Present Value
Stream A $1,251.247
Stream B $1,300.316 is the present values of the following cash flow streams at 8% compounded annually.
How to calculate Present Value?The present value of a future sum is the amount that would be invested today at the prevailing interest rate to have the sum
Stream A
(100 × 1.08^9-1) + (400× 1.08^-2) + (400× 1.08^-3) + (400× 1.08^-4) + (300× 1.08^-5) = $1,251.247
Stream B
(300 × 1.08^9-1) + (400× 1.08^-2) + (400× 1.08^-3) + (400× 1.08^-4) + (100× 1.08^-5) = $1,300.316
Present Value
Stream A $1,251.247
Stream B $1,300.316
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The balance in retained earnings equals all net income, less all dividends, since the company began operations.
a. trueb. false
The balance in retained earnings equals all net income, less all dividends, since the company began operations.is true.
What is represented by the retained profits balance?The amount of profit a business keeps after paying all of its direct and indirect expenses, income taxes, and dividends to share holders is known as retained profits. This is the percentage of the company's equity that may be utilized, for example, to fund the purchase of new machinery, research and development, and marketing.Although these two words are similar, they are not the same. The amount left over after deducting expenses from revenue is known as net income. Retained earnings, on the other hand, are the remaining net income after dividend payments.To learn more about retained earnings refer to:
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operations managers at all-metal corporation have found that they can achieve efficient production only by having very large quantities of steel available at all times. this indicates that all-metal uses a(n) production process.
Management teams at Metal Corporation have discovered that having quantities on hand at all times is the best way to ensure efficient manufacturing. This suggests that production used by metal is continuous.
What does a manager of operations do?Operations managers typically are in charge of their company's overall strategy. Process, purchasing, administration, human capital, inventory, and IT management fall within their purview. Organizations cannot remain operational without them.
Role of manager operations?The assistance you give customers to make their transactions with you easy and enjoyable, both during and after they buy and use your products or services, is referred to as service quality. You must offer excellent customer service if you want to retain customers and grow your business.
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On January 2, The Public Legal Clinic issued Check 2108 for $370 to establish a petty cash fund. Indicate how this transaction would be recorded in a cash payments journal.
To create the petty cash fund, make the following journal entry: debit Petty cash fund account ($430), credit cash account ($430).
What is petty cash fund?A petty cash fund's main objective is to give business units enough money to pay for small expenses. The purpose is to make it easier for staff workers and visitors to get reimbursed for little expenses like taxi rides, postage, office supplies, and other things that often don't cost more than $25.00.
The data can also come from of the petty cash fund. Add up all of the expenses that are mentioned on each petty cash vouchers in the petty cash fund. This sum should be deducted from the calculated cash withdrawal amount. The outcome ought to be 0. There is an excess of cash in the fund if there is a residual balance.
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which employee group was not included in the nlrb decision identifying categories of hospital workers permitted to organize in a bargaining unit?
The categories of hospital workers permitted to organize in a bargaining unit is managers in the middle.
What is organizing?Organizing is the establishment of effective authority relationships among selected works, persons and work places in order for the group to work together efficiently, or the process of dividing work into sections and departments.Which coordinates human efforts, arranges resources and incorporates the two in such a way which helps in the achievement of objectives. It involves deciding the ways and means with which the plans can be implemented.To learn more about efficiently refer to:
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how does neoclassical economist gary becker come to the conclusion that women may purposely seek less-demanding, lower-paying work and that any experience they build will be in jobs with poor pay and benefits (start with the three assumptions)?
Increased returns on human capital investments, the fact that women shoulder a disproportionate amount of the cost of childcare and home maintenance, and the fact that leisure is more exhausting than childcare and household maintenance. According to the first, increasing one's time spent in a particular market employment will boost production and, thus, pay. If women spend less time outside the home than males do, then presumably they are less talented. The second and third points out that women are likely to have less energy for any market work they may undertake if males only have to choose between work and leisure while women also have to care for the home and children. As a result, people actively seek out lower-paying, simpler jobs as well as any human capital they can gather.
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when evaluating manager performance of an international business, the text lists several items that should be allowed for since managers would have no control over them. which three items are included in that list?
The text lists several factors that should be taken into account when evaluating the performance of international business managers, including interest rates, transfer prices, and tax rates.
