The climate was relatively warm.
2.2 using the bonding model for a semiconductor, indicate how one visualizes (a) a miss-ing atom, (b) an electron, (c) a hole, (d) a donor, (e) an acceptor.
Using a ball and stick figure, it is easy to visualize the atoms and the two pairs of electrons they share.
Each atom ball would be connected to another one by two bonds stick on each side of it.
What is bonding model for semiconductor?
The bonding model is mostly used to have a basic idea of what the individual electrons are doing in semiconductor. Structure of crystalline material is uniform.
Detailed solution is in attached file
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Which material is the limiting ingredient if you have 2 cans of tomatoes, 2 cups green beans, 2 cups pasta, 8 cans of beans, and 12 cups broth
2 cans diced tomatoes
1 cup green beans
1/2 cup pasta
1 can beans
4 cups broth
Based on the recipe for preparing the food, the limiting ingredient is the 2 cans of tomatoes.
What is the recipe for the food?The recipe for the food is given below:
2 cans diced tomatoes1 cup green beans1/2 cup pasta1 can beans4 cups brothHence, 2 cans of diced tomatoes require 1 cup of green beans, 1/2 cup of pasta, 1 can of beans, and 4 of cups broth.
Hence, after, the 2 cans of diced tomatoes are used up, no more food can be prepared.
A limiting reagent or limiting ingredient is used up when cooking, hence, the 2 cans of tomatoes are the limiting ingredient.
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rusting is the common name for the corrosion of iron or steel. the brown-orange rust commonly seen on iron or steel cars, nails, chains, or posts has the formula fe2o3. what is its iupac name?
IUPAC name for Rust is Iron (III) Oxide. Its common name is corrosion mostly seen in iron or steel.
Rust is the common name for iron oxide. The most familiar form of rust is the reddish coating that forms flakes on iron and steel (Fe2O3) but rust also comes in other colors including yellow, brown, orange, and even green. The different colors reflect various chemical compositions of rust. Rust specifically refers to oxides on iron or iron alloys such as steel. There is tarnish on silver and verdigris on copper. The chemical name of rust is iron oxide is iron (III) oxide. The familiar red form of rust is Fe2O3. but iron has other oxidation states, so it can form other colors of rust. Rust forms when iron or its alloys are exposed to moist air. The oxygen and water in air react with the metal to form the hydrated oxide.
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How many grams of CO would be required to generate 635 g CO2?
Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2 CO: 28.01 g/mol CO2: 44.01 g/mol
[?] g CO₂
Answer:
14.43 moles
Explanation:
I don't know... the interwebz said soz
what has been causing the co2 level of the atmosphere to increase over the past 200 years? select all that apply.
The factor that has been causing the co2 level of the atmosphere to increase over the past 200 years are:
DeforestationPlant decompositionThe combustion of fossil fuelsWhy has CO2 in the atmosphere increased over the past years?The primary cause of the rise in carbon dioxide concentrations is the use of fossil fuels by humans as a source of energy. We are adding carbon to the atmosphere in only a few hundred years that plants removed from the atmosphere through photosynthesis over many millions of years in the form of fossil fuels like coal and oil.
Note that according to climate experts, the earth is currently 1 degree Celsius hotter than it was between 1850 and 1900, and part of the reason for this is due to gas emissions from airplanes, cars, and other human activities.
Hence, one can say that Greenhouse gas concentrations have increased due to human activity. Burning fossil fuels like coal and oil has increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere during the past century (CO2).
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See full question below
What has been causing the CO2 level of the atmosphere to increase over the past 200 years?
Select all that apply.
Hint 1. How CO2 Is Not Released into the Atmosphere
If carbon dioxide is absorbed by another material, then that carbon dioxide is sequestered from the atmosphere unless something happens to release it from the absorbing material.
which statement best describes what occurs when a polar molecule like so2 is mixed with water? select one: a. so2 dissolves and dissociates in water, forming ion-dipole attractions with the water molecules. b. so2 dissolves in water and forms dipole-dipole attractions with the water molecules. c. so2 dissolves and dissociates in water, forming dipole-dipole attractions with the water molecules. d. so2 does not dissolve in water.
Answer:SO2 dissolves in water and forms dipole-dipole attractions with the water molecules.
