The inductive time constant is 0.0333 seconds. The maximum value of the current is 1.47A. This time corresponds to 1.44 time constants (t / τ). The time it takes to reach 1% of the maximum current is 0.0333s. This time corresponds to 0.1 time constants (t / τ).
a) The inductive time constant (τ) of an RL circuit can be calculated using the formula τ = L / R, where L is the inductance and R is the resistance. In this case,
τ = 0.5H / 15Ω = 0.0333 seconds.
b) For finding the maximum value of current (Imax), formula used:
Imax = E / R, where E is the emf source voltage. Therefore,
Imax = 22V / 15Ω = 1.47A.
For determining the time, it takes to reach 90% of this value, formula used:
t = τ * ln(1 / (1 - 0.9)) = 0.0333s * ln(1 / 0.1) ≈ 0.048s.
This time corresponds to approximately 1.44 time constants (t / τ).
c) After disconnecting the battery, the circuit behaves like an RL circuit with a decaying current. The time it takes to reach 1% of the maximum current, formula used:
t = τ * ln(1 / (1 - 0.01)) = 0.0333s * ln(1 / 0.99) ≈ 0.0033s.
This time corresponds to approximately 0.1 time constants (t / τ).
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What is a convergent lens?
What is a divergent lens?
How do we find out the focal length of a convergent lens?
How does a refractive telescope work?
Explain the physical characteristics of the images the form by the refractive and reflective telescopes.
A convergent lens is a lens that refracts light and forms a real or virtual image of an object. This type of lens is thicker at the center than at the edges and is also known as a convex lens. Light passing through a convergent lens is brought to a focal point, causing the rays to converge on a single point.
A divergent lens is a lens that spreads out the light rays that enter it and forms a virtual image. This type of lens is thinner at the center than at the edges and is also known as a concave lens. The light passing through the lens is bent in a way that causes the rays to diverge away from a single point.
The focal length of a convergent lens can be found using the lens equation, which is given as:
1/f = 1/v - 1/u
Where f is the focal length of the lens, v is the distance from the lens to the image, and u is the distance from the lens to the object.
A refractive telescope works by using two lenses, a convergent lens to collect light and a divergent lens to magnify the image. The light enters the telescope and is collected by the convergent lens, which focuses the light to a point. The light then passes through the divergent lens, which magnifies the image and forms a virtual image for the observer to see.
The physical characteristics of the images formed by refractive and reflective telescopes are different. Refractive telescopes produce images that are chromatic, meaning they have different colors around the edges of the image. They also produce images that are slightly distorted due to the lens being curved. Reflective telescopes produce images that are not chromatic and are free of the distortion that is produced by the curvature of the lens.
A convergent lens refracts light and forms a real or virtual image, while a divergent lens spreads out the light rays and forms a virtual image. The focal length of a convergent lens can be found using the lens equation. Refractive telescopes use lenses to collect and magnify light, while reflective telescopes use mirrors to reflect the light and form an image. The physical characteristics of the images formed by refractive and reflective telescopes are different.
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The switch opens at t = 0 after a very long time. Find v(t) for t > 0. Draw circuits clearly for each step using 4-step approach to illustrate the situation when t<0 and t>0 when doing circuit analysis for full credit. Write final answers in the box provided. [10 pts] 6 V 30 k 0 47 (1) 60 k 5 μF 60 k
The voltage of switch function v(t) for t > 0 is approximately 5.992 V. The 5 μF capacitor does not affect the voltage at steady-state.
To analyze the circuit and find the voltage function v(t) for t > 0, let's go through the 4-step approach and consider the circuit at t < 0 and t > 0 separately.
Step 1: Circuit at t < 0 (before the switch opens)
At t < 0, the switch is closed, and the capacitor is assumed to have been charged to a steady-state. In this case, the capacitor behaves like an open circuit, and the 60 kΩ resistor is effectively disconnected.
The circuit at t < 0 can be represented as follows:
Step 2: Circuit at t = 0 (when the switch opens)
At t = 0, the switch opens. The capacitor retains its voltage, and the voltage across it remains constant. However, the circuit topology changes as the capacitor now acts as a voltage source with an initial voltage of 6 V.
The circuit at t = 0 can be represented as follows:
Step 3: Circuit at t > 0 (after the switch opens)
At t > 0, the switch remains open, and the circuit reaches a new steady-state. The capacitor acts like an open circuit in the steady-state, and the 60 kΩ resistor is effectively disconnected.
The circuit at t > 0 can be represented as follows:
Step 4: Solving for v(t) for t > 0
To find the voltage function v(t) for t > 0, we can use the voltage divider rule to determine the voltage across the 30 kΩ resistor.
The voltage across the 30 kΩ resistor is given by:
v(t) = (30 kΩ / (30 kΩ + 47 Ω)) * 6 V
Simplifying the equation:
v(t) = (30000 / 30047) * 6 V
v(t) ≈ 5.992 V (approximately)
Therefore, the voltage function v(t) for t > 0 is approximately 5.992 V.
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A capacitor with a capacitance of 793 μF is placed in series with a 10 V battery and an unknown resistor. The capacitor begins with no charge, but 116 seconds after being connected, reaches a voltage of 6.3 V. What is the time constant of this RC circuit?
In an RC circuit, the time constant is defined as the amount of time it takes for the capacitor to charge to 63.2 percent of its maximum charge.
The time constant of this RC circuit can be determined using the formula:τ = RC where R is the resistance and C is the capacitance. The voltage across the capacitor at a particular time is determined using the equation:V = V₀(1 - e^(-t/τ))where V is the voltage across the capacitor at any time, V₀ is the initial voltage, e is Euler's number (2.71828), t is the time elapsed since the capacitor was first connected to the circuit, and τ is the time constant.In this problem, the capacitance is given as 793 μF. Since the capacitor is connected in series with an unknown resistor, the product of the resistance and capacitance (RC) is equal to the time constant. Let τ be the time constant of the circuit. Then:V = V₀(1 - e^(-t/τ))6.3 = 10(1 - e^(-116/τ))Dividing both sides by 10:0.63 = 1 - e^(-116/τ)Subtracting 1 from both sides:e^(-116/τ) = 0.37Taking the natural logarithm of both sides:-116/τ = ln(0.37)Solving for τ:τ = -116/ln(0.37)τ = 150 secondsTherefore, the time constant of this RC circuit is 150 seconds.