Which three factors would make capital budgeting more difficult for an international company?The three main external factors that have an impact on multinational companies' budgets are interest rates, inflation, and foreign currency exchange rates. Chief financial officers are aware that they have no control over this "Bermuda Triangle" of external factors.
What is the purpose of financial reporting for businesses?An organization's economic resources, claims to those resources, and shifts in those resources and claims should all be included in financial reporting.
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in deciding whether to study for an economics test or go to a movie, one is confronted by the idea(s) of
In deciding whether to study for an economics test or go to a movie, one is confronted by the ideas of scarcity and opportunity costs.
What does opportunity cost mean?
The worth of what you forgo while deciding between two or more possibilities is known as opportunity cost. Every decision involves trade-offs, and opportunity cost refers to the gains you could have gained by going in one route rather than the other. Opportunity costs are the possible advantages that a person, investor, or company forgoes while deciding between two options. Opportunity costs are by definition invisible, making it simple to ignore them.
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suppose that the gdp of california increases by 12% each year. how long will it take for the gdp of california to double? round your answer to one digit after the decimal.
A country's economy is said to be growing when the value of its goods and services rises, generating more revenue for companies.
What is a simple definition of GDP?5 years long will it take for the Gdp of California to double. round your answer to one digit after the decimal.GDP calculates the monetary value of the final goods and services—those purchased by the consumer—produced in a nation during a specific time period (say a quarter or a year).It accounts for all the output produced inside a nation's boundaries.GDP is calculated as private consumption plus gross domestic product plus government investment plus (exports – imports).The country's national statistical office often uses the international standard to compute GDP.Growth is the term used to describe the physical process of growth, particularly the act of physically expanding. It is quantitative, which means that it can be measured, and genetics mostly determines it. For instance, Number of years to double = 70/annual growth rateNumber of years to double = 70/14%
Number of years to double = 5 years
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Gary and Florence are hired at the same time for the same position. They are both equally qualified, but Florence, who is blind, is paid less because the company thinks she will not be able to complete as much work as Gary. This is an example of
ethnic discrimination
disability discrimination
racial discrimination
religious discrimination
please answer this aspa!
identify which way the labor supply curve would shift under the following scenarios.
Identify which way the labor supply curve would shift under the following scenarios - Left.
within the performing arts, a state of affairs is a synoptical college of an occasion or series of actions and activities. within the commedia dell'arte, it became an outline of entrances, exits, and action describing the plot of a play, and turned into literally pinned to the returned of the surroundings. it is also called canovaccio or "that that's pinned to the canvas" of which the scenery was constructed. Surviving situations from the Renaissance contain little other than individual names, short descriptions of action, and references to unique lazzi without a further clarification. it's miles believed that a state of affairs fashioned the premise for a completely improvisational performance, although it's also likely that they have been simple reminders of the plot for those participants of the solid who have been literate. modern commedia troupes most usually employ a script with varying tiers of extra improvisation.
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true or false? the more completely you use the marketing hub, the better the individual tools can help you. true false
This is accurate since the separate tools will support you more effectively the more fully you utilize the marketing center.
Which definition of marketing suits it the best?Sales promotion refers to what a business does to induce the purchase or sale of a service or item. Promoting, selling, and delivering goods to customers or other firms are all included in marketing. Affiliates perform some marketing on behalf of the firm.
Why is marketing so crucial?The benefit to having for your company is that it engages consumers and helps customers decide whether it should sell your services or goods. A marketing strategy, which is a component of your company plan, also aids in establishing and sustaining demand, relevance, reputation, competitiveness, etc.
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A manager is using the organization’s erp software to generate a report that links its human resources data to its overall financial performance. What is one type of hr data that the erp accounting module could factor into this report?.
The one type of hr data that the ERP accounting module could factor into this report is The employee's payroll and benefits.
What is an report?A Report refers as a document or statement that highlights the key issues or events of any organization and helps them to know the internal and external factors causing an effect on them.
It can be used by internal and external stakeholders to assess employee productivity, health, diversity, and inclusiveness. It also helps to get more information on workforce planning.
It helps to make better-informed decisions regarding boosting employee health and corporate performance is made possible.
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fully developed data warehouse or a pure data lake are the only two choices for large analytical data repositories. group of answer choices true false
It is true that fully developed data warehouse or pure data lake are only two choices for the large analytical data repositories.
