When a cell with prior 18 chromosomes undergoes mitosis, it has 2 daughter cells with 18 chromosomes later.
Mitosis is one of the two types of cell division in which the cell which undergoes this process is divided into two daughter cells which in turn have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Here, we had one parent cell which means that after mitosis it is going to be divided into two daughter cells. The parent cell has 18 chromosomes at first and since this is the process of mitosis, the daughter cells are going to have 18 chromosomes each after undergoing mitosis as well.
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Uncontrolled cellular division poses a serious risk to surrounding tissue because it–.
Uncontrolled cell division is a risk because our body has a time line that must be met to facilitate metabolic functions at the intra and extracellular level.
Consequence of Uncontrolled Cell DivisionWhen cell divisions occur in an uncontrolled way, our body is at risk due to pathologies such as cancer, this disease is generated by external factors and even by internal uncontrollability.
The chemical substances secreted in our organs even lead to uncontrolled cell divisions, multiplying this process in other systems, which leads to oncogenic metastasis. Therefore, it is extremely important to check our health to avoid risks that are irreversible once they occur in our body.
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Would you results have been any different if you had used a cell type different from your cheek cells? why or why not?.
The results have been different if you had used a cell type different from your cheek cells because of the absence of a cell wall in the cheek cell.
Like other animal cells, the cheek cells in humans lack a cell wall. A cell membrane that is partly permeable surrounds the cytoplasm. In comparison to plant cells, animal cells have denser, more granular, and bigger cytoplasms. The cheek cells are shaped irregularly because they lack cell walls. Animal cells typically have unusual shapes since only plant cells have cell walls.
Animal cells, like those seen in the human cheek, lack a cell wall. The outer barrier of the human cheek cell is thus the cell membrane, a semi-permeable barrier. In contrast to onion cells, human cheek cells have a rich cytoplasm. It is granular and takes up a lot of space inside the cell.
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using natural resources such as trees, water, or rangeland in a wise, regulated, or planned manner so that it is not destroyed but can be used and renewed indefinitely is known as
Using natural resources such as trees, water, or rangeland in a wise, regulated, or planned manner so that it is not destroyed but can be used and renewed indefinitely is known as Sustainable Development.
What is a Resource?A resource is any material that is available to us in our surroundings that is economically viable, technologically accessible, and culturally sustainable and that enables us to meet our needs and desires.
What is a Sustainable Development?A guiding principle in sustainable development is maintaining the capacity of natural systems to continue providing the natural resources and ecosystem services that are essential to the economy and society without destroying the natural resources
Sustainable development is a broad term to describe policies, projects and investments that provide benefits today without sacrificing environmental, social and personal health in the future. These policies are often described as green because they focus on limiting the impact of development on the environment. However, the benefits of sustainable development are also felt across a wide cross section of human health and well-being, including reductions in pollution- and environment-related disease, improved health outcomes and decreased stress.
Hence, using natural resources such as trees, water, or rangeland in a wise, regulated, or planned manner so that it is not destroyed but can be used and renewed indefinitely is known as Sustainable Development.
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Black bears eat berries, plants,
insects, fish and animals, so they
can be classified as-
A. producers
B. herbivores
C. omnivores
D. carnivores
Answer: C - Omnivores
Omnivores eat both meat, plants, and other things. Bears are omnivores, since they have a varied diet consisting of berries, plants, insects, fish and animals.
germ-line or somatic cell mutations match the terms with their definitions. 1. cells that give rise to the gametes. (click to select) 2. mutation that can be passed onto offspring. (click to select) 3. all cells of the body excluding the gametes or cells that can give rise to the gametes. (click to select) 4. a mutation that cannot be passed onto the offspring. (click to select) 5. an individual that has somatic regions that are genotypically different from each other. (click to select)
Cells that give rise to the gametes and A mutation that cannot be passed onto the offspring.
How do you define somatic and germ line mutations?DNA alterations known as germline mutations are passed down to you from the egg and sperm cells during conception. Somatic mutations are DNA changes that occur in cells other than the egg and sperm after fertilization. Genetic problems that affect your health might result from mutations.
What distinguishes a somatic mutation from a germline mutation?Blood or buccal cells from a saliva sample are used to identify chromosomally pathogenic variations. In order to determine the DNA sequencing changes causing the tumor growth, somatic variations are either tested directly on the tumor or identified through liquid biopsy of a blood sample containing circulating tumor cells.
