Factors that affect the intensity of firms' rivalries include numerous competitors, slow industry growth, high fixed costs, and low exit barriers.
Factors that affect the intensity of firms' rivalries include numerous competitors, slow industry growth, high fixed costs, and low exit barriers. These factors can contribute to intense competition among firms within an industry. Numerous competitors can result in a crowded market where firms vie for customers and market share.
Slow industry growth can lead to limited opportunities for expansion, making competition more fierce as firms compete for a stagnant pool of customers. High fixed costs, such as those associated with production facilities or equipment, can create financial pressure on firms, forcing them to compete aggressively for revenue.
Low exit barriers, which refer to the ease with which firms can leave an industry, can increase rivalry as firms have less incentive to exit and instead continue to compete. These factors are all significant in determining the intensity of rivalries among firms.
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The Chem-Tex Chemical company is considering two additives for improving the dryweather stability of its low-cost acrylic paint. Additive A will have a first cost of $140,000 and an annual operating cost of $60,000. Additive B will have a first cost of $185,000 and an annal operating cost of $45,000. If the company uses a 4-year recovery period for paint products and a MARR of 15% per year, what is the incremental rate of return and which process should be selected? a. Incremental ROR=12.6%; Select A None of the above b. Incremental ROR=7.7%; Select A c. Incremental ROR =12.6%; Select B d. Incremental ROR=7.7%; Select B
Incremental ROR=12.6%; Select A is the incremental rate of return and which process should be selected. Thus, option (a) is correct.
The incremental rate of return is the difference between the present value of the cash inflows and the present value of the cash outflows, divided by the cash outflows.
IRR = (PV of cash inflows - PV of cash outflows) / Cash outflows
PV of cash outflows = $140,000 + $60,000 / (1 + 0.15) + $60,000 / [tex](1 + 0.15)^2[/tex] + $60,000 / [tex](1 + 0.15)^3[/tex] + $60,000 / [tex](1 + 0.15)^4[/tex] = $327,947.72
PV of cash inflows = $80,000 / (1 + 0.15) + $80,000 / [tex](1 + 0.15)^2[/tex] + $80,000 / [tex](1 + 0.15)^3[/tex] + $80,000 / [tex](1 + 0.15)^4[/tex] = $253,308.22
IRR for Additive A = ($253,308.22 - $327,947.72) / $140,000 = -0.186
PV of cash outflows = $185,000 + $45,000 / (1 + 0.15) + $45,000 / [tex](1 + 0.15)^2[/tex]+ $45,000 / [tex](1 + 0.15)^3[/tex]+ $45,000 / [tex](1 + 0.15)^4[/tex]= $415,617.91
PV of cash inflows = $100,000 / (1 + 0.15) + $100,000 / [tex](1 + 0.15)^2[/tex] + $100,000 / [tex](1 + 0.15)^3[/tex] + $100,000 / [tex](1 + 0.15)^4[/tex] = $362,339.08
IRR for Additive B = ($362,339.08 - $415,617.91) / $185,000
IRR for Additive B = -0.287
Therefore, option (a) is correct.
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You are hired as a consultant to the Department of Finance. They are planning to introduce a new social program which will increase government spendings by 10 billion dollars. They estimated that an average Canadian household spends 75 cents out of their 1 dollar additional disposable income. Currently, an average household pays 20% of their total income as taxes to the government. Canadian imports are also equal to 20% of GDP. What would be the total impact of this new program on GDP? (in billions of dollars, so if you find 1 billion, write 1)
The total impact of the new program on GDP would be 50 billion dollars. Here's how I arrived at that number:
1. Calculate the increase in disposable income:
The program will increase government spending by 10 billion dollars. Since an average household spends 75 cents out of their additional 1 dollar disposable income, the increase in disposable income would be (10 billion dollars * 0.75) = 7.5 billion dollars.
2. Calculate the increase in consumption:
The increase in disposable income (7.5 billion dollars) will result in an increase in consumption. Since an average household spends 75 cents out of their additional 1 dollar disposable income, the increase in consumption would be (7.5 billion dollars * 0.75) = 5.625 billion dollars.
3. Calculate the increase in GDP:
The increase in consumption (5.625 billion dollars) will have a multiplier effect on the economy. Assuming a multiplier of 4, the increase in GDP would be (5.625 billion dollars * 4) = 22.5 billion dollars.
4. Calculate the total impact on GDP:
Canadian imports are equal to 20% of GDP. Since the program will increase government spending by 10 billion dollars, which will be spent on domestically produced goods and services, the increase in imports would be (10 billion dollars * 20%) = 2 billion dollars.
Therefore, the total impact of the new program on GDP would be the increase in GDP (22.5 billion dollars) minus the increase in imports (2 billion dollars), which equals 20.5 billion dollars. Rounded to the nearest billion, the total impact on GDP would be 21 billion dollars.