What is a warehouse?Wholesalers, transport companies, manufacturers, importers, exporters, customs, etc. all use warehouses. On the edges of cities, towns, or villages, they are typically massive, basic structures in industrial parks. Docks for loading and unloading cargo from lorries are typically present in warehouses. Sometimes warehouses are made specifically for loading and unloading cargo from airplanes, ships, and railroads. For transferring items, which are often put on ISO standard pallets and then loaded into pallet racks, they frequently use cranes and forklifts. Any raw materials, packing materials, spare parts, components, or completed commodities related to manufacturing, production, and agriculture can be classified as stored goods. A "godown" is a term used to describe a warehouse in India and Hong Kong.
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as outlined in the video, chip conley works to create an environment where his employees are paid appropriately, are able to socialize, and are provided with ongoing education. which one of the motivational theories listed in the chapter best aligns with what chip is working to achieve?
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a psychological concept proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper "A Theory of Human Motivation" in the journal Psychological Review.
What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs ?Maslow later expanded the concept to include his observations of humans' innate curiosity.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a motivation theory that holds that five categories of human needs govern an individual's behavior. These needs include physiological requirements, safety requirements, love and belonging requirements, esteem requirements, and self-actualization requirements.
The hierarchy of needs is a theory developed by psychologist Abraham Maslow that explains human behavior in terms of basic survival and growth needs that are arranged according to their importance for survival and ability to motivate an individual.
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a 20-year municipal bond is currently priced at par to yield 5.53 percent. for a taxpayer in the 33 percent tax bracket, what equivalent taxable yield would this bond offer?
Equivalent Yield is a weighted average of the Net Initial Yield and Reversionary Yield and represents the return a property will produce based upon the timing of the income received.
What Is the Tax-Equivalent Yield? The tax-equivalent yield is the return that a taxable bond would need to equal the yield on a comparable tax-exempt municipal bond. The calculation is a tool that investors can use to compare the returns between a tax-free investment and a taxable alternative.Tax-equivalent yield is determined by taking the yield of a tax-exempt bond and dividing it by one minus an investor's federal income tax bracket.Tax-equivalent yield is a way to measure the return on a taxable bond or other investment to make it equal to the return associated with a tax-exempt bond or investment.Tax-equivalent yield is determined by taking the yield of a tax-exempt bond and dividing it by one minus an investor's federal income tax bracket. In this instance, the tax-equivalent yield of the tax-exempt bond (5.15%) is greater than the 4.0% yield of the taxable bond by 1.15%.
Tax-equivalent yield = interest rate ÷ (1 – tax rate)
We have given that
Marginal tax bracket or tax rate = 33%
currently priced yield = 7.2 %
Equivalent taxable yield = Yield / ( 1 - Tax% )
= 7.2% / ( 1 - 33% )
= 0.072 /(1-0.33)
= 0.072/0.67
= 0.10746
= 10.75%
Hence, total equivalent Taxable yield for taxpayer is 10.75%.
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when a monopoly creates a situation whereby society must suffer and pay higher prices for less output, then what do we call this situation.
When a monopoly creates a situation whereby society must suffer and pay higher prices for less output, we call this situation loss of inefficiency.
What do you understand by monopoly?
A pure monopoly is a single seller in a market or sector
A monopoly is a market arrangement where one producer or seller holds a disproportionate amount of power within a certain market. Monopolies are forbidden in free-market economies as they limit customer alternatives and impede competition.
A company that has monopoly status lacks replacements for its goods and faces little internal rivalry. Monopolies have the power to set prices and erect obstacles to entry for rival businesses.
Companies can become monopolies by vertically integrating their operations to control the whole supply chain from manufacturing to sales, or by acquiring rival businesses to become the only manufacturer.
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Every month, noah takes home around $2,000. He uses $1,000 to cover his share of rent, utilities, transportation, and groceries. He uses around $650 on entertainment, eating out with friends, and other incidentals. The other $350, he divides between saving for emergencies and paying his student loans. What money management strategy is noah using?.
The money management strategy Noah is using is the 50-30-20 Method.
Hence, the relevant option is option (b).
Give a brief account on the 50-30-20 Method.The 50/30/20 guideline states that you should set aside a certain amount of money each month to satisfy your needs, goals, and savings.
