According to Orwell president Truman says that the bomb is incredibly expensive, and only three or four countries in the world are able to produce it due to the massive industrial effort required.
Truman said that the only factor in his decision to drop the bomb was the military. It is believed that a Normandy-style amphibious landing would have resulted in one million fatalities. Truman thought the bombs also helped save Japanese lives. The President had no intention of extending the conflict. American lives had already been lost as a result of more than 3,500 Japanese kamikaze raids. But he didn't anticipated the effect of bomb on human's.
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Why can you not selectively epoxidize an alkene with mcpba in the presence of a ketone?.
mCPBA is a useful reagent for epoxide formation and ketone-to-ester formation. It epoxidizes alkene to epoxide and also oxidizes ketone to ester. So we can't selectively epoxidize an alkene if both alkene and ketones are present.
Purified mCPBA is a useful reagent for the oxidation of various classes of aldehydes. α-branched aliphatic aldehydes undergo Baeyer-Villiger oxidation to form formates. α-branched α,β-unsaturated aldehydes yield enol formates and/or epoxides, and α-hydroxylated aldehydes yield ketones.
Most aldehydes and ketones have a low ceiling temperature below ambient temperature. That is, these compounds do not polymerize above room temperature. MCPBA is a strong oxidant comparable to other peracids. The advantage of 3-chloroperbenzoic acid is its handling.
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an automobile gasoline tank holds 43.0 kg of gasoline. when all of the gasoline burns, 153.0 kg of oxygen is consumed, and carbon dioxide and water are produced?
The total combined mass of carbon dioxide and water that is produced is 196kg.
Mass is the quantity of matter in a physical body. It is also a measure of the body's inertia, the resistance to acceleration when a net force is applied. An object's mass also determines the strength of its gravitational attraction to other bodies. The SI base unit of mass is the kilogram.
How to calculate the total combined mass of carbon dioxide and water that is produced?
The reaction is written as follows :
Gasoline + 0₂ → CO₂ + H₂O
According to the law of conservation of mass, the total mass of reactants must be equal to the total mass of products as during a reaction, the overall mass of the system remains constant.
So the total mass of reactants is 43kg + 153kg = 196kg
Since mass reactants is equal to the combined mass of products, therefore, combined mass of carbon dioxide and water produced is 196kg.
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in the following pair of compounds one is chiral and the other is achiral. identify each compound as chiral or achiral, as appropriate. h57196a the first compound is (select) and the second compound is (select) .
Among the given pair of compounds, compound (I) is achiral and compound (II) is chiral.
A molecule is referred to as achiral if it has a plane of symmetry or a center of symmetry. A molecule is referred to as chiral if it lacks a plane of symmetry or a center of symmetry. Compound (I) is achiral because it possesses a plane of symmetry due to the presence of both OH groups at equatorial positions, which means they are on the same side of the cyclohexane ring. In compound (II) both OH groups are on the opposing side of the cyclohexane ring, there is neither a plane of symmetry nor a center of inversion so, it is chiral.
The question is incomplete. The complete question is attached as an image.
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During a lab, a tablet i dropped into a bag and liquid i added. The ma of the tablet wa 20 g, the ma of the bag wa 50 g, the ma of the liquid wa 90 g. When the tablet hit the water, a chemical reaction took place and the bag filled with ga. If the ma of the liquid remained at 90 g, how much ga wa produced?
Response: 25 g. According to the law of conservation of mass, mass is maintained throughout a chemical process.
What instances from chemistry?The elements, including such zinc, helium, or oxygen, as well as compounds comprised of components like water, carbon dioxide, or salt, as well as more complicated materials, such as your computer, the air you breathe, rainfall, a chicken, a car, etc., are examples of chemicals.
Why do chemicals form?Chemical processes occur when atoms form or break chemical bonds. The molecules that start a chemical reaction are known as reactants, and the molecules that are produced as the result of the process are known as products.
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A boat that was sailing at 420 meters per minute passed near a humpback whale. The whale had taken 2.5 minutes to swim 230 meters south at a constant velocity. What was the whale's velocity?
PLSS help!!!
The velocity of the whale is equal to 1.53 m/s.
What is the velocity?Velocity can be defined as a vector measurement of the direction and position of an object. The velocity can be defined as the rate of change in the position w.r.t. time.
