The helicase binds at the replication fork by breaking the H-bonds between the bases. The topoisomerase binds ahead of the replication fork, breaks covalent bonds in DNA backbone. And the single-strand binding proteins bind after the replication fork, prevents H-bonds between bases.
The replication fork is the region of DNA where the DNA unwinds so as to make the replication of DNA possible. Two replications forks are formed one on each side when the DNA is in unwound state. Replication fork is Y-shaped structure.
Topoisomerase is the enzyme required for relaxation of the supercoiling of DNA during its formation of the replication fork.
The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:
As DNA replication continues and the replication bubble expands, the parental double helix is unwound and separated into its two component strands. This unwinding and separating of the DNA requires three different types of proteins: helicase, topoisomerase, and single-strand binding proteins. Write down the site of binding of the three proteins.
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Which of the following approaches is the most likely first method an apple grower would use in developing an orchard of short trees producing apples from a naturally tall parent stock?
a. reduce nutrients in the soil to inhibit growth
b. prune the trees severely to maintain a short height
c. graft buds from the tall parent stock onto the dwarf-tree rootstock
d. breed trees from the shortest plants in the dwarf-tree rootstock
The method used to grow short trees from tall parent stock is to graft bud parent stock onto the dwarf tree, hence option c is correct.
What are graft buds?The base and roots of a grafted plant are known as rootstock. In order to produce a new plant with better characteristics, the apple grower grafted onto the scion, which is the blooming or fruiting portion of the plant.
A plant cutting used in grafting is referred to as a scion, and it joins with another plant, known as the rootstock. By uniting the tissues of two distinct plants, grafting allows them to grow together.
Therefore grafting buds to dwarf-tree rootstock is a method, hence option c is correct.
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the mass of dna per nucleus in a certain fungus ranges from 4 to 10 picograms. nuclei with 5 picograms of dna are most likely derived from cells in which of the following parts of the cell cycle?
The nuclei with 5 picograms of DNA are most likely extracted from cells in the c) G1 phase of the cell cycle.
The G1 phase is the first phase of the cell cycle, during which the cell grows and performs all the metabolic functions necessary for cell division. This phase is also known as the gap phase because it is the period of time between the end of cell division and the beginning of DNA replication.
The G1 phase typically lasts for about 10-12 hours in most cells. During this phase, the cell grows in size and synthesizes all the proteins and other molecules needed for DNA replication.
The cell also replicates its organelles, so that each daughter cell will have a complete set. Finally, the cell checks its DNA to make sure it is intact and ready for replication. If the DNA is damaged, the cell may enter a special checkpoint where it can repair the damage or, if the damage is too severe, the cell may undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).
Hence the correct option is c).
The complete question is,
the mass of DNA per nucleus in a certain fungus ranges from 4 to 10 picograms. nuclei with 5 picograms of DNA are most likely derived from cells in which of the following parts of the cell cycle?
a)Early M
b) G2
c) G1
d) Late S
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Dicu how croing-over lead to greater variability of phenotype. Give an example to help explain your anwer
In Crossing-over, a part of the chromosome will be exchanged with another part in phenotype.
Crossover provides for the exchange of DNA sequences between homologous chromosomes during meiosis. This process forms a new arrangement of the genetic information stored on the maternal and paternal chromosomes. New combinations of genes residing on the same chromosome increase the genetic diversity of offspring, making them different from their parents.
For example, one chromosome contains two mutated genes of hers that affect a particular trait in an organism. Without crossbreeding, both mutated genes are passed on to offspring. However, the process of crossover can segregate genes between two homologous chromosomes. Since only one of the homologous chromosomes is inherited from one parent, the odds of inheriting both mutated genes are reduced and the offspring will have only one mutated gene of hers.
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wear on the cuboid and medial malleolus bones suggest what about the victim
It is implied that the cuboid and medial malleolus bones were worn because the victim was wearing very high heels. High heels can either cause or exacerbate many foot ailments because they exert a lot of pressure on the ball of the foot and squeeze the toes into a small toe box.