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Tarzan wishes to save Jane from the jaws of a large Tyrannosaurus Rex. He deftly throws a rope upwards, catching it on a lower tooth which is at a height of 150 m above the ground. He knows that jungle vines can withstand a tension force of 1.5 times his weight. If he has a mass of 200 kg find a. the maximum acceleration of Tarzan up the vine. b. the length of time required to climb the vine
Tarzan, with a mass of 200 kg, aims to rescue Jane from a Tyrannosaurus Rex by using a rope. The rope is attached to a tooth 150 m above the ground. The maximum acceleration of Tarzan up the vine is 1.5m/s^2. The length of time required to climb the vine is 17.32 seconds.
To calculate the maximum acceleration of Tarzan up the vine, we need to consider the tension force the vine can withstand. Since the vine can endure a tension force of 1.5 times Tarzan's weight, we multiply his mass (200 kg) by 1.5 to find the maximum tension force: 200 kg * 1.5 = 300 kg.
a)To calculate the maximum acceleration, we can use Newton's second law of motion, which states that force equals mass multiplied by acceleration (F = m * a). In this case, the force is the tension force (300 kg), and the mass is Tarzan's weight (200 kg). Rearranging the formula, we get [tex]a = F / m = 300 kg / 200 kg = 1.5 m/s^2[/tex].
b)To find the time required to climb the vine, we need to determine the distance Tarzan needs to cover. This distance is equal to the height of the tooth, which is 150 m. We can use the equation of motion, [tex]s = ut + (1/2)at^2[/tex], where s is the distance, u is the initial velocity (which is zero in this case), a is the acceleration ([tex]1.5 m/s^2[/tex]), and t is the time we want to find. Rearranging the formula, we get [tex]t = \sqrt(2s / a) = \sqrt(2 * 150 m / 1.5 m/s^2) = 17.32 seconds.[/tex]
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Which of the following is correct in AC circuits? For a given peak voltage, the peak current is inversely proportional to capacitance, inversely proportional to inductance, and directly proportional to resistance. For a given peak voltage, the peak current is directly proportional to resistance, directly proportional to capacitance, and inversely proportional to inductance. For a given peak voltage, the peak current is inversely proportional to resistance, inversely proportional to capacitance, and inversely proportional to inductance. For a given peak voltage, the peak current is directly proportional to capacitance, inversely proportional to inductance, and inversely proportional to resistance.
For a given peak voltage, the peak current in an AC circuit is directly proportional to resistance, inversely proportional to capacitance, and inversely proportional to inductance.
In an AC circuit, the relationship between peak voltage (Vp), peak current (Ip), resistance (R), capacitance (C), and inductance (L) can be described using Ohm's Law and the formulas for capacitive reactance (Xc) and inductive reactance (Xl).
Ohm's Law states that Vp = Ip * R, where Vp is the peak voltage and R is the resistance. According to Ohm's Law, the peak current is directly proportional to resistance. Therefore, for a given peak voltage, the peak current is directly proportional to resistance.
In a capacitive circuit, the capacitive reactance (Xc) is given by Xc = 1 / (2πfC), where f is the frequency of the AC signal and C is the capacitance. The higher the capacitance, the lower the capacitive reactance. Therefore, for a given peak voltage, the peak current is inversely proportional to capacitance.
In an inductive circuit, the inductive reactance (Xl) is given by Xl = 2πfL, where L is the inductance. The higher the inductance, the higher the inductive reactance. Therefore, for a given peak voltage, the peak current is inversely proportional to inductance.
Thus, the correct statement is: For a given peak voltage, the peak current is directly proportional to resistance, inversely proportional to capacitance, and inversely proportional to inductance.
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A 175-g object is attached to a spring that has a force constant of 72.5 N/m. The object is pulled 8.25 cm to the right of equilibrium and released from rest to slide on a horizontal, frictionless table. a.) Calculate the maximum speed of the object (m/s). b)Find the locations of the object when its velocity is one-third of the maximum speed. Treat the equilibrium position as zero, positions to the right as positive, and positions to the left as negative. (cm)
A 175-g object is attached to a spring that has a force constant of 72.5 N/m. The object is pulled 8.25 cm to the right of equilibrium and released from rest to slide on a horizontal, friction less table.when the object's velocity is one-third of the maximum speed, its location (displacement from equilibrium) is approximately 12.1 cm to the right.
a) To calculate the maximum speed of the object, we can use the principle of conservation of mechanical energy. At the maximum speed, all the potential energy stored in the spring is converted into kinetic energy.
The potential energy stored in the spring can be calculated using the formula:
Potential energy = (1/2) × k × x²
where k is the force constant of the spring and x is the displacement from the equilibrium position.
Given that the object is pulled 8.25 cm to the right of equilibrium, we can convert it to meters: x = 8.25 cm = 0.0825 m.
The potential energy stored in the spring is:
Potential energy = (1/2) × (72.5 N/m) × (0.0825 m)²
Next, we equate the potential energy to the kinetic energy at the maximum speed:
Potential energy = Kinetic energy
(1/2)× (72.5 N/m) × (0.0825 m)² = (1/2) × m × v²
We need to convert the mass from grams to kilograms: m = 175 g = 0.175 kg.
Simplifying the equation and solving for v (velocity):
(72.5 N/m) × (0.0825 m)² = 0.5 × 0.175 kg × v²
v² = (72.5 N/m) × (0.0825 m)² / 0.175 kg
v² ≈ 6.0857
v ≈ √6.0857 ≈ 2.47 m/s
Therefore, the maximum speed of the object is approximately 2.47 m/s.
b) To find the locations of the object when its velocity is one-third of the maximum speed, we need to determine the corresponding displacement from the equilibrium position.
Using the equation of motion for simple harmonic motion, we can relate the displacement (x) and velocity (v) as follows:
v = ω × x
where ω is the angular frequency of the system.
The angular frequency can be calculated using the formula:
ω = √(k/m)
Substituting the given values:
ω = √(72.5 N/m / 0.175 kg)
ω ≈ √414.2857 ≈ 20.354 rad/s
Now, we can find the displacement (x) when the velocity is one-third of the maximum speed by rearranging the equation:
x = v / ω
x = (2.47 m/s) / 20.354 rad/s
x ≈ 0.121 m
Converting the displacement to centimeters:
x ≈ 0.121 m × 100 cm/m ≈ 12.1 cm
Therefore, when the object's velocity is one-third of the maximum speed, its location (displacement from equilibrium) is approximately 12.1 cm to the right.
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Snell's Law: Light enters air from an ice cube. The angle of refraction will be... o less than the angle of incidence greater than the angle of incidence equal to the angle of incidence
The angle of refraction when light enters air from an ice cube will be greater than the angle of incidence.