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A company does not currently pay a dividend but is expected to begin to do so in five years (at t = 5). The first dividend is expected to be $4.00 and to be received five years from today. That dividend is expected to grow at 6 percent into perpetuity. The required return is 10 percent. What is the estimated current intrinsic value
The estimated current intrinsic value of the company is $40.00.
To calculate the estimated current intrinsic value of the company, we need to calculate the present value of future dividends using the dividend discount model (DDM).
Step 1: Calculate the present value of the perpetuity.
PV = Dividend / (Required return - Dividend growth rate)
PV = $4.00 / (0.10 - 0.06) = $4.00 / 0.04 = $100.00
Step 2: Calculate the present value of the first dividend.
PV = Dividend / (1 + Required return)^n
PV = $4.00 / (1 + 0.10)^5 = $4.00 / 1.61051 ≈ $2.48
Step 3: Calculate the estimated current intrinsic value.
Intrinsic value = Present value of perpetuity + Present value of first dividend
Intrinsic value = $100.00 + $2.48 ≈ $102.48
Therefore, the estimated current intrinsic value of the company is approximately $102.48.
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You have decided to start a corporation. What actions are necessary for forming the new business?
You have decided to start a sole proprietorship. What actions are necessary for forming the new business?
Why do many would-be business owners like the idea of buying a franchise?
You have decided to start a partnership. What actions are necessary for forming the new business?
Forming a corporation requires selecting a name, filing Articles of Incorporation, appointing a board, adopting bylaws, and issuing stock. For a sole proprietorship, steps include name selection, registration, licensing, taxation, banking, and insurance. Franchises offer proven models, brand recognition, support, and efficient tools. Partnerships involve naming, agreement drafting, registration, licensing, taxation, banking, and insurance.
1. Actions necessary for forming a corporation are: Choose a corporate name File Articles of Incorporation with the appropriate state agency Appoint a board of directors Adopt bylaws Issue stock.
2. Actions necessary for forming a sole proprietorship: Choose a business name Register the business with the state Obtain any necessary licenses and permits Obtain a Tax Identification Number (TIN) Register for state and local taxes Open a business bank account Obtain any necessary insurance.
3. Many would-be business owners like the idea of buying a franchise because franchises offer a proven business model, a recognizable brand name, marketing support, training, and ongoing support. Additionally, the franchisor provides the necessary tools and systems to operate the business efficiently.
4. Actions necessary for forming a partnership are: Choose a business name Draft a partnership agreement Register the business with the state Obtain any necessary licenses and permits Obtain a Tax Identification Number (TIN) Register for state and local taxes Open a business bank account Obtain any necessary insurance.
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1. How many Franchisee businesses are there in Surrey? Write names of maximum business you find.
2. Write all types of business and profession you find in BC. With example.
3. Write any business /franchisee which is growing fast? With example.
4. Write Biggest challenge to start business. Write names of franchisee/Business with their competitors name under same area/field.
5. Why Central bank of Canada (CBC) change interest rate and its affect on economy.
In Surrey, there are a lot of franchised enterprises. By providing its clients with top-notch goods and services, they have thrived and expanded.
Chiropractors, hairdressers, attorneys, and plumbers are just a few of the companies and professions that you may discover in BC. All companies require at least one individual, or entrepreneur, to make their start-up a reality, even if there is no one description for the different business and profession kinds available in BC.
It offers the greatest product on the market and has cutting-edge technology that makes it simple to use. We wish to speak with you if you have any interest in launching your own cutting-edge company in the near or distant future.
Identifying the market trend is the largest obstacle when starting a business. Examine the statistics from prior years, look up all the resources relevant to your sector, and compare it to the offerings of your competitors.
Interest rates need to be raised or lowered by CBC in order to manage inflation. If the Canadian economy is strong and the CBC decides to raise interest rates, it will make borrowing money more costly, making it less likely that unproductive businesses would grow and increasing pressure on pricing.
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The Bank of Canada adjusts interest rates to manage the country's monetary policy and achieve its macroeconomic objectives.
The Bank of Canada adjusts interest rates to manage the country's monetary policy and achieve its macroeconomic objectives. Here are the general steps involved and the potential effects on the economy:
Assessing economic conditions: The Bank of Canada closely monitors various economic indicators such as inflation, employment rates, GDP growth, and consumer spending. It analyzes these indicators to gauge the overall health of the economy.
Determining the target interest rate: Based on the economic assessment, the Bank of Canada's Governing Council decides whether to change the target interest rate. The target interest rate is the rate at which banks lend and borrow money from the Bank of Canada.
Changing the interest rate: If the Bank of Canada decides to change the target interest rate, it will either increase or decrease it. An increase is called a tightening monetary policy, while a decrease is called an easing monetary policy.
Effects on borrowing and lending rates: When the Bank of Canada changes the target interest rate, it influences the borrowing and lending rates in the economy. If the target rate is increased, borrowing and lending rates for consumers and businesses generally rise. Conversely, if the target rate is decreased, borrowing and lending rates tend to decrease.