The 50/30/20 budgeting rule states that you should spend 50% of your income on essentials, 30% on wants, and 20% on savings. It's a simple strategy that works for people who want to categorize all of their expenses into one of only three groups before adjusting their spending and saving habits as needed.
Finding out how much money you can set away for your needs, wants, savings, and debt is the first step. Think about the case where your monthly after-tax income was $6,000 per month. In this scenario, you would have $1,200 in debt, $3,000 in needs, $1,800 in wants, and $800 in savings in addition to $800 in savings. Now that you know how much you can spend in each category under the 50/30/20 rule budget, the question of which costs go where arises.
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The complete question is given below :
Every month, Noah takes home around $2,000. He uses $1,000 to cover his share of rent, utilities, transportation, and groceries. He uses around $650 on entertainment, eating out with friends, and other incidentals. The other $350, he divides between saving for emergencies and paying his student loans. What money management strategy is Noah using?
a. Pay yourself first
b. The 50-30-20 Method
c. The Categories Method
d. Investing in stocks
The ______ account records receipts from exports of goods and services sold abroad, payments for imports of goods and services from abroad, and ______.
The current account records receipts from exports of goods and services sold abroad, payments for imports of goods and services from abroad, and foreign aid. In economics, a nation's current account keeps tabs on the amount of its exports, imports, and foreign capital flows.
It is one of its balance of payments' two elements, together with the capital account (also known as the financial account). A current account is a personal checking or savings account from which you can withdraw funds whenever you want using a chequebook or cash card. His bank balance was significantly overdrawn. The value capital flows. between an economy's exports and imports over a specific time period is known as its current account.
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a firm that places its assets in the custody of a board of trustees is called a: group of answer choices trust. combination. cartel. all of these.
A firm that places its assets in the custody of a board of trustees is called:d.all of the above.
In monetary accounting, an asset is any resource owned or managed with the aid of a commercial enterprise or a financial entity. it's miles anything that may be used to produce wonderful economic price. property constitutes a fee of ownership that can be transformed into cash.
The property includes physical objects which include machinery, assets, uncooked materials, and inventory, and intangible objects like patents, royalties, and other highbrow belongings. An asset is a useful resource with the financial cost that an individual, organization, or united states own or controls with the expectancy that it will offer a destiny gain. assets are stated on an enterprise's stability sheet. they are categorized as current, constant, monetary, and intangible.
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judge drago has decided to set up an educational fund for his favorite granddaughter, emma, who will start college in one year. the judge plans to deposit an amount in a savings account that pays 9% annual interest he wants to deposit an amount that is sufficient to permit emma to withdraw $20,000 for tuition starting in one year and continuing each year for a total of four years. how much should he deposit today to provide emma with a fund to pay for her college tuition? (20 points)
Judge Drago shall deposit $64,800 today in accordance with the provided statement to give Emma a money to cover her college expenses.
What is a fund, exactly?A sort of investment known as a fund gathers money from several investors. The funds are then invested in a range of equities and bonds by fund managers. A fraction of the securities in the fund are divided among each investor in the form of units.
Briefing:The formula for determining the current value (PV) of such an ordinary annuity, which is denoted as follows, should be used as Judge Drago intends Emma to begin collecting $20,000 for tuition commencing in one year.
PV = P × [{1 - [1 ÷ (1+r)]^n} ÷ r] …………………………………. (1)
Where;
PV = Amount to deposit today =?
P = yearly withdrawal = $20,000
r = interest rate = 9%, or 0.09
n = number of years = 4
Equation (1) should be changed to reflect the values as follows:
PV = $20,000 × [{1 - [1 ÷ (1 + 0.09)]^4} ÷ 0.09]
= $20,000 × 3.24
PV = $64,800
As a result, Judge Drago needs to make a deposit of $64,800 today to just provide Emma money to cover her college expenses.
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The complete question is-
Judge Drago has decided to set up an educational fund for his favorite granddaughter, Emma, who will start college in one year. The judge plans to deposit an amount in a savings account that pays 7% annual interest. He wants to deposit an amount that is sufficient to permit Emma to withdraw $21,100 for tuition starting in one year and continuing each year for a total of four years. (FV of $1, PV of $1, FVA of $1, and PVA of $1) (Use the appropriate factor(s) from the tables provided.)How much should he deposit today to provide Emma with a fund to pay for her college tuition? (Round your answer to nearest whole dollar.)