Snell's law describes the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction when light passes through the interface between two different media.
It states that the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is equal to the ratio of the velocities of light in the two media. In this case, as light travels from the denser medium (ice) to the less dense medium (air), it undergoes refraction.
When light passes from a denser medium to a less dense medium, such as from ice to air, the angle of refraction is always greater than the angle of incidence.
This phenomenon is due to the change in the speed of light as it enters the new medium. As light enters air from an ice cube, it speeds up since the refractive index of air is lower than that of ice.
This increase in speed causes the light rays to bend away from the normal, resulting in a greater angle of refraction compared to the angle of incidence.
Therefore, the angle of refraction when light enters air from an ice cube will be greater than the angle of incidence, according to Snell's law.
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A student pushes on a 5-kg box with a force of 20 N forward. The force of sliding friction is 10 N backward. What’s the acceleration of the box?
The acceleration of the box is 2 m/s².
To determine the acceleration of the box, we need to consider the net force acting on it. The net force is the vector sum of all the forces acting on the box.
In this case, the force applied by the student is 20 N forward, while the force of sliding friction is 10 N backward. Since the forces are in opposite directions, we need to subtract the frictional force from the applied force to find the net force:
Net force = Applied force - Frictional force
= 20 N - 10 N
= 10 N
Now, we can apply Newton's second law of motion, which states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force applied and inversely proportional to its mass.
Net force = mass * acceleration
Rearranging the equation to solve for acceleration, we have:
Acceleration = Net force / mass
= 10 N / 5 kg
= 2 m/s²
Therefore, the acceleration of the box is 2 m/s².
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A DVD is initially at rest. The disc begins to tum at a constant rate of 6.32 radio2. How many revolutions does the discoth 7000
To determine the number of revolutions the disc completes in 7000 seconds, to convert the angular velocity from radians per second to revolutions per second and then multiply it by the time duration.
The angular velocity of the DVD is given as 6.32 rad/s. One revolution is equal to 2π radians, so we can convert the angular velocity from rad/s to revolutions per second by dividing it by 2π. Thus, the angular velocity in revolutions per second is 6.32 rad/s / (2π rad/rev) ≈ 1.003 rev/s.
To find the number of revolutions the disc completes in 7000 seconds, we multiply the angular velocity in revolutions per second by the time duration. Therefore, the number of revolutions is 1.003 rev/s * 7000 s ≈ 7010 revolutions.
The DVD rotating at a constant rate of 6.32 rad/s will complete approximately 7010 revolutions in a time span of 7000 seconds.
Angular velocity refers to the rate at which an object rotates around a fixed axis. It is a vector quantity, expressed in radians per second, and represents the object's rotational speed and direction.Learn more about angular velocity here;
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Three bodies of masses m 1
=6 kg and m 2
=m 3
=12 kg are connected as shown in the figure and pulled toward right on a frictionless surface. If the magnitude of the tension T 3
is 60 N, what is the magnitude of tension T 2
( in N) ?
The magnitude of tension T2 is 18 N.
In the given figure, three bodies of masses m1=6 kg and m2=m3=12 kg are connected. And, they are pulled towards right on a frictionless surface. If the magnitude of tension T3 is 60 N, then we need to determine the magnitude of tension T2.Let's consider the acceleration of the system, which is common to all three masses. So, for m1,m2, and m3, we have equations as follows:6a = T2 - T112a = T3 - T216a = T2 + T3By solving above equations, we get T2 = 18 N. Hence, the magnitude of tension T2 is 18 N.
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A moving particle encounters an external electric field that decreases its kinetic energy from 9320 eV to 6600 eV as the particle moves from position A to position B. The electric potential at A is -65.0 V, and that at B is +15.0 V. Determine the charge of the particle. Include the algebraic sign (+ or -) with your answer.
A moving particle encounters an external electric field that decreases its kinetic energy from 9320 eV to 6600 eV as the particle moves from position A to position B. The electric potential at A is -65.0 V, and that at B is +15.0 V.
We need to determine the charge of the particle.
The work done on the charged particle as it moves from point A to point B is
W = q (Vb - Va)
As the charged particle moves from point A to point B, the potential difference is,
Vb - Va = (+15 V) - (-65 V) = 80 V
Work done on the charged particle, W is,
W = q (Vb - Va) = (1.6 × 10^-19 C) × (80 V) = 1.28 × 10^-17 J
Kinetic energy of the charged particle at position A is,
KEA = 9320 eV = 1.495 × 10^-15 J
And the kinetic energy of the charged particle at position B is,
KEB = 6600 eV = 1.061 × 10^-15 J
The loss of kinetic energy of the charged particle from position A to position B is
W = KEA - KEB1.28 × 10^-17 J = (1.495 × 10^-15 J) - (1.061 × 10^-15 J)1.28 × 10^-17 J = 0.434 × 10^-15 J
Therefore, charge of the particle is,
q = W / (Vb - Va) = 1.28 × 10^-17 C / 80 V = 1.6 × 10^-19 C
As work done on the charged particle is negative, the algebraic sign of charge is also negative. Therefore, the charge of the particle is -1.6 × 10^-19 C.
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An ideal Carnot engine operates between a high temperature reservoir at 219°C and a river with water at 17°C. If it absorbs 4000 J of heat each cycle, how much work per cycle does it perform?
The work per cycle that is performed by the is Carnot engine -42382.4 J.
The Carnot engine is an ideal reversible engine that is used to understand the working of heat engines. It works between two temperatures, namely the high temperature and low temperature to extract work from heat. It is based on the concept of the second law of thermodynamics. It is used to establish the maximum efficiency of the engines.
The work per cycle that is performed by an ideal Carnot engine operating between a high temperature reservoir at 219°C and a river with water at 17°C and it absorbs 4000 J of heat each cycle can be calculated as:
Wcycle = QH - QL
where
Wcycle is the work per cycle,
QH is the heat absorbed per cycle,
QL is the heat rejected per cycle
The heat rejected per cycle QL can be calculated as:
QL = TH / (TH - TL) * QH
where
TH is the temperature of the high temperature reservoir,
TL is the temperature of the low-temperature reservoir
Substituting the given values in the above formula,
QL = 219 / (219 - 17) * 4000= 46382.4 J
The work per cycle can be calculated by substituting the values in the formula:
Wcycle = QH - QL= 4000 - 46382.4= -42382.4 J (Negative sign indicates that work is done on the engine rather than by the engine)
Therefore, the work per cycle that is performed by the Carnot engine is -42382.4 J.