Impact on consumer spending and investment: Changes in interest rates affect the cost of borrowing for consumers and businesses. Higher interest rates can discourage borrowing and lead to reduced consumer spending and business investment. Lower interest rates, on the other hand, can stimulate borrowing, spending, and investment.
Managing inflation: One of the primary goals of the Bank of Canada is to maintain price stability and keep inflation within a target range. Adjusting interest rates is a tool used to manage inflation. Higher interest rates can help curb inflationary pressures by reducing spending and credit growth. Lower interest rates can stimulate economic activity and increase inflationary pressures.
Influencing exchange rates: Changes in interest rates can also impact the exchange rate of the Canadian dollar. Higher interest rates can attract foreign investment, strengthening the Canadian dollar. Lower interest rates may have the opposite effect, potentially weakening the currency.
It's important to note that the effects of interest rate changes can vary and depend on various factors, including the current state of the economy, consumer and business behavior, and global economic conditions.
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The owners of Global Green Books Publishing understand the importance of the project management life cycle, and so they have set up a project scope. They have asked you to assist them with a cost-benefit analysis to analyse the financial viability of their project. First, they require you to calculate the total production cost and the total profit of each unit sold.
Use the information provided to calculate the following:
• The total cost for each task completed;
• The total cost of internal labour;
• The total cost of other expenses;
• The total cost of production;
• The total profit of if a 30% profit margin is applied. Use the following equation: Total cost of production x 30% = Profit per unit sold
The project management life cycle has been set up by the owners of Global Green Books Publishing who realize the importance of the project management life cycle. They have requested you to help them with a cost-benefit analysis to determine the project's financial feasibility.
To do so, the following computations must be made:
To begin, a cost-benefit analysis is conducted to assess the project's financial viability. The expenses incurred during project completion are compared to the project's forecasted earnings.
The following formula may be used to estimate the financial viability of the project:
Financial Viability = Estimated Benefits / Estimated Costs
The following information was provided:
Each unit costs $4.50 to produce. (Total cost of production)Internal labor costs are $2.50 per unit.
Other expenses are $1.25 per unit.
Using the above information,
the following computations may be made:
Total cost of production = $4.50
Internal labor costs = $2.50Other expenses = $1.25
Total cost of each unit produced = $8.25
Total production cost and the total profit of each unit sold may be computed using the following equation:
Profit per unit sold = Total cost of production x 30%
Total profit of production = Profit per unit sold - Total cost of production
To compute, substitute the value of the total cost of production to the formula:
Profit per unit sold = $4.50 x 30% = $1.35
Total profit of production = $1.35 - $4.50 = $5.85
Total cost for each task completed = $8.25
Total cost of internal labor = $2.50
Total cost of other expenses = $1.25
Total cost of production = $4.50
Total profit of production = $5.85
Therefore, a 30% profit margin would result in a total profit of $5.85 per unit sold.
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Consider the following interest-only CPM; - $100,000 Mortgage - 7% Interest - 30 Years - Monthly Payments - Loan points =3 What is the lender's effective loan yield (\%) if the loan is prepaid after five years?
The lender's effective loan yield if the loan is prepaid after five years is 7.96%.
The mortgage loan is $100,000 at a 7% interest rate per annum.
The loan points are 3%, meaning that the lender receives $3,000 in upfront points when the loan closes.
The loan's term is 30 years, with monthly payments.
Since the mortgage is interest-only, only the interest component is due every month, while the principal amount remains constant.
The monthly interest payment can be calculated using the formula; I = Prt, where I is the interest, P is the principal amount, r is the interest rate, and t is the time.
Therefore, the monthly interest payment is;$100,000 x 7/100 / 12= $583.33.
The effective loan yield is the actual rate of return that a lender makes on a loan. In this case, the loan is prepaid after five years, which means that the lender receives five years of interest payments plus the principal.
To calculate the effective loan yield, we need to calculate the loan's future value and use it to compute the actual rate of return.
For an interest-only loan, the future value can be calculated using the formula;
FV = P + I × n,
The future value of the loan after five years can be calculated as follows;
$100,000 + ($583.33 × 12 × 5) = $130,999.8
The lender's effective loan yield can be computed using the following formula;
Effective loan yield = (FV - P - points) / P×100%.
Substituting the values we obtain,
Effective loan yield = ($130,999.8 - $100,000 - $3,000) / $100,000 × 100% = 7.96%.
Therefore, the lender's effective loan yield if the loan is prepaid after five years is 7.96%.
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PA 16-14 (Algo) Larry Ellison starts a company that manufactures... Larry Ellison starts a company that manufactures high-end custom leather bags. He hires two employees. Each employee only begins working on a bag when a customer order has been received and then she makes the bag from beginning to end. The average production time of a bag is 1.7 days, with a standard deviation of 3 days. Larry expects to receive one customer order per day on average. The interarrival times of orders have a coefficient of variation of one. (Carry at least 4 decimal places in all intermediate calculations.