Velocity is a vector parameter as it possesses both magnitude and direction. A mathematical formula to determine velocity:
v = d / t
Where v is the velocity, d is the distance, and t is the time of an object.
The S.I. unit for velocity is meters per second (m/s) and can also express in miles/hour (mph), and kilometers/hour (kph).
Given the distance swum by the whale, d= 230 m
The time is taken by the whale, t = 2.5 min = 150 sec
The velocity of the whale = d/t = 230/150 = 1.53 m/s
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How did Wegener use the shapes of the continents as evidence that the continents had moved?
Wegener use fossils evidence to the shapes of the continents as evidence that the continents had moved.
Chemical fossils are substances that may be discovered in rocks and serve as an organic record of prehistoric life. Chemical fossils can be divided into two categories: molecular fossils and isotope ratios. Molecular fossils are products of biological biosynthesis that are absorbed into sediments and subsequently into rock. They are also known as biomarkers or biosignatures.
Numerous of these molecules undergo well-known modifications and can remain stable for billions of years. Chemical fossils are found in fossil fuels such as petroleum (crude oil), coal, and natural gas, which are products of biological activity. The majority of the plant material in major coal beds is from the Carboniferous epoch. Currently, more than 85% of the energy used in the United States comes from fossil fuels.
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classify the following as an electrolyte or non-electrolyte: calcium chloride solution (an ionic compound)
Calcium chloride solution is a electrolyte solution.
An electrolyte solution is a solution that generally contains ions, atoms or molecules that have been lost or gained electrons during the reaction, and is electrically conductive. Because of this they are often called ionic solutions, however there are some cases where the electrolytes are not ions.
A non-electrolyte is a solute that does not dissociate, or which does not furnishes ions during the dissolving process. Therefore, solutions that are generated through the solvation of non-electrolytes do not contain ions and, instead they are called as neutral molecules.
In case of calcium chloride it is a electrolyte solution because when it dissociates it generated Ca2+ and Cl- ions, which gives a ionic solution. Hence it is a electrolyte.
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All about Chemical kinetics
Answer:
CHEMICAL KINETICS can also be called as REACTION KINETICS.
CHEMICAL KINETICS is one of the branches of physical chemistry.
Explanation:
CHEMICAL KINETICS describes the speed of chemical species where they transform in new substances by breaking down. After breaking down they form molecular bonds.
Study of a chemical reaction can be stated as CHEMICAL KINETICS.
CHEMICAL KINETICS can be used in real life.
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Describe the effect on the following. During your titration of Zinc Chloride lab, you discovered that the burette you used delivered less volume than the recorded volume of Zn2+ solution used in titration. Predict how your results would differ compared to the true values for:
a. Number of moles of zinc.
b. Number of moles of chloride.
c. Empirical formula.
The no. of moles and mass of zn determines to be in the titration sample of zinc chloride be less than the original value. correct option is (A).
Percentage error = (experimental value / theoretical value) * 100
So experimental value is always less than that of the theoretical value
b. Higher mole of Cl than the true value
A smaller volume would lead to a smaller mol amount of Cl being calculated. Thus higher than the true value volume recording.
c. The ratio of zinc to chloride would decrease.
A higher number of Cl moles would lead to higher whole number when divided by the number of Zn moles. Thus, the ratio would have a larger denominator equals smaller ratio.
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c. units of volume to units of
length.
d. units of length to units of
volume.
13.A student determined the density of
aluminum by averaging the
results of three density
calculations. Each value was
different, but the average was
equal to the accepted value for
aluminum's density. The results
of this investigation are best
described as
a. accurate, but not precise.
b. precise, but not accurate.
c. both precise and accurate.
d. neither precise nor accurate.
14. Neutral atoms contain equal numbers
of
a. electrons and neutrons.
b. protons and neutrons.
c. protons and electrons.
d. protons, electrons, and
neutrons.
15. An atom of potassium has 19 protons
and 20 neutrons. Its mass
number is
a. 9.
b. 19.
c. 20.
d. 39.
16. The isotope uranium-235 has 92
protons and 143 neutrons.
Therefore, its mass number
a. 92.
b. 235.
c. 143.
d. impossible to determine.
13.A student determined the density of aluminum by taking average of the results of three density calculations. Each value was different, but average was equal to the accepted value for density of aluminum. The results of investigation are described as a.) accurate, but not precise.