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A bug of mass 0.026 kg is at rest on the edge of a solid cylindrical disk (M=0.10 kg,R=0.13 m) rotating in a horizontal plane around the vertical axis through its center. The disk is rotating at 14.5rad/s. The bug crawls to the center of the disk. (a) What is the new angular velocity of the disk (in rad/s)? (Enter the magnitude. Round your answer to at least one decimal place.) rad/s (b) What is the change in the kinetic energy of the system (in J)? स ] (c) If the bug crawls back to the outer edge of the disk, what is the angular velocity of the disk (in rad/s) then? (Enter the magnitude.) rad/s (d) What is the new kinetic energy of the system (in J)? J (e) What is the cause of the increase and decrease of kinetic energy? The work of the bug crawling on the disk causes the kinetic energy to increase or decrease. Score: 1 out of 1 Comment:
a)The new angular velocity of the disk is 1.45 rad/s.b)Change in the kinetic energy of the system is given by:ΔK=-0.592 J.c)The new angular velocity of the disk is 1.45 rad/s.d)New kinetic energy of the system is given by:Kf = 0.385 J.e)The cause of the increase and decrease of kinetic energy is the work done by the bug.
Given data: Mass of the bug = m₁ = 0.026 kgMass of the disk = M = 0.10 kgRadius of the disk = R = 0.13 mInitial angular velocity of the disk = ω₁ = 14.5 rad/sInitial moment of inertia of the disk = I₁ = (1/2)MR²Final moment of inertia of the disk = I₂ = (1/2)M(R/2)² + M(3R/2)² = 5MR²/4 = 0.08125 kg-m².
Let the new angular velocity of the disk be ω₂. Then, using the law of conservation of angular momentum, we get:I₁ω₁ = I₂ω₂ω₂ = I₁ω₁/I₂ω₂ = (0.5 × 0.10 × (0.13)² × 14.5)/(0.08125 × 14.5) = 1.45 rad/sTherefore, the new angular velocity of the disk is 1.45 rad/s.
Change in the kinetic energy of the system is given by:ΔK = Kf - Ki = (1/2)I₂ω₂² - (1/2)I₁ω₁² = (1/2)(0.08125)(1.45² - 14.5²) J= -0.592 J (negative sign indicates decrease in kinetic energy)If the bug crawls back to the outer edge of the disk, then the new angular velocity of the disk is the same as the initial angular velocity (since the angular momentum is conserved):ω₃ = ω₁ = 14.5 rad/s.
New kinetic energy of the system is given by:Kf = (1/2)I₁ω₁² = (1/2)(0.10)(0.13)²(14.5)² J= 0.385 J.
The cause of the increase and decrease of kinetic energy is the work done by the bug. When the bug crawls towards the center of the disk, it does negative work (i.e. work done by external force is negative) and the kinetic energy of the system decreases.
When the bug crawls towards the outer edge of the disk, it does positive work (i.e. work done by external force is positive) and the kinetic energy of the system increases.
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A neutron star results when a star in its final stages collapses due to gravitational pressure, forcing the electrons to combine with the protons in the nucleus and converting them into neutrons. (a) Assuming that a neutron star has a mass of 3.00×10 30
kg and a radius of 1.20×10 3
m, determine the density of a neutron star. ×10 20
kg/m 3
(b) How much would 1.0 cm 3
(the size of a sugar cube) of this material weigh at Earth's surface? ×10 15
N
(a) Density of neutron star = 3.27 × 10¹⁷ kg/m³
(b) Weight of 1.0 cm³ neutron star at Earth's surface = 3.21 × 10¹⁵ N
(a) Density of neutron star:
Given,Mass of neutron star = 3.00 × 10³⁰ kg
Radius of neutron star = 1.20 × 10³ m
Density = Mass / Volume
Volume of neutron star = (4/3)πr³
Volume of neutron star = (4/3) × π × (1.20 × 10³)³m³
Volume of neutron star = 9.16 × 10⁹ m³
Density of neutron star = 3.00 × 10³⁰ / 9.16 × 10⁹
Density of neutron star = 3.27 × 10¹⁷ kg/m³
(b) Weight of 1.0 cm³ neutron star at Earth's surface:
We can calculate the weight using the formula;
W = mg
where, W = weight, m = mass, g = acceleration due to gravity at earth's surface
g = 9.8 m/s²
Let's convert the density into g/cm³1 kg/m³ = 10⁻⁶ g/cm³
Density = 3.27 × 10¹⁷ kg/m³
Density = 3.27 × 10¹¹ g/cm³
Mass of 1.0 cm³ neutron star = density × volume
Mass of 1.0 cm³ neutron star = 3.27 × 10¹¹ g/cm³ × 1.0 cm³
Mass of 1.0 cm³ neutron star = 3.27 × 10¹¹ g
Weight of 1.0 cm³ neutron star = mass × acceleration due to gravity
Weight of 1.0 cm³ neutron star = 3.27 × 10¹¹ g × 9.8 m/s²
Weight of 1.0 cm³ neutron star = 3.21 × 10¹² N
Weight of 1.0 cm³ neutron star = 3.21 × 10¹⁵ nN
The weight of a 1.0 cm³ neutron star at Earth's surface is 3.21 × 10¹⁵ N. Therefore, the answer is (a) Density of neutron star = 3.27 × 10¹⁷ kg/m³(b) Weight of 1.0 cm³ neutron star at Earth's surface = 3.21 × 10¹⁵ N.
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A 35 kg student bounces up from a trampoline with a speed of 7.4 m/s.
(a) Determine the work done on the student by the force of gravity when she is 1.3 m above the trampoline.
(b) Determine her speed at 1.3 m above the trampoline.
(a) Therefore, Wg = -(1/2)mv^2where Wg is the work done by gravity on the student. Wg = - (1/2)mv^2 = - (1/2)(35 kg)(7.4 m/s)^2 = -1368.5 J. (b) Therefore, Work done by gravity on the student = -1368.5 J, Speed of the student at 1.3 m above the trampoline = 0 m/s.