Round your final answer to 2 decimal places.) What is the expected duration, in days, between when an order is received and when production begins on the bag?
Larry Ellison has started a company that manufactures high-end custom leather bags. He has hired two employees. Every worker begins working on a bag when a customer order has been received and then he or she makes the bag from beginning to end. The average production time of a bag is 1.7 days, with a standard deviation of 3 days.
Larry expects to receive one customer order per day on average. The inter-arrival times of orders have a coefficient of variation of one. The duration between when an order is received and when production begins on the bag is termed as the expected duration. Let the random variable X represents the duration between when an order is received and when production begins on the bag. Since the average customer order per day is 1, the average time between customer orders will be 1 day. This would be the expected time period between orders. The coefficient of variation (CV) of inter-arrival times of orders is 1. So, we have CV=Standard deviation / Mean CV = 1, therefore,1 = Standard deviation / Mean Standard deviation = Mean Let's say, mean of inter-arrival times of orders = E(X). Hence, the standard deviation of inter-arrival times of orders = E(X).So, Mean of inter-arrival times of orders = E(X) = 1 day.(Because Larry expects to receive one customer order per day on average)And Standard deviation of inter-arrival times of orders = E(X) = 1 day.
Therefore, Expected duration between when an order is received and when production begins on the bag= E(X) + E(Y) = 1 + 1.7 = 2.7 days So, the expected duration between when an order is received and when production begins on the bag is 2.7 days.
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Malek Company sells a special putter for $20 each. It applies standard costing system. In March, it sold 30,000 putters while manufacturing 32,000. Budgeted putters for March are 33,000. There are no variances other than production volume variance. There was no beginning inventory on March 1. Production information for March is: 15 minutes $40,000 Direct manufacturing labor per unit Fixed selling and administrative costs Fixed manufacturing overhead Direct materials cost per unit 132,000 2 Direct manufacturing labor per hour Variable manufacturing overhead per unit 4 Variable selling expenses per unit 2 Required: 1. Prepare income statement for March under both variable and absorption costing. 2. Reenneile absorption anarating income with variable 24
Income statement for March under both variable and absorption costing:To prepare the income statement under both variable and absorption costing, let's first calculate the cost per unit
Variable Costing:Direct Materials + Direct Labor + Variable Manufacturing Overhead = $2 + $0.25 + $0.25 = $2.50 per unit Absorption Costing:Direct Materials + Direct Labor + Variable Manufacturing Overhead + Fixed Manufacturing Overhead per unit = $2 + $0.25 + $0.50 + $0.5 = $3.25 per unit
Fixed manufacturing overhead = $132,000Fixed selling and administrative expenses = $60,000 Absorption costing net operating income = $273,000Variable costing net operating income = $198,000Increase in net operating income from absorption costing to variable costing = $198,000 - $169,000 = $29,000
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You and several classmates are studying for the next accounting examination. They ask you to answer the following questions: If cash is borrowed on a $67,200, 11-month, 10% note on August 1. how much interest expense would be incurred by December 31? 1. 2. 3. The cash register total including sales taxes is $46,410, and the sales tax rate is 5%. What is the sales taxes payable? If $46,410 is collected in advance on November 1 for 6-month magazine subscriptions, what amount of subscription revenue should be recognized on December 31? $ TA I
If cash is borrowed on a $67,200, 11-month, 10% note on August 1, then the interest expense incurred by December 31 can be calculated as follows:Step 1: Find the total interest payable on the note.
The interest payable can be calculated using the formula: Interest payable = (Principal × Rate × Time) ÷ 12Here, the principal is $67,200, the rate is 10% per annum, and the time period is 11 months. We need to convert the time period to years by dividing it by 12. Interest payable = ($67,200 × 10% × 11/12) ÷ 100 Interest payable = $6,960Step 2: Calculate the interest expense incurred by December 31.
We know that the note was taken on August 1 and the interest is payable for 11 months. So, the interest expense incurred by December 31 is calculated by multiplying the total interest payable with the proportion of the time period for which the interest is payable. Interest expense = Total interest payable × (Time period for which interest is payable ÷ Total time period)We need to find the time period from August 1 to December 31.
This is 5 months. Interest expense = $6,960 × (5/11). Interest expense = $3,163.64. Therefore, the interest expense incurred by December 31 is $3,163.64.
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An ad agency tracks the complaints, by week received, about the billboards in its city: This exercise contains only parts a,b, and c. a) The type of control chart that is best to monitor this process is b) Using z=3, the control chart limits for this process are (assume that the historical complaints rate is unknown): UCL c
= complaints per week (round your response to two decimal places).
A) P-chart is utilized when the inquiry reveals details about the process's sample size. B) The Average attributable value of complaints per week is the p-chart's centerline (CL). We may estimate the centerline using the average of the observed complaint rates as the historical complaint rate is unknown. C) It is evident that all of the complaint's points fall inside the 15.97 and 0 control limits. As a result, the process has been under control as per the control limitations.