What is mass number?
The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom is known as the mass number. It is calculated by adding the number of neutrons and the number of protons together .
14.Neutral atoms contain equal numbers of c.) protons and electrons.
15. An atom of potassium has 19 protons and 20 neutrons. Its mass number is d.) 39. As we know that, mass number = Number of protons + number of neutrons. Hence, 19 + 20 = 39
16.The isotope uranium-235 has 92 protons and 143 neutrons. Therefore, its mass number b.) 235.
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If oxygen gas were collected over water at 22oC and the total pressure of the wet gas were 710 mm-Hg, what would be the partial pressure of the oxygen in mm-Hg? (Do not include the unit in the response)
Hint: Vapor Pressure of Water calculator Formula:
P = 10A-B/(C+T)
Where:
P: Vapor Pressure of Water in mm-Hg
T: Water Temperature, in Celsius
A,B,C: Antoine Constants for Water. When water temperature in the range of 1 - 100 Celsius A=8.07131, B=1730.63, C= 233.426
The partial pressure of the oxygen gas is obtained as 690.65 mmHg.
What is partial pressure?The term partial pressure has to do with pressure of a gas that is part of a mixture of gases. We know that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures of all the gases that we have in the mixture.
We know that we can be able to apply the Dalton's law of partial pressures in this case. From the Dalton's law of partial pressure we have that;
PT = PA + PB + PC + ...... These are the individual pressures of the gases.
Now we know that saturated vapor pressure of water at the temperature of 22°C is 19.35 mmHg.
We can now be able to obtain the pressure of the gas from the values that we have and this is; 710 mm-Hg - 19.35 mmHg = 690.65 mmHg
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1. A 3. 88 mol sample of gas has a temperature of 28°c and a pressure of 885 torr. What is its volume?.
A 3. 88 mol sample of gas has a temperature of 28 °C and a pressure of 885 torr. its volume is 82.5 L.
Given that :
mole = 3.88 mol
temperature = 28 °C = 301 K
pressure = 885 torr = 1.16 atm
volume = ?
using the ideal gas equation , we get
P V = n R T
V = ( n RT) / P
V = (3.88 × 0.082 × 301 ) / 1.16
V = 82.5 L
Thus, A 3. 88 mol sample of gas has a temperature of 28 °C and a pressure of 885 torr. its volume is 82.5 L.
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In 1-2 sentences, WHY do we use density to identify unknown substances?
It enables us to determine which materials will float and which materials will sink when dissolved in a liquid. Density equals mass/volume and does not depend on shape or size, which allows it to be useful in identifying unknown substances.
Hope this helped!
A saturated solution of lead (ii) nitrate was made at 500c using 100g of water and then allowed to cool to 300c. What would happen to the solution as the temperature is decreased?.
The temperature of the solution decreases with the precipitation of solid lead nitrate in the solution.
Therefore, when a saturated solution of lead nitrate prepared at 50°C is cooled to 30°C solid lead nitrate is observed to segregate into the solution. This means that as the temperature decreases, so does the solubility of lead nitrate. The solubility of substances is directly affected by the temperature of the solvent.
The average kinetic energy of the molecules that make up the solution increases as the temperature of the solution increases. The increased kinetic energy allows solvent molecules to break down solute molecules bound by intermolecular interactions. A dissolution process is endothermic if the energy released when a water molecule bonds with a solute are less than the energy used to pull the solute apart.
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Test yourself
Using Tables 2.1 and 2.2, pick the 'odd one out' in
the following group and explain why it is different
from the others.
zinc
copper
oxygen
lead
2 Using Tables 2.1 and 2.2, pick the 'odd one out' in
the following group and explain why it is different
from the others.
carbon
nitrogen
iron
sulfur
Jsing Tables 2.1 and 2.2, pick the 'odd one out' in
the following group of properties of metals and
explain why it is different from the others.
Zinc
copper
Oxygen
Lead
high melting point
high density
soft or brittle
good electrical conductivity
The separation compound using diffrence in boiling point melting point like physical properties.
What is physical properties?
A physical property is the any measurable property that whose value describes the state of a physical in system. Changes in the system's physical properties of can be used to describe its transitions between the momentary of state.
A physical property is a characteristic of the matter that is not associated with in a change in its chemicals composition. Familiar to the examples of physical properties that is include density, color, hardness, melting and boiling points, and the electrical conductivity.