One of the five bones in the midfoot, the cuboid is one of the seven bones that make up the tarsus of the ankle and foot. The toes, which tend to contract more when wearing heels, can also experience additional strain. However, a lot of the discomfort is caused by tiny intermetatarsal nerves that run between the foot's bones; these nerves swell and become irritated when wearing heels.
Thus, it is implied that the victim's wearing very high heels caused the wear on the cuboid and medial malleolus bones.
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What is true about changes to biotic factors in an ecosystem?
Responses
It doesn't affect the living parts of an ecosystem.
It can result in populations of organisms increasing.
It results in changes to salinity or temperature.
It affects food chains but not the overall food web.
Answer:
It results in changes to salinity or temperature
Explanation:
Biotic things have to do with non living things that affect an ecosystem and if a biotic factor is changed like the sun it will affect the ecosystem so if the sun is taken away It results in changes to salinity or temperature
which of the following is true about the evolution of archaea? answer archaea are more closely related to the eukarya domain than the bacteria domain archaea are more closely related to the bacteria domain than the eukarya domain archaea are equally related to the bacteria and eukarya domain i don't know yet
The true statement about archaea domain is: archaea are more closely related to the eukarya domain than the bacteria domain.
The archaea domain is composed of microorganisms that are not found in normal environments. Instead they are found in extreme and harsh habitats like hotsprings, saline environment, acidic conditions, etc. The example of organisms of archaea domain are Methanococcus, Pyrolobus, etc.
Eukarya is the most advanced domain which is comprised of organisms made of eukaryotic cells. The organisms of eukarya can be both unicellular or multicellular. The examples are: plants, animals, humans, etc. Microorganisms like fungi and algae also belong to eukarya.
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A eukaryotic transcription unit that is 8,000 nucleotides long may use 1,200 nucleotides to make a protein consisting of approximately 400 amino acids. This is best explained by the fact that.
A eukaryotic transcription unit that is 8,000 nucleotides long may use 1,200 nucleotides to make a protein consisting of approximately 400 amino acids in mRNA, there are a sizable number of noncoding nucleotide regions.
The complicated process of eukaryotic transcription is used by eukaryotic cells to transform the genetic material found in DNA into copies of transportable complementary RNA. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are both capable of transcription from genes.
Because the other nucleotides are introns that are deleted from mRNA after transcription and are not used in the protein, a transcription unit that is 8,000 nucleotides long may only use 1,200 of those nucleotides to code for a protein that contains 400 amino acids.
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pax6 gene regulates development of the eye across many species. you want to identify a mouse eye enhancer by making a gfp reporter in which the gfp coding sequence is placed downstream of a mouse promoter. which region of mouse dna would you fuse to the gfp reporter to identify the eye enhancer?
The GFP reporter is going to bind to the target cells in order to identify the eye enhancer.
Reporter genes are genes that get attached to regulatory sequences. The regulatory sequences control the expression of the reporter gene in the same manner that the original gene is controlled. It is cloned with any DNA sequence which we require into an expression vector that is then transferred into cells. These cells in question are the target cells. Reporter genes are a good tool for studying molecular events in living subjects.
When the GFP reporter gene is going to go and binds to the target cells, these cells are then going to identify and monitor the activity of the enhancer.
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what is the least number of trnas that can be used to recognize all of the codons of isoleucine, and what is/are the anticodon(s)? (in the answer choices, i
Transfer RNAs have three base sequences (3'-5') known as anticodons that can recognize and base pair with mRNA codons in the 5'-3' direction.
Anticodons:
anticodons are nucleotide sequences that are complementary to codons. They are located in tRNAs and allow tRNAs to align the right amino acid with an mRNA during protein synthesis.
During protein formation, amino acids are strung together like beads on a necklace. Because amino acids have diverse characteristics, it is critical that the correct amino acids are employed in the precise areas. Putting the incorrect one in the wrong place might render a protein ineffective or even hazardous to the cell.
This image depicts a developing protein chain. The bottom left shows tRNAs carrying amino acids entering the ribosome complex.
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A student analyzes a cross section of earths layers.
Which letter corresponds to a trench in the cross section?