The calculation is as follows:
Calculate the control limits for a C-type control using the formula presented below: Upper control limit (UCL) = Average attribute value + zx Average attribute value = 6+6+7+11+5+11 +3x.15.97
15.97 is the upper control limit.
Average value of characteristics divided by zx is the lower control limit (LCL). Average value of qualities = 6 + 6 + 7 + 11 + 5 + 11
3x 6 6 =-0.64
The minimum is 0.
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During the COVID-19 pandemic, many places have seen people rushing to supermarkets for daily essentials such as toilet paper, especially when there was a recent breakout in the local area. That has led to empty shelves and stock-outs for a prolonged period of time in many supermarkets, even though the supermarkets and the product suppliers reassured that there is sufficient production capacity.
From a logistics and supply chain perspective, explain two reasons why supermarkets experienced stockout for a considerable period of time, when the suppliers had sufficient production capacity.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, many places have seen people rushing to supermarkets for daily essentials such as toilet paper, especially when there was a recent breakout in the local area.
That has led to empty shelves and stock-outs for a prolonged period of time in many supermarkets, even though the supermarkets and the product suppliers reassured that there is sufficient production capacity.The two reasons that led to supermarkets experiencing stockouts for a considerable period of time, even when the suppliers had sufficient production capacity are:Inability of the suppliers to produce goods efficiently.
This occurs due to the suppliers requiring additional resources and time to produce and deliver products to supermarkets. The additional time can lead to the delay in replenishing stock at the supermarkets, thus, leading to empty shelves and stock-outs.Shortage of storage space.Suppliers may not have enough storage space to hold all of the goods that are required to be produced. This could lead to delays in the delivery of products to the supermarkets, which can, in turn, lead to empty shelves and stockouts.
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Suppose Market Demand For A Good Is MB = 100 -2Q And The Marginal Cost Of Supplying The Good Is MC = 40 + 8Q. (A) (I) What Is The MB Of The 5th Unit? In) What Is The TB From 5 Units? (Ill) What Is The MC Of The 5th Umit? (Iv) What Is The TC Of 5 Units? (V) What Is The NB Of 10 Units? (Vi) Which Unit Has MB Of $40? Of $60? (Vit) Which Unit Has MC Of $40?
Suppose market demand for a good is MB = 100 -2Q and the marginal cost of supplying the good is MC = 40 + 8Q. (a) (i) What is the MB of the 5th unit? in) What is the TB from 5 units? (ill) What is the MC of the 5th umit? (iv) What is the TC of 5 units? (v) What is the NB of 10 units? (vi) Which unit has MB of $40? Of $60? (vit) Which unit has MC of $40? Of$60? (vill) How much benefits would a 6th unit add to total benefits? (ix) How much cost would a 6th unit add to total cost? (b) Calculate the following assuming the market acts competitively: market Q, market P, consumer surplus, producer surplus, net benefits. (c) Repeat part b assuming the market is a monopoly.
Consumer surplus is found by finding the area under the demand curve and above the market price for all units up to Q. Net benefits are found by summing consumer surplus and producer surplus. Competitive market Market Q is found by equating MB and MC.100 - 2Q = 40 + 8Q, Q = 6.
(i) TB from 5 units = MB(1) + MB(2) + MB(3) + MB(4) + MB(5)= $400
(ii) NB of 10 units= MB(1) + MB(2) + MB(3) + MB(4) + MB(5) + MB(6) + MB(7) + MB(8) + MB(9) + MB(10)- TC(1) - TC(2) - TC(3) - TC(4) - TC(5) - TC(6) - TC(7) - TC(8) - TC(9) - TC(10)= $230
(iii) To find which unit has an MB of $40, solve for Q in the following equation .Thus, the 30th unit has an MB of $40. To find which unit has an MB of $60. Thus, the 20th unit has an MB of $60
(iv) Benefits from the 6th unit = MB(6) = 100 - 2(6) = $88. Additional cost from the 6th unit = MC(6) = 40 + 8(6) = $88. Therefore, a 6th unit would add $88 in benefits and $88 in costs to the total (TB and TC, respectively).
(b) Market P is found by substituting Q into either the demand or supply equation. P = 100 - 2Q = $88. CS = (1/2)(Q)(P max - P)
(c) Market P is found by substituting Q into the demand equation. P = 100 - 2Q = $88.
Producer surplus is found by finding the area above the supply curve and below the market price for all units up to Q.PS = (1/2)(Q)(P - P min)PS = (1/2)(6)($88 - $40) = $144. Monopoly market Market Q is found by equating MB and MC.100 - 2Q = 40 + 8Q, Q = 6.