Mass of student, m = 35 kg, Speed of the student when he leaves the trampoline, v = 7.4 m/s
Distance between the student and the trampoline, h = 1.3 m
(a) Work done on the student by the force of gravity
when she is 1.3 m above the trampoline. Work done by gravity on the student will be equal to the decrease in the student's kinetic energy. Initial kinetic energy of the student, K1 = (1/2)mv1^2Where v1 is the initial velocity of the student
Final kinetic energy of the student, K2 = 0 (At the highest point, velocity becomes zero)
The work done by gravity, Wg = K1 - K2 = (1/2)mv1^2 – 0 = (1/2)mv1^2The gravitational potential energy of the student at a height h above the trampoline, U1 = mgh
The gravitational potential energy of the student at the highest point, U2 = 0
Therefore, the decrease in gravitational potential energy of the student, U1 - U2 = mgh
Joule’s Law of Work and Energy states that the total work done on an object is equal to the change in its kinetic energy.
The work done by gravity on the student must be equal to the decrease in his kinetic energy.
Wg = -ΔKWhere ΔK is the change in kinetic energy of the student.This equation can be written as follows: Wg = - (Kf - Ki)Where Ki is the initial kinetic energy of the student, and Kf is the final kinetic energy of the student.
The final kinetic energy of the student is zero since he stops at the highest point.
The initial kinetic energy of the student is (1/2)mv^2, where m is the mass of the student and v is his speed just before leaving the trampoline. Therefore, Wg = -(1/2)mv^2where Wg is the work done by gravity on the student. Wg = - (1/2)mv^2 = - (1/2)(35 kg)(7.4 m/s)^2 = -1368.5 J (Negative sign indicates the work done by gravity is in opposite direction to the motion of the student)
(b) Determine her speed at 1.3 m above the trampoline. The speed of the student just before he leaves the trampoline is 7.4 m/s.
When he reaches a height of 1.3 m above the trampoline, his speed will be zero.
This is because at the highest point, the velocity of the student is zero. So, the speed of the student when he is 1.3 m above the trampoline is zero.
Therefore, Work done by gravity on the student = -1368.5 JSpeed of the student at 1.3 m above the trampoline = 0 m/s.
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The Twisti In The Wring (The Nolks Slides To The Right In The Diagram Below.)
Always wear gloves and eye protection when handling wire ropes. In conclusion, the Twisti in the wring technique is a very effective method for unraveling the twisted ropes. It is easy to use and requires minimal effort.
Twisti in the wring refers to the act of unraveling the twisted ropes. The Nolks Slides to the Right in the Diagram Below is a type of the Twisti in the wring technique. In this technique, we use two strands of wire ropes to form the twist.
The twist can be easily undone by simply sliding the nolks or the kinks in the ropes. This technique is commonly used in the shipping industry to unravel the twisted ropes.However, before you start unraveling the ropes, you need to check the strength and the tensile strength of the wire ropes. The strength of the wire ropes depends on the size, grade, and construction of the wire ropes.
The tensile strength of the wire ropes is measured in pounds per square inch (psi).The Twisti in the wring technique is a very effective method for unraveling the twisted ropes. It is easy to use and requires minimal effort. The technique is commonly used in the shipping industry to unravel the twisted ropes. It is important to follow proper safety precautions when using this technique.
Always wear gloves and eye protection when handling wire ropes. In conclusion, the Twisti in the wring technique is a very effective method for unraveling the twisted ropes. It is easy to use and requires minimal effort.
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A coil is wrapped with 191 turns of wire around the perimeter of a circular frame (radius = 9 cm). Each turn has the same area, equal to that of the circular frame. A uniform magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of the coil is activated. This field changes at a constant rate of 20 to 80 mT in a time of 2 ms. What is the magnitude of the induced emf in the coil at the instant the magnetic field has a magnitude of 50 mT? Give your answer to two decimal places.
The magnitude of the induced emf in the coil at the instant the magnetic field has a magnitude of 50 mT is approximately 7.64 V.
Number of turns = 191
Radius = 9 cm = 0.09 m
Initial magnetic field = 20 mT
Final magnetic field = 80 mT
Time = 2 ms = 2 x 10^-3 s
The induced emf in the coil is given by Faraday's law:
ε = -N∆B/∆t
where ε is the induced emf, N is the number of turns, ∆B is the change in magnetic field, and ∆t is the time interval.
Substituting the given values, we get:
ε = -191 × (80 - 20) mT / 2 x 10^-3 s
ε = -7640 mT/s
The magnitude of the induced emf is 7640 mV. Rounding to two decimal places, we get:
ε = 7640.0 mV = 7.64 V
Therefore, the magnitude of the induced emf in the coil at the instant the magnetic field has a magnitude of 50 mT is 7.64 V.
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A single conducting loop of wire has an area of 7.4x10-2 m² and a resistance of 120 Perpendicular to the plane of the loop is a magnetic field of strength 0.55 T. Part A At what rate (in T/s) must this field change if the induced current in the loop is to be 0.40 A
The rate of change of the magnetic field is 48 T/s in the direction opposite to the magnetic field. Answer: -48 T/s
A single conducting loop of wire has an area of 7.4 x 10-2 m² and a resistance of 120 Ω. Perpendicular to the plane of the loop is a magnetic field of strength 0.55 T. To find the rate of change of magnetic field, we can use Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, which states that the induced electromotive force (emf) in any closed circuit is equal to the rate of change of the magnetic flux through the circuit. The magnetic flux through the loop is given by:ΦB = B A cos θWhere B is the magnetic field strength, A is the area of the loop, and θ is the angle between the magnetic field and the normal to the plane of the loop.
Since the magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of the loop, θ = 90°. Therefore,ΦB = B A cos 90° = 0.55 x 7.4 x 10-2 = 0.0407 T m²The induced emf in the loop is given by:emf = - N dΦB / dtwhere N is the number of turns in the loop and dΦB / dt is the rate of change of the magnetic flux through the loop.The negative sign in the equation is due to Lenz's law, which states that the direction of the induced emf is such that it opposes the change in magnetic flux that produces it.Since there is only one turn in the loop, N = 1.
Therefore,emf = - dΦB / dtIf the induced current in the loop is to be 0.40 A, then we have:emf = IRwhere I is the induced current and R is the resistance of the loop.Rearranging this equation, we get:dΦB / dt = - (IR)Substituting the given values, we get:dΦB / dt = - (0.40) x (120) = - 48 T/sSince the magnetic field is changing in time, we have to include the sign of the rate of change of the magnetic flux. The negative sign indicates that the magnetic field is decreasing in strength with time. Therefore, the rate of change of the magnetic field is 48 T/s in the direction opposite to the magnetic field. Answer: -48 T/s
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You are handed a solid sphere of an unknown alloy. You are told its density is 10,775 kg/m3, and you measure its diameter to be 14 cm. What is its mass (in kg)?