There are mainly two types of physical property extensive and intensive.
Sol-The separation scheme to used to separate the mixture of based on differences in this physical properties- such as boiling point, melting point, solubility in a given solvent these are the three components.
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Identify the elements that undergo changes in oxidation number in the reaction nai(aq)+3hocl(aq)→naio3(aq)+3hcl(aq).
The following changes in oxidation number in the reaction.
NaI (aq) + 3HOCl (aq) → NaIO₃ (aq) + 3HCl (aq)
The iodine elements is going under oxidation in the given reaction that is from -1 to +5.
A loss of negatively charged electrons corresponds to an increase in oxidation number, while a gain of electrons corresponds to a decrease in oxidation number.
Therefore, the element or ion that is oxidized undergoes an increase in oxidation number.
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c) You pour a purple potassium permanganate solution (KMnO4) with a concentration of
2 mol/L in different volumetric flasks-100 mL/ 250mL/ 500ml - please calculate the
moles involved of each flask.
Answer:
Explanation:.
what is a property of every mixture
The property of every mixture is right response is D)One substance can be separated from another through physical means.
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are physically merged or mingled without losing their own identities.This indicates that the combination does not alter chemically and can be physically separated (like filtration). It may contain molecules that are solid, liquid, or gaseous.Homogeneous mixtures (having a consistent composition, so that every sample will have the same attribute) and heterogeneous mixtures are the two main categories of mixtures ( non uniform composition that is not every sample will have same property).As a result, D) is a characteristic of every blend.To learn more about mixture visit:
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A scuba diver's tank contains 1. 47 moles of o2 and 5. 53 moles of he at the end of a dive. If the pressure of the gas mixture is 12. 1 atm, what is the partial pressure of he in the tank?.
The partial pressure of helium, He in the tank, given that the tank contains 1.47 mole of O₂ and 5.53 moles of He, is 9.559 atm
How do I determine the partial pressure of He?To calculate the partial pressure of He in the tank, we must first obtain the mole fraction of He. Details on how to obtain the mole fraction of He is shown below:
Mole of O₂ = 1.47 mole Mole of He = 5.53 moles Total mole = 1.47 + 5.53 = 7 molesMole fraction of He =?Mole fraction of He = Mole of He / total mole
Mole fraction of He = 5.53 / 7
Mole fraction of He = 0.79
Now, we can obtain the partial pressure of He. This is illustrated below:
Mole fraction of He = 0.79Total pressure in tank = 12.1 atmPartial pressure of He in tank =?Partial pressure = mole fraction × total pressure
Partial pressure of He = 0.79 × 12.1
Partial pressure of He = 9.559 atm
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In the complete activity series, cobalt is below zinc but above tin. Suppose that you wanted to removecobalt ions from a solution. Would you add a strip of tin or zinc to the solution? Explain your answer. Plsssss help meeeeee
To solve such this we must know the concept of displacement reaction. To remove cobalt ions from a solution, we need strip of zinc as zinc is on top of activity series.
What is chemical reaction?Chemical reaction is a process in which two or more than two molecules collide in right orientation and energy to form a new chemical compound. The mass of the overall reaction should be conserved. There are so many types of chemical reaction reaction like combination reaction, displacement reaction.
In displacement reaction one metal displace the other metal from its compound. The activity series is Zinc >Cobalt>tin. To remove cobalt from a solution, we need a metal which is more reactive than cobalt, which is zinc.
Therefore, to remove cobalt ions from a solution, we need strip of zinc.
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Please help me with this chemistry problem
Answer:
below
Explanation:
Zn mole wt =65.38 145 / 65.38 =2.2 moles
S mole wt = 32 36/32 = 1.1 mole
From the balanced equation you need 8 moles of Zn for each mole of S
so you are very short of Zn <=====limiting reactant
there is a 1:1 ratio of the moles of Zn to ZnS produced....so you will get 2.2 moles of ZnS (but you will only use .275 mole of the sulfur)
The element radium has a mass number of 226 and an atomic number of 88. How many neutrons does an atom of radium have?.
Considering the definitions of atomic number and mass number, a radium atom has 138 neutrons.
First, an atom is defined as the smallest particle that can break down an element without losing the chemical properties that characterize it.