NB = CS + PS = $36 + $144 = $180
CS = (1/2)(6)($100 - $88) = $36
TB from 5 units = 100 - 2(1) + 100 - 2(2) + 100 - 2(3) + 100 - 2(4) + 100 - 2(5)= $400
NB of 10 units= 100 - 2(1) + 100 - 2(2) + 100 - 2(3) + 100 - 2(4) + 100 - 2(5) + 100 - 2(6) + 100 - 2(7) + 100 - 2(8) + 100 - 2(9) + 100 - 2(10)- (40 + 8(1)) - (40 + 8(2)) - (40 + 8(3)) - (40 + 8(4)) - (40 + 8(5)) - (40 + 8(6)) - (40 + 8(7)) - (40 + 8(8)) - (40 + 8(9)) - (40 + 8(10))= $230
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Manufacturing company requires additional factory space and machine to increase its production. The Production manager and CEO have two proposals under consideration. Relevant data for two proposals are as follows:
Propsal X: Inv = 500,000, Incremental Fixed cost per year = 40,000, Additional capacity in machine hours = 50,000hours, Useful life=10 years, Salvage value=0
Propsal Y: Inv = 700,000, Incremental Fixed cost per year = 50,000, Additional capacity in machine hours = 70,000hours, Useful life=10 years, Salvage value=0
The company produces three products A,B and C, the following data have been furnished by the management accountant with the help of production regarding the capacity utilization:
Product A: Increased in sales units = 7,500, Contribution margin per unit= $5, Machine hours required per unit = 2
Product B: Increased in sales units = 10,000, Contribution margin per unit= $6, Machine hours required per unit = 4
Product C: Increased in sales units = 7,500, Contribution margin per unit= $10, Machine hours required per unit = 5
Corporate tax rate is 35% and cost of capital is 14%. Investment allowance is 25%. Company uses SLM depreciation. You are required to determine which of the two plants should be selected and how the increased capacity should be used?
Answer should be solved through cash flows
To determine the better option, Proposal X or Proposal Y, calculate the net present value (NPV) of each proposal by considering incremental cash flows, applying the cost of capital, and adjusting for investment allowance and tax effects.
To determine which proposal, X or Y, should be selected and how the increased capacity should be utilized, we need to calculate the relevant cash flows and compare the net present value (NPV) of each proposal.
1. Calculate the incremental cash flows for each proposal:
For Proposal X:
- Incremental fixed costs per year: $40,000
- Additional capacity in machine hours: 50,000 hours
- Calculate the incremental contribution margin for each product based on the increased sales units:
- Product A: 7,500 units * $5 = $37,500
- Product B: 10,000 units * $6 = $60,000
- Product C: 7,500 units * $10 = $75,000
For Proposal Y:
- Incremental fixed costs per year: $50,000
- Additional capacity in machine hours: 70,000 hours
- Calculate the incremental contribution margin for each product based on the increased sales units:
- Product A: 7,500 units * $5 = $37,500
- Product B: 10,000 units * $6 = $60,000
- Product C: 7,500 units * $10 = $75,000
2. Calculate the incremental operating cash flows:
- Calculate the incremental cash inflows by subtracting the incremental fixed costs from the incremental contribution margin for each product.
- Multiply the incremental cash inflows by the machine hours required per unit to determine the incremental cash inflows per machine hour.
3. Determine the net cash flows:
- Subtract the incremental fixed costs from the incremental cash inflows per machine hour to obtain the net cash flows per machine hour.
- Multiply the net cash flows per machine hour by the additional capacity in machine hours to determine the total net cash flows.
4. Calculate the present value of the cash flows:
- Apply the cost of capital (14%) to discount the net cash flows for each year over the useful life of 10 years.
- Calculate the present value of the net cash flows for each proposal.
5. Calculate the net present value (NPV):
- Determine the NPV by subtracting the initial investment from the present value of the cash flows.
6. Consider the investment allowance and tax effects:
- Apply the investment allowance (25%) to the initial investment.
- Calculate the tax shield by multiplying the corporate tax rate (35%) with the depreciation expense (initial investment divided by useful life).
- Adjust the NPV by subtracting the tax shield.
Compare the NPV of Proposal X and Proposal Y to determine the better option. The proposal with the higher NPV should be selected, indicating the more favorable investment for the manufacturing company.
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Sales of Volkswagen's popular Beetle have grown steadily at auto dealerships in Nevada during the past 5 years (see table below). Year Sales
1 455 2 510 3 520 4 575
5 575
a) Forecasted sales for year 6 using the trend projection (linear regression) method are sales (round your response to one decimal place). b) The MAD for a linear regression forecast is sales (round your response to one decimal place) c) The MSE for the linear regression forecast is sales (round your response to one decimal place).
a) The trend projection method is used to forecast future sales. To begin, the linear trend line must be calculated using the data given. The equation for the line of best fit is y = a + bx, where y is the dependent variable, a is the y-intercept, b is the slope, and x is the independent variable.