1. L
2. M
3. N
4. O
Answer:
o
Explanation:
Letter M corresponds to a trench in the cross section of earth layers. Therefore, option (B) is correct.
What is a trench?Subduction is a geophysical process in which two or more of the Earth's tectonic plates converge, and the older, denser plate is pushed beneath the lighter plate and deep into the mantle, causing the seafloor and outermost crust (the lithosphere) to bend and form a steep, V-shaped depression.
These regions, which are known as deep sea trenches, have depths that are nearly three times greater than the typical depth of the sea bottom. The trench zones are distinguished by total obscurity as well as unfathomable pressures that can reach up to 16,000 pounds per square inch.
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serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-ht) is a neurotransmitter with receptors (5-ht receptors) located in cells throughout the body. there are more than a dozen different types of serotonin receptors that fall into several different classes. one class consists of serotonin-activated ion channels and the other receptor classes are g-protein-coupled receptors that associate with different g proteins. the 5-ht7a receptor couples to gs and activates adenylyl cyclase, while the 5-ht2b receptor couples to gq and activates phospholipase c. the diversity of receptor types has led pharmacologists to search for drugs that will bind to and modulate just a single receptor class in order to limit systemic side effects (see 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor subtypes and their modulators with therapeutic potentials). place into bins the downstream effects predicted for a drug that exclusively activates the 5-ht7a receptor versus a drug that exclusively activates the 5-ht2b receptor.
Tryptophan serves as the starting material for the central and systemic synthesis of the monoamine neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine, also known as serotonin.
What does 5-HT (5-hydroxytryptamine) (serotonin) mean?Serotonin has been found to bind to 14 physically and functionally different receptor subtypes, each of which mediates the action of neurotransmitters by way of a cascade of downstream signalling molecules and effectors.
Serotonin is involved in many fundamental physiological processes, including apoptosis, mitochondrial biosynthesis, cell proliferation, and migration. Despite being most frequently discussed for its role in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric and mood disorders, serotonin also plays a role in many other basic physiological processes. increase. Anorexia nervosa, cancer, and other pathogenic diseases exhibit its neurotransmitter function.
We carefully vetted the serotonin and its receptor-related molecular reactions from the available literature using a strict set of NetPath annotation criteria. Gene regulation at the transcriptional and translational levels, molecular association, activation/inhibition, post-translational modification, transport, and other categories of responses were also included.
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How is continental crust different from oceanic crust? question 5 options: continental crust is more dense and lighter. continental crust is thicker and more likely to sink. oceanic crust is thinner and more likely to sink. oceanic crust is thicker and more dense.
In comparison to oceanic crust, which is typically 5-10 km thick, continental crust is often 20–70 km thick. Oceanic crust is more recent and has a density of 3 g/cm3, whereas continental crust is older and less dense (2.7 g/cm3).
What distinguishes the oceanic crust from the continental crust?When compared to oceanic crust, which is basaltic (i.e., richer in iron and magnesium than granite) and has a density of around 2.9 to 3 grammes per cubic cm, continental crust is generally granitic and has a density of about 2.7 grammes per cubic cm.
Is crust from the oceans denser than crust from land?Dark-colored rocks known as basalt and gabbro make up the majority of the oceanic crust. It is lighter-colored rocks called andesite and granite that make up the continental crust, which is thinner and denser. Because of its low density, continental crust "floats" high above the viscous mantle, forming dry land.
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in what ways do virions resemble living cells? choose one or more:a.some virions possess genes for trna.b.they are capable of protein synthesis.c.they possess genes that can direct their own replication.d.some virions exhibit flagellar motility.e.their genomes can be larger than some cellular genomes.
Virions resemble living cells as their genomes can be larger than some cellular genomes.
What is genomes?The genome is a cell's whole collection of DNA instructions. The genome of humans is made up of 23 pairs of chromosomes found in the cell's nucleus, as well as a tiny chromosome placed in the cell's mitochondria. A genome includes all of the information required for a person to develop and operate. Our genome is made up of DNA and contains this collection of instructions. Every cell in the body, such as a skin cell or a liver cell, has the same set of instructions: Our genome's instructions are made out of DNA. DNA has a one-of-a-kind chemical code that governs our growth, development, and health.