The mass of the sphere is 15.48 kg.
Given,The density of the sphere = 10,775 kg/m³
Diameter of the sphere = 14 cm
The diameter of the sphere can be used to find its radius.
The formula to find the radius of a sphere is, Radius (r) = Diameter (d) / 2= 14 cm / 2= 7 cm
We can use the formula to find the volume of the sphere:
Volume of sphere = 4/3 πr³
The formula for mass is,
Mass (m) = Volume (V) × Density (ρ)
Therefore,Mass (m) = 4/3 × πr³ × ρ
Substitute the values and solve the equation.Mass (m) = 4/3 × π × (7 cm)³ × (10,775 kg/m³)
Remember to convert cm to m because the density is given in kilograms per meter cube.
1 cm = 0.01 m
Volume (V) = 4/3 × π × (7 cm)³= 4/3 × π × (0.07 m)³= 1.437 × 10⁻³ m³
Mass (m) = Volume (V) × Density (ρ)= 1.437 × 10⁻³ m³ × 10,775 kg/m³= 15.48 kg
Therefore, the mass of the sphere is 15.48 kg.
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When a continuous culture is fed with substrate of concentration 1.00 g/, the critical dilution rate for washout is 0.2857 h-!. This changes to 0.295 h-' if the same organism is used but the feed concentration is 3.00 g/l . Calculate the effluent substrate concentration when, in each case, the fermenter is operated at its maximum productivity. Calculate the Substrate concentration for 3.00 g/l should be in g/l in 3 decimal places.
At maximum productivity:
- For the first case (substrate concentration of 1.00 g/l), the effluent substrate concentration is approximately 2.4965 g/l.
- For the second case (substrate concentration of 3.00 g/l), the effluent substrate concentration is approximately 7.1695 g/l.
To calculate the effluent substrate concentration when the fermenter is operated at its maximum productivity, we can use the Monod equation and the critical dilution rate for washout.
The Monod equation is given by:
μ = μmax * (S / (Ks + S))
Where:
μ is the specific growth rate (maximum productivity)
μmax is the maximum specific growth rate
S is the substrate concentration
Ks is the substrate saturation constant
First, let's calculate the maximum specific growth rate (μmax) for each case:
For the first case with a substrate concentration of 1.00 g/l:
μmax = critical dilution rate for washout = 0.2857 h^(-1)
For the second case with a substrate concentration of 3.00 g/l:
μmax = critical dilution rate for washout = 0.295 h^(-1)
Next, we can calculate the substrate concentration (S) at maximum productivity for each case.
For the first case:
μmax = μmax * (S / (Ks + S))
0.2857 = 0.2857 * (1.00 / (Ks + 1.00))
Ks + 1.00 = 1.00 / 0.2857
Ks + 1.00 ≈ 3.4965
Ks ≈ 3.4965 - 1.00
Ks ≈ 2.4965 g/l
For the second case:
μmax = μmax * (S / (Ks + S))
0.295 = 0.295 * (3.00 / (Ks + 3.00))
Ks + 3.00 = 3.00 / 0.295
Ks + 3.00 ≈ 10.1695
Ks ≈ 10.1695 - 3.00
Ks ≈ 7.1695 g/l
Therefore, at maximum productivity:
- For the first case (substrate concentration of 1.00 g/l), the effluent substrate concentration is approximately 2.4965 g/l.
- For the second case (substrate concentration of 3.00 g/l), the effluent substrate concentration is approximately 7.1695 g/l.
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A solenoid with 465 turns has a length of 6.50 cm and a cross-sectional area of 2.60 x 10⁻⁹ m². Find the solenoid's inductance and the average emf around the solenoid if the current changes from +3.50 A to -3.50 A in 6.83 x 10⁻³ s. (a) the solenoid's inductance (in H) _____ H (b) the average emf around the solenoid (in V)
_____ V
A solenoid with 465 turns has a length of 6.50 cm and a cross-sectional area of 2.60 x 10⁻⁹ m².
The expression for the inductance of the solenoid is given by the formula:
L = (μ_0*N^2*A)/L where L = length of the solenoid N = number of turns A = cross-sectional area m = permeability of free space μ_0 = 4π x 10⁻⁷ H/m
∴ Substituting the given values in the above formula,
L = (μ_0*N^2*A)/L= (4π x 10⁻⁷ x 465² x 2.60 x 10⁻⁹)/0.065L = 8.14 x 10⁻³ H
The average emf around the solenoid (in V)
The emf around the solenoid is given by the formula:
emf = -L((ΔI)/(Δt)) where emf = electromotive force L = inductance ΔI = change in current Δt = change in time
∴Substituting the given values in the above formula, emf = -L((ΔI)/(Δt))= -8.14 x 10⁻³(((-3.50 A) - (3.50 A))/(6.83 x 10⁻³ s))= 1.65 V
Thus, The solenoid's inductance = 8.14 x 10⁻³ H.
The average emf around the solenoid = 1.65 V.
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What is the critical angle for light traveling from crown glass (n=1.52) into water ( n=1.33) ? Just two significant digits please.
The critical angle is 61°. The critical angle is the angle of incidence in the first medium such that the angle of refraction in the second medium is 90 degrees.
Using Snell's law, we have:
n1 sin θc = n2
where
n1 is the refractive index of the first medium (crown glass)
n2 is the refractive index of the second medium (water)
θc is the critical angle
Plugging in the values, we get:
1.52 sin θc = 1.33
θc = sin⁻¹ (1.33/1.52) ≈ 61.1°
To two significant digits, the critical angle is 61°.
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Common static electricity involves charges ranging from nanocoulombs to microcoulombs. (a) How many electrons are needed to form a charge of 3.8 nC? (b) How many electrons must be removed from a neutral object to leave a net charge of 6.4μC ? Answer to 3 SigFigs.
Common static electricity involves charges ranging from nanocoulombs to microcoulombs. (a) Coulombs/electron = 2.5 x 10^10 electrons .(b) Since the charge of electrons is equal to -1.6 x 10^-19 Coulombs. Therefore , total number of electron -4 x 10^13 electrons .
(a) For this question, we know that the charge of electrons is equal to -1.6 x 10^-19 Coulombs.
If we know the total charge (3.8 nC) we can calculate how many electrons are needed.