The slope can be calculated using the formula b = (N∑XY - ∑X∑Y) / (N∑X^2 - (∑X)^2)Where X is the time period, Y is the sales, N is the number of years, ∑XY is the sum of the products of the time period and sales, and ∑X and ∑Y are the sums of the time periods and sales, respectively. Substituting the given values, b = ((5x2825)-(15x2101))/((5x55)-(15^2))= 14/5≈ 2.8The y-intercept can be calculated using the formula a = (∑Y - b∑X)/N= (2635 - 2.8(15))/5= 507/5≈ 101.4The linear trend line can be written as y = 101.4 + 2.8x. Using this equation, forecasted sales for year 6 can be calculated by substituting x = 6. Therefore, the forecasted sales for year 6 is y = 101.4 + 2.8(6) = 119.8 ≈ 119.8.
b) Mean absolute deviation (MAD) is a measure of how well a forecast fits the data. It calculates the average absolute error between the forecast and actual data. To calculate MAD, we need to first calculate the absolute error, which is the difference between the forecasted and actual sales. Absolute error = | actual value - forecasted value | Using the given data and the equation y = 101.4 + 2.8x, we can calculate the absolute error for each year and sum them up. The MAD is then calculated by dividing the sum of absolute errors by the number of years. MAD = ∑(| actual value - forecasted value |) / n= (|455-455.8| + |510-458.6| + |520-461.4| + |575-464.2| + |575-467|) / 5≈ 28.8Therefore, the MAD for the linear regression forecast is 28.8.
c) The mean squared error (MSE) is another measure of how well a forecast fits the data. It calculates the average of the squared errors between the forecast and actual data. To calculate MSE, we first need to calculate the squared error, which is the square of the difference between the forecasted and actual sales. Squared error = ( actual value - forecasted value )^2 Using the given data and the equation y = 101.4 + 2.8x, we can calculate the squared error for each year and sum them up.
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Use the general factoring strategy to completely factor the following polynomial. It the polynomial does not factor, then state that it
is nonfactorable over the integers.
2vw. 2v4 614. 6
Select one:
O a. 2(v+ 3Xw + 1)
• b. (2v- 3)w - 1)
• c. 2(w- 3Xv + 1)
• d. Nonfactorable over the integers.
• e. (2v+ 3Xw - 1)
The correct answer is (d) Nonfactorable over the integers.
The given polynomial is 2vw + 2v^4 + 614.
To factor the polynomial using the general factoring strategy, we look for common factors among the terms. In this case, there is no common factor among the terms.
Next, we check if the polynomial is a difference of squares, a perfect square trinomial, or a sum/difference of cubes. However, the polynomial does not fit into any of these special factoring patterns.
Since we have exhausted the general factoring strategies and the polynomial does not factor further, we conclude that it is nonfactorable over the integers.
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(iii) For hedging purpose, the client is of the opinion that the
delta normal method is the most appropriate method. Advise the
client on the appropriateness of the method.
The appropriateness of the delta normal method for hedging purposes depends on the client's risk profile and the characteristics of their portfolio.
The delta normal method is a commonly used approach in risk management and hedging strategies. It involves estimating the change in the value of a portfolio or position based on changes in the underlying asset's price, as represented by the delta.
While the delta normal method can provide a simplified and efficient way to estimate portfolio risk, it also has certain limitations that need to be considered. One of the main limitations is that it assumes a linear relationship between the underlying asset's price and the portfolio's value. This assumption may not hold in cases of extreme market movements or when there are non-linear risk factors involved.
Additionally, the delta normal method relies on the assumption of normal distribution for the underlying asset's price movements. In reality, financial markets often exhibit non-normal and sometimes fat-tailed distributions, which can lead to underestimation or overestimation of risk.
Therefore, it is important for the client to be aware of these limitations and assess whether they are appropriate for their specific hedging needs. If the client's portfolio or position is subject to significant non-linear risks or if the underlying asset's price distribution deviates significantly from normality, alternative methods such as Monte Carlo simulation or other advanced risk models may be more appropriate.
Ultimately, the suitability of the delta normal method depends on the client's risk tolerance, the complexity of their portfolio, and their specific hedging objectives. It is recommended that the client consults with a financial professional or risk management expert to assess the appropriateness of the method in their particular context.
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On January 1, Manteca Company has decided to sell one of its batting cages. The initial
cost of the equipment was $215,000 with an accumulated depreciation of $185,000.
Depreciation taken up to the end of the year. The company found a company that is
willing to buy the equipment for $20,000. What is the amount of the gain or loss on this
transaction?
a. Gain of $20,000
b. Loss of $10,000
c. No gain or loss
d. Cannot be determined
The result is a loss of $10,000 on this transaction (option b). To determine the amount of gain or loss on the transaction, we need to compare the book value with the selling price.
To determine the amount of gain or loss on the transaction, we need to compare the book value of the equipment (net of accumulated depreciation) with the selling price. Book value = Initial cost - Accumulated depreciation; Book value = $215,000 - $185,000; Book value = $30,000. Since the selling price is $20,000, we can calculate the gain or loss by subtracting the selling price from the book value. Gain/Loss = Selling price - Book value.