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What are the 6 most important ions in the body and their function?
The main six ions present in our body are Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, Chloride and Phosphate. Their functions are regarding the body functioning.
What is the role of ions in our body?
Our body has a wide variety of ions that has their various functions. some are used in the transmission of electrical cell membranes in neurons and muscles while others are used in stabilizing the protein structure of enzymes.
The function of six main ions is as follow:
1. Sodium- it helps in regulating osmotic pressure, contraction of muscles and transmitting nerve signals.
2. Potassium- the functions are same as sodium ion.
3. Magnesium- it is used in activating enzymes and helps in the formation of bones and teeth.
4. Calcium- it is affective in clotting of blood, formation of bones and teeth.
5. Chloride - it is used to enable the secretion of stomach acids, regulating the osmotic pressure and water content of the body.
6. Phosphate- it is necessary for formation of bones and teeth.
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Neisseria gonnorrhoeae is a gram-negative diplococcus that typically causes symptomatic infections in males. The presence of neisseria gonorrhoeae is urethral pus is diagnostic for gonorrhea in males. What would be observed in a positive gram stain?.
A bacterial infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the primary cause of the STD gonorrhoea. The reproductive tract's mucous membranes, including the cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes in women, as well as the urethra in both men and women, are infected with gonorrhoeae.
The effects of Neisseria gonorrhoeae on the body are what?Fever, scrotal discomfort, and edoema are possible symptoms. Neisseria gonorrhoeae can, in rare circumstances, enter the circulation and infect the skin, joints, or internal organs. Men who have gonorrhoea may experience painful infections in their testicles and prostate glands, which in a small percentage of cases may affect their fertility. Gonorrhea can occasionally spread into the bloodstream and result in illnesses that can be fatal if ignored.
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PLEASE PLEASE HELP (ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE)
Fossilized carbon found in ancient plan and animal remains is said to be “_______”.
A. absorbed
B. eroded
C. sequestered
D. transferred
Fossilized carbon found in ancient plan and animal remains is said to be “transferred”, option D.
What are fossils?Fossils are the remains or inklings of prehistoric plants and animals found embedded in rocks and conserved in ossified forms. They consist of two types; trace and body fossils and are usually converted to fuel.
Carbon is an essential element on earth and its cycle describes how carbon transfers between reservoirs and organisms. It maintains stability of the climate and carbon balance of the earth. Fossilized carbon is transferred to ancient plants and animals which is converted to sediments.
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Answer: eroded
Explanation: I got it correct.
What type of results in genetic expression do you think may occur if even one nucleotide is not correctly transcribed from the DNA to the RNA? Explain.
Answer: See Below
Explanation:
If one nucleotide is the incorrect one that means that it is a transition or a transversion. Transition or transversion mutants may lead to no change in the protein sequence (known as silent mutations), change the amino acid sequence (known as missense mutations), or create what is known as a stop codon (known as a nonsense mutation).
Genetic expression may remain the same if the mutation does not occur in the promoter region however a pre-mature stop codon would cause a truncated protein to be created.
Incorrect nucleotides are transitions or transversions. Transition or transversion mutants may modify the protein sequence (silent mutations), the amino acid sequence (missense mutations), or generate a stop codon (known as a nonsense mutation).
What is mutation?A alteration in the DNA sequence of an organism is referred to as a mutation. Errors in the replication of DNA during the process of cell division, exposure to mutagens, or viral infections are all potential causes of mutations.
If there is a mistake in one of the nucleotides, this indicates that there was either a transition or a transversion. It is possible for transition or transversion mutations to result in the protein sequence remaining unchanged (this is referred to as a silent mutation), a change in the sequence of amino acids (referred to as a missense mutation), or the formation of a stop codon (known as a nonsense mutation).
The same level of genetic expression could be maintained if the mutation did not take place in the promoter region; nevertheless, the production of a shortened protein would result from the presence of an early stop codon.
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the genetic code is quadruplet (words of 4 nucleotides) the genetic code is doublet (words of 2 nucleotides) the genetic code degenerated this experiment does not reveal anything about the genetic code the genetic code is triplet (words of 3 nucleotides) the genetic code is universal
Each gene's code makes use of the four nucleotide bases of DNA: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T) — in numerous methods to spell out 3-letter “codons” that designate which amino acid is needed at every position inside a protein.