Explanation:
i got it right
The statement best describes what occurs when a polar molecule like so2 is mixed with water is so2 dissolves in water and forms dipole-dipole attractions with the water molecules. Therefore, option B is correct.
What is polar molecule ?A polar molecule is one that has a slight positive charge on one end and a slight negative charge on the other. A polar molecule is a diatomic compound, such as HF, that contains a polar covalent link.
The molecule's form is to blame for this. Polar molecules include those in water. Inside the molecule, there are two polar bonds. The twisted, non-symmetrical structure of the molecule results in its polar nature (it has a and side).
A water molecule has two poles: a positive charge on the hydrogen pole (side) and a negative charge on the oxygen pole due to the unequal sharing of electrons between the atoms and the asymmetrical form of the molecule (side).
Thus, option B is correct.
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help!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
The mass of gallium that can be formed from the reaction of 198 g of strontium with excess molten gallium (III) nitrate is 105 g (Option C)
How do I determine the mass of gallium formed?The mass of gallium that can be formed from the reaction can be obtained as follow:
3Sr + 2Ga(NO₃)₃ → 3Sr(NO₃)₂ + 2Ga
Molar mass of Sr = 87.62 g/molMass of Sr from the balanced equation = 3 × 87.62 = 262.86 g Molar mass of Ga = 69.72 g/molMass of Ga from the balanced equation = 2 × 69.72 = 139.44 gFrom the balanced equation above,
262.86 g of Sr reacted to form 139.44 g of Ga
Therefore,
198 g of CrCl₂ will react to form = (198 × 139.44 ) / 246.86 = 105 g of Ga
Thus, the mass of Ga formed is 105 g (Option C)
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which two steps of the 8-step practical problem solving method fit within the orient process of the ooda loop?
For a fundamental breakdown of how to fix problems and lead your manufacturing team to success, here are the two steps of the problem-solving process.
Identify the Problem.
Define the Problem.
The eight-step problem-solving process is a structured method that guides you through the various steps of solving issues.
Unlike other problem-solving processes that are often broad, the eight-step method takes you through each individual step, from identifying the problem to taking actionable steps to success.
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Predict the product of the following reaction, then balance the equation.
Mg (s) + O2(g) →
Answer:
2Mg (s) + O² (g) --> 2MgO (s)
Explanation:
the product is magnesium oxide
what is the approximate atomic mass (in u ) of the daughter atom? ignore recoil of the daughter nucleus.
The approximate atomic mass (in u ) of the daughter atom is 234.04 u if we ignore the recoiling of the daughter nucleus.
Since it is known to us that an alpha emission of the daughter nucleus is 234.90 Th (Thorium 23 )
On converting the kinetic energy to atomic mass we get:
4.01 MeV/931.5 MeV/u = 0.0043048 u
The mass of the Uranium is 238.050783u and the alpha particle is 4.002602 u.
Therefore,
The remaining mass = 238.050783 - (4.002602 + 0.0043048)
= 234.0438762 u
The remaining mass = 234.04u
Therefore, the final remaining mass of the daughter nucleus is 234.04u if we ignore the recoiling of the daughter nucleus.
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The approximate atomic mass (in u ) of the daughter atom is 234.04 u if we ignore the recoiling of the daughter nucleus.
Since it is known to us that an alpha emission of the daughter nucleus is 234.90 Th (Thorium 23 )
On converting the kinetic energy to atomic mass we get:
4.01 MeV/931.5 MeV/u = 0.0043048 u
The mass of the Uranium is 238.050783u and the alpha particle is 4.002602 u.
Therefore,
The remaining mass = 238.050783 - (4.002602 + 0.0043048)
= 234.0438762 u
The remaining mass = 234.04u
Therefore, the final remaining mass of the daughter nucleus is 234.04u if we ignore the recoiling of the daughter nucleus.
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6. How many moles of hydrochloric acid, HCl, are present in 0.085 L of a 3.0 M solution?