Which employee is most likely to have a pension plan?
OA. A food bank volunteer
B. A part-time food server
OC. A family physician
D. A public school teacher
A public school teacher most likely to have a pension plan.
What does a pension plan mean?A pension plan is a type of employee benefits program created or maintained by an employer, an employee group (such a union), or both that offers retirement income or postpones income until the end of the covered employment period or beyond.
An employer must contribute to a fund that is set aside for a worker's future benefit in order to participate in a pension plan. When the worker retires, the earnings from the investments will provide income for the worker. The pool of cash is invested on the employee's behalf. In the U.S. private sector, traditional pension plans are getting harder to find.
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__________ are leased, dedicated lines suitable for businesses or government agencies requiring high-speed guaranteed service levels.
T1 and T3 lines are leased, dedicated lines suitable for businesses or government agencies requiring high-speed guaranteed service levels.
A government or state corporation, every now and then an appointed commission, is a permanent or semi-permanent business enterprise inside the equipment of the government that is answerable for the oversight and management of specific features, along with management. there's a great style of agency kinds.
A central authority organization is a permanent or semi-everlasting enterprise inside a national or country government. these groups are accountable for oversight or administration of a selected area, area, or place of study.
A special agent or federal agent is an investigator or detective for a governmental or unbiased enterprise, who primarily serves in crook investigatory positions. moreover, many federal and kingdom unique marketers function in "criminal intelligence" primarily based roles as properly.
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T1 and T3 lines are leased, dedicated lines suitable for businesses or government agencies requiring high-speed guaranteed service levels.
A commercial enterprise is described as an organization or enterprising entity engaged in industrial, industrial, or professional activities. groups can be for-earnings entities or non-earnings organizations. commercial enterprise types vary from restricted legal responsibility groups to sole proprietorships, organizations, and partnerships.
The most commonplace forms of business are sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, and S organization.
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true or false: the cost of debt on the market value basis is typically much higher than the cost of debt on the book value basis. true false question. true false
It is true that the cost of debt on a book value basis typically exceeds the cost of debt on a market value basis.
Bonds can be issued by a company to raise long-term funds that can be used to support current operations and make profitable investments in the future. The fluctuation of the market interest rate has no bearing on a bond's value.
If bondholders intend to keep their bonds until maturity, the yield to maturity would be considered the required rate of return. Alternately, this yield represents investors' willingness to accept the risk posed by the company itself and the market. The expected yield will be less influenced by the issue's coupon rate because a healthy business is thought to have less risk than other businesses. Having said that, the bond's market value will be close to its book value.
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the number of customers per day an organization's service delivery system is designed to serve within a certain time frame, is referred to as? the number of customers per day an organization's service delivery system is designed to serve within a certain time frame, is referred to as? service capacity capacity utilization service throughput productivity potential
The number of customers per day an organization's service delivery system is designed to serve within a certain time frame is referred to as service capacity
What is service capacity?
Generally, The production or service potential of a tangible capital asset (TCA), which is often defined by references to qualities such as the physical output capacity, quality of output, related running expenses, and usable life of the tangible capital asset.
Planning for capacity is the process of developing a system or strategy in advance with the purpose of ensuring that an organization can accept, contain, or transport its goods.
When it comes to the number or kinds of services, talents, or people that they supply, the projects that they manage, or the people or organizations that they serve, businesses simply cannot afford to make educated guesses.
The number of applicable units of service that can be produced by a specific facility or service program at that facility is referred to as the facility's or service program's service capacity, and the practical, maximum level of service production that can be achieved by a service program is referred to as the service program's service capacity.
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which statement is true about reporting unrealized gains and losses from available-for-sale securities?
Unrealized gains or losses are included in the balance sheet on the asset side as a result of the fair value treatment given to available for sale securities.
Unrealized Gains/Losses: What Are They?
Unrealized Gains or Losses are the changes in the paper worth of a company's various assets that have not yet been sold. The corporation will see gains or losses after selling such assets.
Additionally, it is known as "paper profit" or "paper loss." It can be compared to money on paper that the business anticipates will be realized when it sells the asset in the future. The business realizes gains (losses) and pays taxes on them when it sells the asset.