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reproduction requires fusion of male cells in the pollen grain with female cells in the ovule
Answer:
I didn't get the question but what I know is reproduction of seeds happens when the Male sex cells fertilizes the female sex cells and that happens when the nether produces pollen and the pollen is transferred to stigma which is a part of the female cells and the pollen send a pollen tube down through the style to the ovary which contains the ovule and the Male gametes nucleus enters an egg cell and fuses with the egg cell nucleus
How much more atp is generated from glucose 6-phosphate, compared to glucose, when it is metabolized by the glycolytic pathway?.
2 ATPs are generated from glucose 6-phosphate during the glycolytic pathway.
The glycolysis pathway, which is a series of enzyme-mediated steps, is used to metabolize G6-P in the cytoplasm of the cell. The first step of glycolysis is the isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) into fructose-6-phosphate, which creates triose-phosphate and two pyruvate molecules as well as a small amount of ATP (net gain of 2 ATP molecules). The majority of ATP is then produced by the aerobic oxidation of pyruvate in differentiated cells. Although glucose is frequently regarded as the primary energy source for cells, it is actually primarily a major supply of carbon skeletons for cell growth and survival. Indeed, under some circumstances, particularly during prolonged fasting or during cell proliferation, glucose oxidation to CO₂ to provide energy should be avoided to allow the delivery of essential functions.
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In 3-5 sentences, describe the advantages and disadvantages of using these two different images to model Mitosis.
The advantage of the first model is it used less space for showing stages of mitosis whereas the disadvantage of using this model in Mitosis is that it does not provide detailed information.
What is mitosis cell division?Mitosis is a process of cell division in cells that occurs when a parent cell divides to form two identical daughter cells. During this cell division, diploid daughter cells are produced from a single parent cell while on the other hand, meiosis is a process of cell division in cells that happens when a parent cell divides to form four identical daughter cells. Meiosis refers to the formation of four cells from a single parent having haploid chromosomes. The advantage of the first model is that it provides stages of mitosis by using less space whereas the disadvantage of using this model Mitosis is that it does not provide detailed information. The advantage of the second model is that it does not provide detailed information whereas the disadvantage of using this model of Mitosis is that it provides stages of mitosis by using less space.
So we can conclude that the advantage of the first model is the disadvantage of the second model and vice versa.
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The main disadvantage of using the first image to model mitosis is the presence of other stages of the cell cycle (e.g. the S phase). Moreover, the disadvantage of using the second image to model mitosis refers it involves meiotic division (meiosis II division) instead of mitosis.
What is the mitosis process?The expression of the mitosis process makes reference to this type of cell division which is characterized to form two daughter cells with identical genetic material when compared to the parental cell.
In contrast, meiosis divides to half the amount of genetic material in the resulting daughter cell as occurs in the second image.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the mitosis process is the cell division for which a cell generates two daughter cells that exhibit identical genetic material when compared to the parental cell, conversely to meiosis where this number is reduced to half.
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you are carrying out a chromatin immunopreciptation experiment. at the step where you are supposed to add the antibody to your protein of interest, you accidentally add a mixture of antibodies that someone was storing in the lab. what will your results show?
The results of the chromatin immunoprecipitation experiment are that the DNA will still be isolated, but it will respond to DNA that was bound by any protein recognized by the antibody.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) may be a sort of immunoprecipitation test procedure utilized to investigate the interaction between proteins and DNA within the cell.
ChIP too points to deciding the particular area within the genome that different histone alterations are associated with, demonstrating the target of the histone modifiers.
It points to deciding whether particular proteins are related to particular genomic locales, such as translation variables on promoters or other DNA authoritative locales, and possibly define cistromes.
ChIP is vital for the headways within the field of epigenomics and for learning more about epigenetic marvels.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) could be a strategy utilized to decide the area of DNA authoritative locales on the genome for a specific protein of intrigue.
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which of the following is not a major function of protein in the human body?