Answer:
[tex] \huge{ \boxed{0.255 \: \text{moles}}}[/tex]
Explanation:
To find the number of moles of a solution given it's volume and concentration/molarity, we use the formula;
[tex] \bold{c = \frac{n}{v}} \\ [/tex]
where
c is the concentration/molarity in M or mol/l.n is the number of moles.v is the volume in L or dm³.Since we're finding the number of moles, we make n the subject
[tex] \bold{n = c \times v}[/tex]
From the question;
c = 3 Mv = 0.085 L[tex]n = 3 \times 0.085 = 0.255[/tex]
We have the final answer as
0.255 molesHow many absorptions would you expect to observe in the 13C NMR spectra of the following molecules?a) 2-Methyl-2-buteneb) trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexan
The absorptions would you expect to observe in the ¹³C NMR spectra of the molecules a) 2-Methyl-2-butene is 5 signals
b) trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexan is 8 signals.
The proton which have equivalent chemical environment will gives one signal in ¹³C NMR. the ¹³C NMR signals will tell us about the number of different set of carbon which is in equivalent environment.
a) 2-Methyl-2-butene - in this compound there are 5 carbon atoms present . all the 5 carbon atoms are having the different chemical environment ,so the ¹³C NMR will show 5 signals.
b) trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexan - in this compound there are 5 carbon atoms present . all the 8 carbon atoms are having the different chemical environment ,so the ¹³C NMR will show 8 signals.
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What is matter made of?
A. Chemicals
B. Tiny particles that have mass
C. Philosophical thought
D. Energy waves
A matter is made up of Tiny particles which contain mass, and are too small to be seen. Option B is the correct answer.
A matter consists of atoms and consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Both the protons and neutrons are placed in the nucleus, which is the center of an atom.
Matter can occupy space and has mass, and matter consists of many phases and it can take different forms. The matter is generally in the form of a solid, liquid, or gas.
The matter is also made up of tiny particles called atoms!
There are three main states of matter They are, solid, liquid, and gas. Water is one of the substances that exist in all three states.
1. SOLID:
The solid Molecules are tightly packed together even if they don’t move.Particles in a solid have strong bonds with each other.Solids have a fixed volume and shape.Examples of solids are: metals, wood
2. LIQUID:
Liquid Molecules can move around and bump each other.Liquids have a fixed volume but they can change their shape.Examples of liquids: are water and oil.
3. GAS:
Molecules that are far apart and can move around freely and quickly.The gas does not contain a fixed volume and shape.Gases can be compressed.To Read about Matter:
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supposethat 0.450 moles of f3203 are reacted with an excess of aluminum and 43.6 g fe are obtained what is the % yield
The percent yield of iron is, 86.5 %
Given,
Moles of iron(III)oxide = 0.450 mole
Mass of iron = Actual yield of Fe = 43.6 g
First we have to calculate the moles of iron.
The balanced chemical reaction is,
2Al+ 2 Fe₂O₃ --> 2Fe + Al₂O₃
From the balanced reaction we conclude that
As, 1 mole of Fe₂O₃ react to give 2 mole of Fe
So, 0.450 mole of Fe₂O₃ react to give 2/1 x 0.450 = 0.9 moles of Fe
Now we have to calculate the mass of Fe.
Mass of Fe = Moles of Fe x Molar mass of Fe
Mass of Fe = (0.9mole) x (56g/mole)= 50.4g
Therefore, the mass iron produces, 50.4 g
Now we have to calculate the percent yield of Fe.
% yield of Fe = (Actual yield of Fe/ Theoretical yield of Fe) x 100%
= 43.6g/50.6g x 100% = 86.5%
Therefore, the percent yield of Fe is, 86.5 %
The question whose answer is given:
If 0.450 moles of iron III oxide (Fe2O3) are allowed to react with an excess of aluminum (Al) and 43.6 grams of iron (Fe) is produced, what is the percent yield of iron?
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what is the IUPAC name of CuBr
The name is copper bromide.