The genetic code exists as triplets and now not as a singlet or doublet because it does not provide sufficient data to synthesize proteins. There are only 4 nucleotides - A, C, G, and U. If the genetic code exists in a doublet layout, the handiest sixteen exclusive amino acids (4x4) can be formed.
Despite the fact that each codon is precise for the best one amino acid (or one prevent sign), the genetic code is defined as degenerate, or redundant, due to the fact an unmarried amino acid can be coded for via multiple codons.
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Match each biological factor with its influence on sexual behavior.
1.) Testosterone
2.) Estrogen
3.) Hypothalamus
4.) Gonads
1.) An androgen hormone associated with sexual desire in males and females
2.) Class of hormones that are present in higher levels in women than in men
3.) Brain region that controls the release of sex hormones
4.) Part of the body that secretes the sex hormones
1.) An androgen hormone associated with sexual desire in males and females- testosterone
2.) Class of hormones that are present in higher levels in women than in men - estrogen
3.) Brain region that controls the release of sex hormones- hypothalamus
4.) Part of the body that secretes the sex hormones- gonads
A putative male chemo-signal called androstadienone has been linked to sex variations in hypothalamic activity in adult heterosexual men and women. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the hypothalamic responsiveness to this chemo-signal in 39 pre-pubertal and 41 adolescent boys and girls in order to determine if puberty moderated this sex difference in response to androstadienone. The next step was to determine whether the sex-atypical (in accordance with the experienced gender) rather than the sex-typical (in accordance with the natal sex) hypothalamic activations during androstadienone-induced olfactory stimulation were present in the 36 pre-pubertal children and 38 adolescents with gender dysphoria (GD; DSM-5) diagnoses.
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the equilibrium potential for sodium is about 66 mv. if only sodium channels were open in a cell’s plasma membrane, the membrane potential would be
Answer: b. About +66 mV
Explanation:
Discuss voluntary and involuntary actions in movement. Include skeletal tissue, cardiac tissue, and smooth tissue in your response.
Voluntary and involuntary movements are divided due to differences in the nervous system involved and differences in muscle type use.
Voluntary Movements
Voluntary movements or movements that we are aware of are movements that are regulated by the somatic nervous system. For example, when there are thoughts of our own to eat. Then the brain will think to take food from the plate, put it in the mouth, move the jaw to chew, and with the help from tongue we swallow it. That is called voluntary movement or movement that we are aware of.
Voluntary movements are easily identified with us being able to start and stop them as we wish. For example, when we chew we want to stop, of course we can, right? Voluntary movements can be performed using the skeletal muscles. So only the muscles attached to the skeleton of the body that can be moved voluntarily.
Involuntary Movements
Whereas involuntary movements are the opposite, movements that we are not aware of and are regulated by the autonomic nervous system. For example, after swallowing food, it goes into the esophagus. In the esophagus, peristaltic movement is carried out by the muscles in the wall of the esophagus to make food reach the stomach.
Why is this movement called involuntary movement? Because we can’t control peristaltic movement the way we want. As soon as food enters the oesophagus, peristaltic movement begins. Even in the middle we can not stop the peristaltic movement. Involuntary movements can be carried out by smooth muscles and cardiac muscles, which are muscles located in internal organs.
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Lipid-soluble hormones can diffuse into any cell. What allows lipid-soluble hormones to exert a specific effect, only for targeted cells?.
Lipid-derived (soluble) hormones can enter the cell via passing through the plasma membrane, binding to DNA, and controlling gene transcription as well as altering the functions of the cell by triggering the creation of certain proteins.
How do hormones that are fat soluble work?These hormones must pass the cell membrane in order to enter the cell. The hormone-receptor complex attaches to certain DNA sequences and then travels into the nucleus where it functions as a transcription factor to either increase or decrease the production of particular genes.
Since cell membranes are composed of a lipid bilayer, lipid-soluble hormones can diffuse directly across both the membranes of the target cell and the endocrine cell where they are produced.
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examples of sponsored tlds (top-level domains) are?