A. Synthesis of hormones
B. Growth and maintenance of new tissue
C. Maintaining fluid balance
D. Providing energy to the body
Answer: D
Explanation:
Affecting both areas of the lungs, often including one or more sections, or lobes, of a lung.
The air sacs are filled with pus and other liquid during this acute infection. One or more lung lobes can become infected with lobar pneumonia. In both lungs, areas of both are impacted by bronchial pneumonia, also called bronchopneumonia.
In which lobes does pneumonia occur?Upper, middle, or lower lobe pneumonia are the terms used to describe the pneumonia depending on which lung lobe is involved. The term focal pneumonia is used when there are several multi-lobe localised inflammations in the lungs. If the focused inflammations began in inflamed airways, some people refer to them as bronchopneumonia (bronchi).
How is lung disease referred to?The most widespread lung ailments include: Asthma. partial or complete lung collapse (pneumothorax or atelectasis) Swelling and inflammation in the bronchial tubes, the major passageways.
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Dna replication relies on the blank______ of dna strands according to the blank______ rule.
DNA replication relies on the ___complementarity___ of DNA strands according to the ___AT/GC___ rule.
Define DNA replication.DNA replication is the process by which genomic DNA is copied into cells. Before a cell can divide, it must first copy (or replicate) its entire genome so that each resulting daughter cell has its own complete genome. This is a semi-conservative process, meaning that each new copy of DNA contains one parent strand and one new strand of the original DNA. Replication is an essential process because each time a cell divides, the two new daughter cells must contain the same genetic information or DNA as the parent cell. It is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and the nucleoid region of prokaryotic cells. DNA replication occurs in the S phase of the cell cycle before cell division
The principle of complementarity governs both transcription and DNA replication due to the fact that when two DNA or RNA sequences are arranged antiparallel to each other, the nucleotide bases at each position in the sequences are complementary or mirror images.
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Frank lloyd wright’s fallingwater house is best described as an example _______. a. of a private residence becoming publicly important b. of modern houses and architecture c. of a private residence d. of waterfalls and natural scenery please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
Frank Lloyd wright’s Fallingwater house is best described as an example of a private residence becoming publicly important.
Option A. of a private residence becoming publicly important.
Frank Lloyd Wright's Fallingwater residence is high-quality described for instance as a private house turning into publicly critical.
Frank Lloyd Wright first became recognized for his Prairie fashion of structure which included low-pitched roofs, overhanging eaves, a relevant chimney, and open-ground plans which, he believed turned into the antidote to the restricted, closed-in structure of the Victorian era.
Falling water is a house designed by means of architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1935 in rural southwestern Pennsylvania. The residence become designated a country-wide historic Landmark in 1966.
In 1893, Frank Lloyd Wright based his architectural practice in alrightPark, a quiet, semi-rural village on the Western edges of Chicago. It become at his alrightPark Studio throughout the first decade of the 20th century that Wright pioneered an ambitious new method of domestic architecture, the Prairie fashion.
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in protein synthesis, eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells show similarities in all of the following except the
In protein synthesis, eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells show similarities in all of the following except the number of proteins encoded on a single mRNA. The first amino acid, formyl-methionine.
Which aspects of protein synthesis in eukaryotes and prokaryotes are similar and different?In prokaryotes, mRNA is polycistronic and may contain several genes that are translated to produce a number of proteins. Each monoisotopic (only one gene and one protein) mRNA in eukaryotes carries a single gene.
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic proteins are synthesized by 80S and 70S ribosomes, respectively. Eukaryotes' cytoplasm is where protein synthesis takes place. Before the transcription of an mRNA molecule is finished, protein synthesis takes place in prokaryotes.
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True or False) DNA does not have to break apart to be copied.
Answer: false
Explanation: needs to break apart to prevent the risk of having an uneven number of chromosomes that can lead to developmental disorders and cancer.
approximately how many more mammal species become extinct in the period 1901-2000 than became extinct in the period 1801-1900?
90 mammal species become extinct in the period 1901-2000 than became extinct in the period 1801-1900.