Explanation:
copper bromide is the aswer
consider a phosphate buffer, consisting of h2po4- and hpo42- . initially at the same ph as its pka (6.86) when concentrated sodium hydroxide is added to this buffer, the: a. ph increases more than when an equal amount of equal amount of naoh is added to unbuffered water at ph 6.86 b. ph remains constant c. ratio of [hpo42-] to [h2po4] in the buffer increases d. ph increases more than when an equal amount of naoh is added to a phosphate buffer initially at ph 5.0
consider a phosphate buffer, consisting of h2po4- and hpo42- . initially at the same ph as its pka (6.86) when concentrated sodium hydroxide is added to this buffer, the: Option C ratio of [hpo42-] to [h2po4] in the buffer increases
The buffer's HPO42-to-H2PO4-ratio increases. Because NaOH reacts with H2PO4- and academic papers proton for neutralisation. Buffer Solution is a liquid solvent-based solution made up of a weak acid base, or a weak base and its conjugate acid. They are resilient to pH changes caused by dispersion or the addendum of small quantities of acid/alkali to companions. Water acts as a buffer, albeit a poor one. This is because of the fact that H20 ionises to shape H30+ and OH-. A weak acid and the conjugate acid are required to form an acid solution buffer. For alkali, the opposite is true.
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If a system has 325 kcal
of work done to it, and releases 5.00×102 kJ
of heat into its surroundings, what is the change in internal energy (Δ or Δ)
of the system?
Internal energy of the system is 1278 kJ.
What is Internal Energy?
It refers to the intangible microscopic energy at the atomic and molecular scales, which is distinct in scale from the macroscopic organised energy associated with moving objects. For instance, a glass of water on a table at room temperature appears to have no apparent energy, either potential or kinetic.
∆U = w + q
U = modification of internal energy =?
W = work equals +425 kcal (positive sign because work is done on the system)
lthough I'm not sure you intended to use separate units (kcal and kJ), I'll presume you did so in order to solve the problem. Don't convert them if they should be the same, such as in the case of kJ.
425 kcal plus 4.184 kJ per kcal equals 1778 kJ of labor, or w.
∆U = +1778 + (-500 kJ) (-500 kJ)
∆U = +1278 kJ
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If you think about the water molecules as liquid water freezes, would you say they get closer together, further apart, or stay at about the same distance from one another?
Answer:Water is unusual because its molecules move further apart when it freezes. The molecules of just about every other substance move closer together when they freeze.
Explanation:
During freezing, water molecules lose energy and do not vibrate or move around as vigorously. This allows more stable hydrogen-bonds to form between water molecules, as there is less energy to break the bonds.
10. In a household radiator, 1000.g of steam at 100.°C condenses (changes from gas to
liquid). How much heat is released?
1000 g of water condenses at 100°C in a home radiator (changes from gas to liquid).
Equation
Q=m x Hvap
where m= mass.
= 1000. gx2260J/g
Q=2,260,000 J
What is Condensation?
Condensation, which is the opposite of vaporization, is the transformation of matter from its gaseous state into its liquid state. The water cycle is the most frequent use of the phrase. [1] Another way to describe it is as the transformation of water vapour into liquid water when it comes into touch with a solid, liquid, or cloud condensation nucleus in the atmosphere. Deposition is the term for the change that occurs when the gaseous phase directly transitions into the solid phase.
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Given 45.73 moles of BCl3, how many grams are present?
Mole measure the number of elementary entities of a given substance that are present in a given sample. Therefore, 0.98grams are present in 45.73 moles of BCl[tex]_3[/tex].
What is mole?The SI unit of amount of substance in chemistry is mole. The mole is used to measure the quantity or amount of substance. We know one mole of any element contains 6.022×10²³ atoms which is also called Avogadro number. The stoichiometry represents the number of moles.
Mathematically,
number of moles of BCl[tex]_3[/tex] =given mass of BCl[tex]_3[/tex] ÷ molar mass of BCl[tex]_3[/tex]
Molar mass of 1 mole of BCl[tex]_3[/tex] = 46.264 g/mol
number of moles of BCl[tex]_3[/tex] = 45.73 moles
Substituting all the given values in the above equation, we get
45.73 moles =mass of BCl[tex]_3[/tex]÷46.264 g/mol
mass of BCl[tex]_3[/tex] =0.98grams
Therefore, 0.98grams are present in 45.73 moles of BCl[tex]_3[/tex].
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the molarity of a 1.0 molal sodium chloride solution can be obtained by using which of the following? a. volume of the solution c. solubility of glucose in water e. density of the solution b. temperature of the solution d. degree of dissociation of glucose
Volume of solution is used to calculate molarity of a 1 molal sodium chloride solution. The correct option to this question is A.