Since 1 nC is equal to 10^9 electrons, then 3.8 nC is equal to:3.8 x 10^9 electrons/nC x 1.6 x 10^-19
Coulombs/electron = 6.08 x 10^-10 Coulombs/electron
We can use this conversion factor to determine the number of electrons needed:3.8 x 10^-9 Coulombs / 6.08 x 10^-19
Coulombs/electron = 2.5 x 10^10 electrons (to three significant figures)
(b) For this question, we know that if an object has a net charge of 6.4μC then it has either lost or gained electrons.
Since the charge of electrons is equal to -1.6 x 10^-19 Coulombs, we can determine the number of electrons that must have been removed to leave the object with a net charge of 6.4μC.
We can use the same conversion factors as in part (a) to determine the number of electrons:6.4 x 10^-6 Coulombs / (-1.6 x 10^-19 Coulombs/electron) = -4 x 10^13 electrons (to three significant figures)Since electrons have a negative charge, this means that 4 x 10^13 electrons were removed from the object to leave it with a net charge of 6.4μC.
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A rock is suspended by a light string. When the rock is in air, the tension in the string is 41.5 NN . When the rock is totally immersed in water, the tension is 25.1 NN . When the rock is totally immersed in an unknown liquid, the tension is 20.0 NN .
Part A
What is the density of the unknown liquid?
Let's determine the density of the unknown liquid.
Step 1:Calculate the weight of the rockThe tension in the string while the rock is in the air= 41.5 NFrom the Newton's second law,Force= mass x accelerationTherefore, Force due to gravity= mass x acceleration due to gravity= weight of rock= mgwhere m is mass of rockg is the acceleration due to gravity= 9.8 m/s²Weight of rock= 41.5 N (given)
Step 2:Calculate the weight of the rock when it is in waterThe tension in the string when the rock is in water= 25.1 NThe weight of rock when it is in water= (Tension in string while in air) - (Tension in string while in water)= 41.5 - 25.1= 16.4 N
Step 3:Calculate the weight of the rock when it is immersed in the unknown liquidThe tension in the string when the rock is immersed in unknown liquid= 20.0 NThe weight of rock when it is in the unknown liquid= (Tension in string while in air) - (Tension in string while in unknown liquid)= 41.5 - 20.0= 21.5 N
Step 4:Calculate the buoyant force on the rock when it is in waterThe buoyant force on rock when it is in water= Weight of rock when it is in air - weight of rock when it is in water= 41.5 - 16.4= 25.1 NThe buoyant force on the rock when it is in the unknown liquid= Weight of rock when it is in air - weight of rock when it is in unknown liquid= 41.5 - 21.5= 20.0 N
Step 5:Calculate the volume of the rockTo calculate the density of the unknown liquid, we need to calculate the volume of the rock. For this, we can use Archimedes' principle.Archimedes' principle: The buoyant force on a body equals the weight of the fluid it displaces. We know the buoyant force on the rock when it is in water and in the unknown liquid, respectively.
Buoyant force= weight of displaced liquidVolume of rock = (Buoyant force in air)/ (Density of air) = (Weight of rock in air)/ (Density of air) = (41.5 N)/(1.29 kg/m³) = 32.2 x 10⁻³ m³
Step 6:Calculate the density of the unknown liquidDensity of the unknown liquid= (Weight of rock in air - weight of rock in unknown liquid)/ (Weight of fluid displaced)= (41.5 N - 21.5 N)/ (25.1 N - 20.0 N)= 20.0 N/ 5.1 N= 3.92 kg/m³The density of the unknown liquid is 3.92 kg/m³.
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Sound waves entering human ear first pass through the auditory canal before reaching the eardrum. If a typical adult has an auditory canal of 2.5cm long and 7.0mm in diameter, suppose that when you listen to ordinary conversation, the intensity of sound waves is about 3.2 × 10−6W/m2 ; a) What is the average power delivered to the eardrum?
Sound waves entering human ear first pass through the auditory canal before reaching the eardrum. If a typical adult has an auditory canal of 2.5cm long and 7.0mm in diameter, suppose that when you listen to ordinary conversation, the intensity of sound waves is about 3.2 × 10−6W/m^2 ,, the average power delivered to the eardrum when listening to ordinary conversation is approximately 1.23 × 10^(-10) Watts.
To calculate the average power delivered to the eardrum, we can use the formula:
Power = Intensity× Area
Given:
Intensity (I) = 3.2 × 10^(-6) W/m^2
Auditory canal length (L) = 2.5 cm = 0.025 m
Auditory canal diameter (d) = 7.0 mm = 0.007 m
First, we need to find the area of the cross-section of the auditory canal. Since the canal has a circular cross-section, the area can be calculated using the formula:
Area = π × (d/2)^2
Substituting the given values:
Area = π × (0.007/2)^2
Area ≈ 3.85 × 10^(-5) m^2
Now we can calculate the power delivered to the eardrum:
Power = Intensity × Area
Power = (3.2 × 10^(-6) W/m^2) * (3.85 × 10^(-5) m^2)
Power ≈ 1.23 × 10^(-10) W
Therefore, the average power delivered to the eardrum when listening to ordinary conversation is approximately 1.23 × 10^(-10) Watts.
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When the nucleus 23592U undergoes fission, the amount of energy released is about 1.00 MeV per nucleon. Assuming this energy per nucleon, find the time (in hours) that 1016 such 23592U fission events will operate a 60 W lightbulb.
h
The required answer is 8.87 h which is obtained by dividing 3.19 × 10^4 seconds by 3600 seconds per hour.
When the nucleus 23592U undergoes fission, the amount of energy released is about 1.00 MeV per nucleon. Assuming this energy per nucleon, we need to calculate the time (in hours) that 1016 such 23592U fission events will operate a 60 W lightbulb.A 60 W light bulb consumes 60 J of energy every second. In one hour (3600 seconds), the total energy consumed will be 60 J/s × 3600 s = 216,000 J.
Hence, the number of fissions needed to produce this energy is:Number of fissions = energy released per fission / energy consumed= 216000 J / 1 MeV/nucleon × 1.6 × 10^-19 J/MeV× 235 nucleons= 3.24 × 10^20 fissionsIn order to know the time taken by 10^16 fissions events, we need to use the following formula:Number of fissions = average rate of fissions × time takenWe know that, for 60 W light bulb:3.24 × 10^20 fissions = (1016 fissions/s) × time takentime taken = 3.24 × 10^20 / 1016 s = 3.19 × 10^4 s.
Therefore, the time taken by 10^16 fission events to operate a 60 W lightbulb is 3.19 × 10^4 s = 8.87 h. Therefore, the required answer is 8.87 h which is obtained by dividing 3.19 × 10^4 seconds by 3600 seconds per hour.