Extinction is a situation in which something no longer exists. Their can be many reasons associated like species have been hunted to the point of extinction, scarcity of food or natural disasters.
Their are two main types of extinction firstly Mass extinction that has occurred only five times in history. The other is Background extinctions which occurs over longer period of time and are considered important in natural extinction rate.
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Dna replication proceeds outward from two , which are the sites where the template strands are unwound and new dna is synthesized.
DNA replication proceeds outward from two replication forks, which are the sites where the template strands unwinds and new DNA is synthesized.
DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid. It is one amongst the two nucleic acids in living organisms. DNA is the more prevalent form because it is more stable than RNA. The structure of DNA is a double stranded molecules with nitrogenous bases projecting inwards perpendicularly.
Replication forks are the Y-shaped structures present in the DNA. These are the open bubble where the DNA unwinds with the help of enzymes in order to initiate the process pf DNA replication.
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What is evolution?
When an individual develops the traits
needed to survive and reproduce
An immediate change in a population as
a result of environmental demands
When a population stays the same
reguarless of environmental demands
When a population changes as a result
of natural selection which is driven by
environmental demands
Answer:
When an individual develops the traits
needed to survive and reproduce
Explanation:
the second option is wrong because evolution isn't an immediate change but takes thousands to millions of years depending on what is evolving.
The third option is close but the difference is natural selection is when weaker animals of a species die out while the stronger ones survive for example, when one bird hatches before the other the hatched bird may push the egg out of the nest to get more food. That is an example of natural selection. It is a part of evolution but not evolution itself.
Help me please!!!!!!!!!!
Answer: B maybe
Explanation: what grade are you in
which trait is commonly found in both of these two groups: chondrichthyans (cartilaginous fishes) and osteichthyans (bony fishes).
Breathe via the gills. Fish with bones and fish with cartilage both have jaws in their mouths.
Describe the chondrichthyans and Osteichthyes.Chondrichthyes:
The second category of fish is the Class Chondrichthyes, which contains sharks, rays, and chimaeras. Sharks are among the oldest fish species to have a jaw. Their upper and lower jaws are made of cartilage. A shark can grow teeth indefinitely, but neither you nor I can have more than two sets. Because they regularly replace lost or damaged teeth with brand-new ones, sharks never run out of teeth.
Osteichthyes:
The Osteichthyes, or true bony fish, are the third major category of fish and are further classified into two divisions. The first class, known as the Sarcopterygii, is the more ape-like of the two classes. This class includes all terrestrial vertebrates, including cows and humans, as well as fish like coelacanths and lungfish.
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which method of microbial control does not rely on denaturing proteins and/or disrupting the integrity of the cell membrane?
Lyophilization method of microbial control does not rely on denaturing proteins and/or disrupting the integrity of the cell membrane.
Lyophilization, also known as freeze drying, is a process in which water is removed from a frozen product and placed under a vacuum, allowing the ice to transition from solid to vapor without passing through a liquid phase. Lyophilization is a water removal process that is commonly used to preserve perishable materials, extend shelf life, or make the material more transportable. Lyophilization involves freezing the material, then lowering the pressure and increasing the heat to allow the frozen water in the material to sublimate.
Liquid nitrogen can be used successfully and economically instead of mechanical refrigeration for lyophilization/pre-freezing, increasing viability and yield. It also improves performance and reliability while requiring less capital investment than mechanically based systems.
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Following a disturbance to a site, only some species that arrive at the site survive. Once an individual plant establishes itself, it modifies the environment, for example by changing resource availability. The plant is then replaced by a member of a species better suited to the modified environment, and then the process continues. Which model of succession best explains this pattern?.
The model of succession that best explains the problem at hand Is the Tolerance model of succession.
In the problem, we have been told that the plant kind of inhibits the freshly attained site and then flourishes which makes it seem like the facilitation model. But we have also been told that the plant is soon replaced by other plants that are most suitable to live on that site.
The tolerance model is the proper explanation for this as it states that all species are capable of establishing themselves but only the ones that have a bigger population become dominant. This proves that the example in question is an example of the Tolerance model.
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