Calculating a solution's molarity involves multiplying the number of moles of solute in a solution by the number of liters of solution. The letter "M" stands for molarity.Molarity is determined by multiplying the number of moles of a given substance by the volume of the solution.The molality of a solution is determined by multiplying the moles of solute by the kilograms of solvent. An "m" in lower case indicates molality. Because molality does not rely on temperature like molarity does, we frequently express concentrations in molality when we publish. Because of this independence, it is simpler for scientists all around the world to duplicate the findings. There is a straightforward procedure to change molarity to molality:For more information on molarity kindly visit to
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help quick, please i need to get this done tonight
The percent yield of the magnesium oxide in this context is 87.3%.
What is the percentage yield?We know that the percentage yield has to do with the amount of the product that we get from the reaction expressed as a percentage. We know that the combination of the magnesium and the oxygen molecule would lead to the formation of the magnesium oxide.
The oxygen and the magnesium are the reactants while the magnesium oxide is the product.
Mass of magnesium = Mass of magnesium and crucible - mass of crucible
= 38.06 g - 35.67 g
= 2.39 g
Number of moles of Mg = 2.39 g/24 g/mol
= 0.0996 moles
Mass of magnesium oxide = Mass of magnesium oxide and crucible - mass of crucible
= 39.15 g - 35.67 g
= 3.48 g
Number of moles of the magnesium oxide = 3.48 g/40 g/mol
= 0.087 moles
From the reaction;
2 moles of Mg produces 2 moles of MgO
Hence the theoretical yield of the Mgo is 0.0996 moles
Percent yield = Actual yield/ Theoretical yield * 100/1
= 0.087 moles/ 0.0996 moles * 100/1
= 87.3%
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the pka of acetic acid (hc2h3o2) is 4.8. what is the ph of a buffer that contains equal concentrations of hc2h3o2 and nac2h3o2? g
The pH of an acidic buffer that contains equal concentrations of HC2H3O2 and NaC2H3O2 is 4.8.
What is an Acidic Buffer?These solutions are employed to keep environments acidic, as their name suggests. A weak acid and its salt are combined with a strong base to create an acid buffer, which has an acidic pH. The pH of an acetic acid and sodium acetate solution in water is equivalent at 4.74.
These solutions have PH values below seven.
These solutions are made up of a weak acid and its salt.
A mixture of sodium acetate and acetic acid (pH = 4.75) serves as an illustration of an acidic buffer solution.
Given;
Pka of acetic acid is 4.8;
conc of ch3cooh = conc of ch3cooNa;
now,
[salt]/[acid] = 1
now from the formula,
PH = Pka + log([tex]\frac{conc of salt}{conc of acid}[/tex])
⇒PH = 4.8 + log(1)
⇒PH = 4.8 + 0
PH = 4.8
The pH of an acidic buffer that contains equal concentrations of HC2H3O2 and NaC2H3O2 is 4.8.
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an oxygen tank used in a hospital setting has a pressure of 4.0 atm and contains 60.0% o2 and 40.0% n2 by volume. what is the partial pressure of o2 in the tank? g
An oxygen tank used in a hospital setting has a pressure of 4.0 atm and contains 60.0% O₂ and 40.0% N₂ by volume. the partial pressure of oxygen in the tank is 2.4 atm
given that :
the total pressure of gas = 4 atm
percent by volume of oxygen = 60.0 % = 0.6
percent by volume of nitrogen = 40 % = 0.4
According to the Dalton's law of partial pressure is given as :
Partial pressure = mole fraction of gas × P total
Partial pressure of O₂ = 0.6 × 4
Partial pressure of O₂ = 2.4 atm
Thus, the partial pressure of the oxygen gas is 2.4 atm.
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g if the particles in an electron/positron pair-production reaction have no kinetic energy, what is the frequency of the photon that did this, in hz?
Pair production is the process by which a neutral boson is converted into a subatomic particle and its antiparticle.
How much kinetic energy does an electron-positron have overall?The mass of the electron has an energy equivalent of 0.51, and the mass of the positron has an energy equivalent of 0.51 as well. Thus, the mass of the particles in the pair is produced using a total of 1.02 energy. The two particles share the remaining energy, 1.24, equally as kinetic energy.
What occurs to the positron following pair formation?The newly created positron is quickly converted back into photons after annihilating with another electron in matter.