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A physics student notices that the current in a coil of conducting wire goes from 11 = 0.200 A to iz = 1.50 A in a time interval of At = 0.350 s. Assuming the coil's inductance is L = 2.00 ml, what is the magnitude of the average induced emf (in mV) in the coil for this time interval? mV
The magnitude of the average induced emf in the coil for this time interval is 7.14 mV. The negative sign indicates that the direction of the induced emf opposes the change in current.
The average induced emf (electromotive force) in the coil can be determined using Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, which states that the induced emf in a coil is equal to the rate of change of magnetic flux through the coil.
The equation for the average induced emf is given by:
ε_avg = -L * (ΔI / Δt)
where ε_avg is the average induced emf, L is the inductance of the coil, ΔI is the change in current, and Δt is the time interval.
Given:
ΔI = 1.50 A - 0.200 A = 1.30 A (change in current)
Δt = 0.350 s (time interval)
L = 2.00 mH = 2.00 × 10^(-3) H (inductance)
Plugging in the values into the formula:
ε_avg = -2.00 × 10^(-3) H * (1.30 A / 0.350 s)
ε_avg = -0.00714 V
To convert the average induced emf to millivolts (mV), we multiply by 1000:
ε_avg = -7.14 mV
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A crate with a mass of 193.5 kg is suspended from the end of a uniform boom with a mass of 90.3 kg. The upper end of the boom is supported by a cable attached to the wall and the lower end by a pivot (marked X) on the same wall. Calculate the tension in the cable.
To calculate the tension in the cable supporting the boom and the crate, we need to consider the equilibrium of forces acting on the system.
The crate has a mass of 193.5 kg, while the boom itself has a mass of 90.3 kg. The upper end of the boom is supported by the cable attached to the wall, and the lower end is supported by a pivot on the same wall.
In this situation, we can start by considering the forces acting on the boom. The downward force of gravity acting on the boom is equal to the sum of the weight of the crate and the weight of the boom itself. This force acts at the center of mass of the boom. To maintain equilibrium, the tension in the cable must balance this downward force.
By summing the forces acting vertically, we can set up the equation: Tension - Weight of crate - Weight of boom = 0. The weight of the crate is given by the mass of the crate multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s^2). The weight of the boom is calculated similarly using its mass.
Solving the equation, we can find the tension in the cable by rearranging terms: Tension = Weight of crate + Weight of boom.
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A 30.4 cm diameter coil consists of 23 turns of circular copper wire 1.80 mm in diameter. A uniform magnetic field, perpendicular to the plane of the coil, changes at a rate of 8.70E-3 T/s. Determine the current in the loop.
The current in a 30.4 cm diameter coil with 23 turns of circular copper wire can be determined by calculating the rate of change of a uniform magnetic field perpendicular to the coil's plane, which is 8.70E-3 T/s. The current is found to be 0.0979 A.
To find the current in the loop, we can use Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, which states that the induced electromotive force (EMF) in a closed loop is equal to the negative rate of change of magnetic flux through the loop. In this case, the loop is a coil with 23 turns, and the diameter of the coil is given as 30.4 cm. The magnetic field is changing at a rate of 8.70E-3 T/s.
First, we calculate the area of the coil. The radius of the coil can be determined by dividing the diameter by 2, giving us a radius of 15.2 cm (0.152 m). The area of the coil is then calculated using the formula for the area of a circle: [tex]A = \pi r^2[/tex]. Plugging in the value, we find [tex]A = 0.07292 m^2[/tex].
Next, we calculate the rate of change of magnetic flux through the coil by multiplying the magnetic field change rate (8.70E-3 T/s) by the area of the coil ([tex]A = 0.07292 m^2[/tex]). The result is 6.349E-4 Wb/s (webers per second).
Finally, we use Ohm's law, V = IR, to find the current in the loop. The induced EMF is equal to the voltage, so we have EMF = IR. Rearranging the formula, we get I = EMF/R. Substituting the values, we find I = 6.349E-4 Wb/s divided by the resistance of the loop.
To determine the resistance, we need the length of the wire. The length can be calculated by multiplying the circumference of the coil by the number of turns. The circumference is given by the formula [tex]C = 2\pi r[/tex], where r is the radius of the coil. Substituting the values, we find C = 0.957 m. Multiplying the circumference by the number of turns (23), we get the length of the wire as 22.01 m.
Using the formula for the resistance of a wire, R = ρL/A, where ρ is the resistivity of copper ([tex]1.72 * 10^-^8[/tex] Ωm), L is the length of the wire, and A is the cross-sectional area of the wire, we can calculate the resistance. Substituting the values, we find [tex]R = 3.59 * 10^-^4[/tex] Ω.
Now, we can calculate the current using the formula I = EMF/R. Substituting the values, we find I = 6.349E-4 Wb/s divided by [tex]3.59 *10^-^4[/tex] Ω, which equals 0.0979 A.
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A copper wire used for house hold electrical outlets has a radius of 2.0 mm (1mm = 10³m). Each Copper atom donates one electron for conduction. If the electric current in this wire is 15 A. copper density is 8900 kg/m³ and its atomic mass is 64 u, (lu = 1.66 x 10-27 kg), the electrons drift velocity Va in this wire is a) 2.11 x 10-4 m/s. b) 2.85 x 10-4 m/s. c) 8.91 x 10-5 m/s, d) 1.14 x 10-4 m/s. e) 4.56 x 10-5 m/s, f) None of the above.
The drift velocity (Va) of electrons in the copper wire can be calculated using the formula Va = I / (nAe), In this case, with a given current of 15 A and the properties of copper, the drift velocity is approximately 8.91 x 10^-5 m/s (option c).
The drift velocity of electrons in a wire is the average velocity at which they move in response to an applied electric field. It can be calculated using the formula Va = I / (nAe), where I is the current flowing through the wire, n is the number of charge carriers per unit volume, A is the cross-sectional area of the wire, and e is the charge of an electron.
In this case, the current is given as 15 A. The number of charge carriers per unit volume (n) can be determined using the density of copper (ρ) and its atomic mass (m). Since each copper atom donates one electron for conduction, the number of charge carriers per unit volume is n = ρ / (mN_A), where N_A is Avogadro's number.
The cross-sectional area of the wire (A) can be calculated using the radius (r) of the wire, which is given as 2.0 mm. The area is A = πr^2. By substituting the given values into the formula, we can calculate the drift velocity Va, which comes out to be approximately 8.91 x 10^-5 m/s. Therefore, option c is the correct answer.
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