colorful and neon are orange and when the electron run to lower energy level then they emit colored light and the neon never run out electrical energy is the sole resource that is consumed
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the vibrational frequency of the cl2 molecule in the gas phase is 559.7 cm−1 . calculate the ratio of the number of cl2 molecules in the first excited vibrational state to the number of molecules in the ground state at 298k
The ratio of the number of chlorine gas molecules in the first excited vibrational state to the number of molecules in the ground state at 298k is calculated to be 0.067.
The formula to calculate this ratio can be given as;
[tex]N_{1} / N_{0}[/tex] = [tex]exp (-\frac{hvc}{k_{B}T } )[/tex]
In this equation;
h represents the Planck's constant whose value equals 6.626 × 10^-34 Js
v represents the vibrational frequency
c represents the speed of light which is equal to 2.998 × 10^10 cm s^-1
[tex]k_{B}[/tex] means the Boltzmann constant which is equal to 1.381 × 10^-23 JK^-1
T is equal to 298 K
substituting these values in the above equations;
[tex]N_{1} / N_{0}[/tex] = exp {- (6.626 × 10^-34) (559.7) (2.998 × 10^10) ÷ (1.381 × 10^-23) (298K)}
[tex]N_{1} / N_{0}[/tex] = 0.067
Therefore, the ratio of the number of chlorine gas molecules in the first excited vibrational state to the number of molecules in the ground state at 298k is equal to 0.067.
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