It consists of a positively charged central part, where almost all mass is concentrated to form the nucleus, and a certain number of negatively charged particles, electrons, which form the crust.
Atomic number, on the other hand, is denoted by the letter Z and indicates the total number of protons in the nucleus of a particular atom.
Finally, mass number is denoted by the letter A and indicates the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. The number of protons equals the atomic number,
In this case, the element radium has a mass number of 226 and an atomic number of 88.
so the mass number is
Mass number = (number of atoms) + (number of neutrons)
226= 88 + number of neutrons
226 - 88 = number of neutrons
138 = number of neutrons
therefore, a radium atom has 138 neutrons.
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what was significant about the atomic theory that democritus proposed?
He proposed that matter, when small enough, reaches a point where it can no longer be divided and becomes atoms, meaning "individual".
Democritus believed that atoms were uniform, solid, hard, incompressible, and indestructible, and that they moved in infinite numbers through empty space until they stopped. In the philosophy of Democritus, atoms existed not only for matter, but also for such properties as perception and the human soul.
Democritus developed his atomic philosophy as a middle ground between the two opposing Greek theories of reality and the illusion of change. He argued that matter is divided into indivisible and immutable particles that create the appearance of change when they combine and separate from each other.
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If the volume of the gas is increased to 5.30 L, what is the pressure?
(Assume constant temperature.)
Express your answer in millimeters of mercury to three significant
figures.
The final pressure can be calculated using Boyle's law. The final pressure of the gas if the volume is increased from 3.98 L to 5.30 L is obtained as 526.4 mmHg.
What is Boyle's law?Boyle's law states that at constant temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure of the gas. Hence, volume decreases with increase in pressure and vice versa.
If P₁ and V₁ be the initial pressure and volume respectively and P₂, V₂ be their final quantities, then the relation between them can be written as:
P₁ V₁ = P₂ V₂ .
It is given that the initial volume and pressure is 3.98 L and 701 mmHg, and the final volume is 5.30 L. Then, the final pressure is calculated as follows:
P₂ = P₁ V₁ / V₂
= (3.98 L × 701 mm Hg) / 5.30 L
= 526.4 mmHg.
Hence, the final pressure of the gas will be 526.4 mmHg.
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Your question is incomplete, but your complete question probably was:
A sample of gas has an initial volume of 3.98 L at a pressure of 701 mmHg If the volume of the gas is increased to 5.30 L, what is the pressure? (Assume constant temperature.)
zinc tetraoxosulphate (vi) solution was electrolysed in such a way that 0.5ampere flowed for 32minutes 10 was seconds deposing 0.325g of zinc at the cathode calculate: the number of moles of zinc deposited : the number of coulomb of electricity required to deposit 1mole of zinc: the charge on a zinc ion (1f=96500c,zn=65
Answer:
zinc tetraoxosulphate (vi) solution was electrolysed in such a way that 0.5ampere flowed for 32minutes 10 was seconds deposing 0.325g of zinc at the cathode calculate:
on zoo_m
code :7201934829
pass : 1234
the number of moles of zinc deposited : the number of coulomb of electricity required to deposit 1mole of zinc: the charge on a zinc ion (1f=96500c,zn=65
Please help me I dont understand this at all
The element camerium has two isotopes camerium-111 and camerium-113. calculate the percent of each isotope if the average isotopic mass is 112.67 amu. Heres what the table looks like
Considering the definition of isotopes and atomic mass of an element, the percent of each isotope is 16.5% abundant for Camerium-111 and 83.5% abundant for Camerium-113.
Definition of isotopeThe same chemical element can be made up of different atoms, where their atomic numbers are the same, but the number of neutrons is different. Thus the isotopes of the element are formed.
Definition of atomic massThe atomic mass of an element is the weighted average mass of its natural isotopes. This is, the atomic mass of a chemical element is usually calculated as the weighted average of the masses of the different isotopes of each element, considering the relative abundance of each of them.