Unrealized gains/losses, also known as marked to market, are a key component of portfolio valuations, mutual fund NAV, and various tax laws.
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Angelina will be traveling worldwide as a goodwill ambassador for a nonprofit organization. She is asked to gather information and suggestions regarding the organizations’ next humanitarian outreach program. What strategy can best reduce any listening errors caused by cultural differences?.
Practice active listening and respect for one other's cultures as this will help to minimize any listening faults brought on by cultural differences.
What is active listening?For the purpose of demonstrating attention to the message being provided, active listening is the activity of getting ready to listen, observing the verbal and nonverbal cues being used, and then responding appropriately. This style of listening shows that the speaker and the listener have a shared understanding. When listeners are actively engaged, speakers get evidence that their points are being understood, and listeners learn more. Clear exchange of thoughts and ideas between the speaker and listener is the overarching purpose of active listening, which aims to do away with any potential misconceptions. Reflective listening is another name for it. Carl Rogers and Richard Farson popularized active listening.
This kind of listening shows that the listener and speaker are on the same page. A technique for listening to and responding to another person that promotes understanding between the two of you is active listening. Angelina can use this in this situation.
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Pete's Electronics is a small company that produces 8 gigabyte flash drives in a perfectly competitive market. The market price for 8 gigabyte flash drives is $15 each.
(draw line from 10 to 60 straight at $15)
Angles on a straight line complete with a multitude of points that can be set up in an orderly fashion. Straight line points amount to 180 degrees.
Characterize market cost.
The cost at which a decent or administration can right now be bought or sold is known as the market cost. The elements of market interest impact the market cost of a decent or administration.
Defining a boundary of the Amount 8GB blaze drives:
(Total Revenue, Marginal Revenue, Average Revenue)
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A good business meets_______needs
Choose the answer.
A) specialized
B) identified
C) future
D) likely
The best one that would fit in this question would be (C) Future.
when leaders decide to either give salary increases to their employees or withhold any salary increases, which of the following types of power do they exercise? a.expert b.informal c.referent d.coercive e.reward
When leaders decide to either give salary increases to their employees or withhold any salary increases, reward is the types of power they exercise.
What is a reward power?The official authority provided to a work leader to bestow incentives on other employees is known as the reward power. A leader's position inside a corporation determines the source of power since it is position power. A manager or supervisor who encourages people to perform better is an example of someone with reward power.It's a leadership tactic used to make the most of workers' talents by rewarding them with money, bonuses, incentives, a raise in pay, or additional vacation time. The advantages are offered to motivate staff to work harder and more productively. It restores performance's vigour and effectiveness.The capacity of a group member to offer a positive incentive as a compliance-gaining tactic gives them the authority known as reward power, whereas the ability to offer a negative incentive gives them the power known as coercive power.Learn more about reward power refer to :
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What role does the price index play for understanding family budget expenditures ?
Answer:
Explanation:
Consumer Price Index (CPI) Explained: What It Is and How It's Used
8 minute and 31 second read time
By JASON FERNANDO Updated December 13, 2022
Reviewed by PETER WESTFALL
Fact checked by PETE RATHBURN
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
Investopedia / Katie Kerpel
What Is the Consumer Price Index (CPI)?
The Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the monthly change in prices paid by U.S. consumers. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) calculates the CPI as a weighted average of prices for a basket of goods and services representative of aggregate U.S. consumer spending.
The CPI is one of the most popular measures of inflation and deflation. The CPI report uses a different survey methodology, price samples, and index weights than the producer price index (PPI), which measures changes in the prices received by U.S. producers of goods and services.
KEY TAKEAWAYS
The Consumer Price Index measures the overall change in consumer prices based on a representative basket of goods and services over time.
The CPI is the most widely used measure of inflation, closely followed by policymakers, financial markets, businesses, and consumers.
The widely quoted CPI is based on an index covering 93% of the U.S. population, while a related index covering wage earners and clerical workers is used for cost-of-living adjustments to federal benefits.
The CPI is based on about 94,000 price quotes collected monthly from some 23,000 retail and service establishments as well as 43,000 rental housing units.
Housing rents are used to estimate the change in shelter costs including owner-occupied housing that account for nearly a third of the CPI.