Gain/Loss = $20,000 - $30,000. Gain/Loss = -$10,000. The result is a loss of $10,000 on this transaction (option b). The company will experience a loss of $10,000 when selling the equipment for $20,000, as the selling price is lower than the book value.
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Cash equivalents typically appear in the long-term investments
section of a balance sheet.
True
False
The statement that cash equivalents typically appear in the long-term investments section of a balance sheet is False.Cash equivalents are assets that can be easily converted into cash in a short period of time and with a low risk of loss of value.
These assets have maturity periods of 90 days or less, and they are highly liquid in nature. Therefore, cash equivalents usually appear in the current assets section of a balance sheet.
This is because current assets are those that can be converted into cash or consumed within one year or less from the reporting date, and they include cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and inventory. The purpose of reporting cash equivalents in the current assets section is to give the readers of the financial statements an idea of the liquidity and the short-term debt-paying ability of the company.
Hence, the statement that cash equivalents typically appear in the long-term investments section of a balance sheet is False.
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Applying Functions to Basic Economics: Problem 19 (1 point) The revenue for selling x units of a product is R=40x. The cost of producing x units is C=20x+10500. In order to obtain a profit, the revenue must be greater than the cost, so we want to know, for what values of x will this product return a profit. To obtain a profit, the number of units must be greater than You have attempted this problem 2 times. Your overall recorded score is 0\%. You have unlimited attempts remaining.
C = 20x + 10500 is the cost of manufacturing x units. We want to know what values of x this product will return a profit for since in order to make a profit, the revenue needs to be higher than the cost.
Given, R=40x is the revenue generated by selling x units of a product. C=20x+10500 is the price of manufacturing x units. We want to know what values of x this product will return a profit for since in order to make a profit, the revenue needs to be higher than the cost.
Let's begin by calculating the profit function: Profit = Revenue – Cost$ P(x) = R(x) - C(x)$ $P(x) = 40x - (20x + 10500)$ $P(x) = 20x - 10500$
Now, let us find the break-even point. In the break-even point, the profit equals zero.
Thus, we have to solve for $P(x) = 0$ $20x - 10500 = 0$ $20x = 10500$ $x = 525$Therefore, if we sell 525 units, we will break even.
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Organization of the sales force by product: A) Is not advisable for companies selling highly technical products B) Is best used when cost is the deciding factor on which organizationally structure to use C) Requires fewer sales management personnel and lower administrative costs than a geographic organization D) Can result in duplication of sales effort E) Is most commonly used by firms that manufacture only one product line
The organization of the sales force by product is a method that involves grouping salespeople based on the specific products they sell.
A) It is not advisable for companies selling highly technical products because these products require a deep understanding and expertise that might be difficult to develop and maintain within a product-based sales force organization.
B) This method is best used when cost is the deciding factor on which organizational structure to use. By organizing the sales force by product, companies can streamline their sales efforts and reduce costs associated with training and managing salespeople across different product lines.
C) It requires fewer sales management personnel and lower administrative costs than a geographic organization. With a product-based organization, sales managers can focus on specific product lines, resulting in a more efficient use of resources.
D) However, it can result in duplication of sales effort. If multiple salespeople are responsible for selling the same product to different customers, it can lead to inefficiencies and potential conflicts within the sales force.
E) The organization of the sales force by product is most commonly used by firms that manufacture only one product line. This allows for a clear alignment between the sales force and the product, ensuring a focused and dedicated sales effort.
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Researchers have found that the United Kingdom has a drinking problem. Looking at data from
1980 through 2007 they found consumption of alcohol per person rose 19% compared to a drop of
13% in similar countries. Out of concern for high levels of drinking among the younger population
The government raised the tax on beer by 42%. Under what conditions will the tax significantly
reduce the quantity of beer consumed. Use the concepts of elasticity of demand and supply in
organizing your answer.
The elasticity of demand and supply concepts are useful in understanding the impact of taxes on beer consumption. The price elasticity of demand measures how the quantity of beer demanded changes in response to price changes.
If demand is elastic, a small price change will result in a significant change in quantity demanded. In contrast, if demand is inelastic, a large price change will have a minor impact on quantity demanded. Therefore, it is important for the government to assess the elasticity of beer's demand before implementing a tax increase.
If demand is elastic, a tax increase will lead to a substantial reduction in beer consumption. This indicates that consumers are highly responsive to price changes and will decrease their beer purchases significantly when the price increases. On the other hand, if demand is inelastic, a tax increase will have a relatively small effect on beer consumption. In this case, consumers are less sensitive to price changes, and the quantity of beer demanded will decrease only slightly despite the higher price.
In summary, the elasticity of demand for beer determines the extent to which a tax increase will impact beer consumption. If demand is elastic, the tax will have a significant effect on reducing beer consumption. If demand is inelastic, the tax will have a minimal impact on beer consumption, as consumers will continue to buy beer even at a higher price.
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