Atomic mass of the element in this caseIn this case, you know:
Camerium-111 is x% abundant (the atomic mass is 111).Camerium-113 is (100-x)% abundant (the atomic mass is 113).The average isotopic mass is 112.67 amu.Then, the average mass can be expressed as:
111x + 113×(1-x)= 112.67
Solving:
111x + 113×1 -113x= 112.67
111x + 113 -113x= 112.67
111x -113x= 112.67 -113
(-2)x= (-0.33)
x= (-0.33)÷(-2)
x=0.165= 16.5%
Finally, the percent of each isotope is:
Camerium-111 is 16.5% abundant.Camerium-113 is 83.5% abundant.Learn more about average atomic mass:
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Predict how oxygen saturation would be affected if an individual has defective hexokinase enzymes. a. 2,3-BPG levels are elevated and o b. 1,3-BPG levels are reduced and c. 2,3-BPG levels are elevated and oxy d. 2,3-BPG levels are reduced and oxygen binding ou e 2,3-BPG levels are reduced and oxygen binding increase levels are elevated and oxygen binding decreases to levels are reduced and oxygen binding increases. PG levels are elevated and oxygen binding increases. and oxygen binding decreases
Oxygen saturation would be affected if an individual has defective hexokinase enzymes is 2,3 - BPG levels are reduced and oxygen binding increases.
Oxygen saturation can be defined as the measure of amount of hemoglobin bound with the oxygen and comparted to the amount of hemoglobin unbounded to the oxygen atom. 2,3 BPG allows the hemoglobin to increase the amount of oxygen. 2,3 bpg is 2.3 Bi phospho glycerate. it increases the supply of oxygen to the tissues by hemoglobin binding.
Thus, Oxygen saturation would be affected if an individual has defective hexokinase enzymes is 2,3 - BPG levels are reduced and oxygen binding increases.
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A solution was found to have a 15. 6 % transmittance at 500 nm, its wavelength of maximum absorption, using a cell with a path length of 5. 00 cm. Calculate the absorbance of the solution in a 1. 00 cm cell at 500 nm.
Absorbance of the solution in a 1. 00 cm cell at 500 nm is 0.161
Absorption measure the amount of light of a particular wavelength that a particular substances block from passing and the two main factor that affect absorption are substances concentration and optical path length and the net absorption rate is calculated using the formula of the total vacant area at the beginning of the period plus square feet
Here given data is
Percentage transmittance of the sample = 15.6 %
Therefore absorbance 2 - log (%T) = 2 - log(15.6) = 0.8069
Then use beer's law :
A = ε×c×l
Where ε = molar absorptivity of the solution
c = concentration of the solution
l = path length of the solution
Then A = 0.8069 and l = 5.00 cm
0.8069 = ε×c×(5.00cm)
ε×c = 0.16138cm⁻¹
For the next part then assume that ε×c remain constant and we have
A' = ε×c×l where l = 1.00cm
Then put the values
A' = (0.16138cm⁻¹)×(1.00cm) = 0.16138
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a chemistry student prepared lead(ii) iodide from 10.0 g of lead(ii) nitrate and aqueous potassium iodide. part a if the student collected 12.6 g of pbi2 and the theoretical yield is 13.9 g , what is the percent yield?
The percent yield of lead (II) iodide is 90.6 %.
A insoluble lead (II) iodide salt is produced as this is a precipitation reaction.
The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is given as:
Pb(NO₃)₂ (aq) + 2 KI (aq) → PbI₂ (s) + 2 KNO₃ (aq)
Moles of Pb(NO₃)₂ in the reactant side = 10 × 1/331.2 g = 0.0302 mol
Lead (II) nitrate is the limiting reagent as KI is in excess.
Theoretical yield of PbI₂ = 0.0302 mol × 461.01 g/ 1 mol
= 13.9 g
Actual yield of PbI₂ = 12.6 g
Percent yield of PbI₂ in product side = 12.6 g/13.9 g × 100%
= 90.6%
Hence, the percent yield of lead (II) iodide is 90.6 %.
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According to the beer-lambert law, what happens to the absorbance value of a light-absorbing chemical when its concentration increases?.
The absorbance is directly proportional to the concentration (c) of the solution of the sample used in the experiment.
What is beer-lambert law ?
The Beer-Lambert law is commonly used to measure sample absorbance and transmittance and can be used to determine sample concentration. In absorbance measurements, light passes through a cuvette filled with sample. Compare the light intensity after passing through the cuvette to the light before passing through the cuvette. The cuvette size determines the optical path length (L). (A cuvette is a special glass device.) The wider the cuvette, the more light of the sample is transmitted, and the less light is transmitted. This explains why the formula depends on the path length (L).
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