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One mole of S₈ molecule contains
• 1 molecule
• 8 molecules
• 8NA atoms
• NA atoms
Answer:
NA atoms
6.02 × 10²³ atoms
How much 0. 02500 m nitric acid solution (in mL) is needed to titrate 125. 0 ml of a 0. 01000 M calcium hydroxide solution
The volume of nitric acid needed to titrate calcium hydroxide is 100.0 mL.
The reaction between nitric acid (HNO₃) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂)
2 HNO₃ + Ca(OH)₂ → Ca(NO₃)₂ + 2 H₂O
Calculate the number of moles Ca(OH)₂
n = MV
n = the number of molesM = the molarityV = the volumen Ca(OH)₂ = MV = 0.01000 × 125.0 = 1.25 mmol
According to Avogadro's law, the ratio of the coefficients of each element is equal to the ratio of the number of moles.
n Ca(OH)₂ : n HNO₃ = 1 : 2
1.25 : n HNO₃ = 1 : 2
n HNO₃ = 1.25 × 2 = 2.50 mmol
Calculate the volume of HNO₃
V = n ÷ M
V = 2.50 mmol ÷ 0.02500 M
V = 100.0 mL
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A food web is shown below.
A drought in this ecosystem makes the ground become very dry. Which of the following would most likely result from this change?
A.
The grass will grow more rapidly, which will cause a decrease in the impala population.
B.
The grass will shrivel and die, which will cause a decrease in the impala population.
C.
The grass will grow more rapidly, which will cause a decrease in the cheetah population.
D.
The grass will shrivel and die, which will cause an increase in the cheetah population.
Answer: B
Explanation:
CO2 + 2LiOH = Li2CO3 + H2OTo ensure that the air in the shuttle remains free of excess CO2, engineers test the air-purification system.They combine 1.000 × 10^3 g LiOH with 8.80 × 10^2 g CO2. The reaction produces 3.25 × 10^2 g H2O.What is the theoretical yield of this test reaction?
The limiting reagent in the process is carbon dioxide, and the theoretical yield is 360 g.
Explained: The equation: is used to determine the number of moles.Moles = given mass divided by molecular mass (1)
For LiOH:
LiOH has a mass of 1.00 103 g.
LiOH has a molar mass of 23.95 g/mol.
Equation 1 is solved with the following values: Moles of LiOH = 1.00103g/23.95g/mole=41.75mole
For carbon dioxide: Given mass of carbon dioxide = 8.8×10²g
Carbon dioxide has a molecular mass of 44 g/mol.
Equation 1 is solved with the following values: Moles of carbon dioxide = 8.8 102 g/44 g/mole = 20 moles.
The following is the chemical formula for the reaction between carbon dioxide gas and lithium hydroxide:
2LiOH(s)+Co2(g)⇒Li₂Co₃(s)+H²O(l)
Using the reaction's stoichiometry:
2 moles of lithium hydroxide and 1 mole of carbon dioxide react.
Thus, the reaction between 20 moles of carbon dioxide.
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Substance D has the following properties:
ΔHvap = 36.0 kJ/mol
ΔHfus = 2.6 kJ/mol
Tb = 54.9 °C
Tm = -32.5 °C
Specific Heat (solid) = 4.7 J/g·°C
Specific Heat (liquid) = 2.5 J/g·°C
Specific Heat (gas) = 0.5 J/g·°C
Calculate the energy that must be removed to convert 360.5 g of substance D from a gas at 184.0 °C to a solid at -91.5°C. The molar mass of Substance D is 75 g/mol. Enter your response to the nearest kJ
The energy released by the phase change of a substance can be calculated using calorimetric equation. The energy released during conversion D from gas to solid at the specified condition is 496.58 kJ.
What is calorimetry?Calorimetry is an analytical tool used to determine the heat energy released or absorbed by a chemical or physical change. The calorimetric equation connecting the heat energy q with mass of the substance m, specific heat c and the temperature difference ΔT is written as:
q = m c ΔT .
Specific heat of the gas= 0.5 J/ g ° C
mass m = 360.5 g
temperature difference = (184 -(-91)) =275°C.
heat released q = 360.5 g × 275°C × 0.5 J/ g ° C
= 49658.87J
= 496.5 kJ
Therefore, the heat energy released from the given phase change is 496.5 kJ.
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