TLDs come in 3 official categories:
Generic Leading Domains (gTLD) Top-level Domains sponsored Continent Code Leading Domains (ccTLD)Generic Leading Domains (gTLD) : The gTLDs com, org, info, net, and biz are some examples of well-known ones. Early DNS-era generic and restricted TLDs demand documentation of eligibility for domain name registration. They are gov, mil, int, and Edu TLDs.
Top-level Domains sponsored : The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) distinguishes sponsored top-level domains as a particular type or class of top-level domain (IANA). Specialized top-level domains are supported by sponsors who speak for the target audience of the domain. Ex cat ,.coop, .Edu, .gov
Continent Code Leading Domains : Continent code TLDs, or country-specific TLDs, are domain extensions that are unique to a certain region or state. They are also known as the letters that follow your selected domain name. Examples include. ca (Canada),. co.uk (United Kingdom), and.
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which of the following assertions about gender and nonverbal communication is true?
a. Biology is responsible for gender differences in nonverbal communication.
b. The differences in gendered communication are greater than most people think.
c. There are no recognizable differences in the ways men and women express themselves nonverbally.
d. Women are typically more nonverbally eynressive than men
b. The differences in gendered communication are greater than most people think.
Men and women speak differently, and this topic of study is known as gendered communication. Because of the evolving conceptions of gender in the twenty-first century, this fascinating area has become even more complex.
The majority of study on gendered communication is on how various genders play diverse roles in the media, politics, sports, business, and academics. Examining comments made online by persons of different genders or looking at how genders have been portrayed historically in literature, art, and even state policy
Because their professional occupations center on public communication, students in an online Bachelor of Arts in Public Relations and Advertising learn experience in gendered communication. It's important to comprehend how genders communicate differently in order to create messages that are effective.
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what might happen if the life cycle of the milkweed plant changed in some way?
Answer:
It might Create an imbalance on the organisms feeding on it leading to imbalance in the ecosystem
which of the following is not a function of cartilage? cartilage serves as levers for movement by skeletal muscle. cartilage provides support for soft tissue. cartilage forms the initial model in endochondral ossification. cartilage provides a smooth gliding surface at the end of bones in freely movable joints.
Option A: cartilage serves as levers for movement by skeletal muscle is not a function of cartilage.
The bodily components that act as levers to produce human movement are bones, ligaments, and muscles. To put it simply, a joint—where two or more bones come together—serves as the axis (or fulcrum), and the muscles that cross the joint exert the force necessary to move a weight or resistance. Therefore, option A in incorrect for cartilage.
In order to protect your joints and bones, cartilage, a strong, flexible connective tissue, is used. It serves as your body's overall shock absorber. In addition to this, cartilage acts as a supporting structures for the body. It reduces friction by providing smooth gliding surface and helping the bones slide softly without causing any damage.
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5. The percentage of the provincial budget required to support the healthcare system is growing, partly because of very expensive technologies such as CT, PET, and MRI. Do you think the benefits of these technologies justify the costs? Explain your answer.
6 A concern related to our healthcare system is the wait time for medical tests and procedures. Use the Internet and local sources to research the wait times for various imaging procedures in your area. Write a brief report of your findings. Do you think the wait times are reasonable? Explain your answer te
Answer:
1. The healthcare system in Canada is publicly funded and provides universal coverage to all residents. The system is based on the principles of accessibility, universality, and portability.
2. Healthcare in Canada is delivered through a combination of federal, provincial, and territorial governments. The Canadian healthcare system is one of the most expensive in the world, costing over $200 billion per year.
3. Canada has a highly skilled workforce of healthcare professionals, including doctors, nurses, and other health workers. However, the system is facing a number of challenges, including a shortage of doctors and nurses, and an aging population.
4. The Canadian healthcare system is facing a number of challenges, including a shortage of doctors and nurses, and an aging population.
5. The percentage of the provincial budget required to support the healthcare system is growing, partly because of very expensive technologies such as CT, PET, and MRI. Do you think the benefits of these technologies justify the costs? Explain your answer.
6. A concern related to our healthcare system is the wait time for medical tests and procedures. Use the Internet and local sources to research the wait times for various imaging procedures in your area. Write a brief report of your findings. Do you think
Explanation:
Which of the following aspects of society is the least affected by limiting factors?
a.
location
b.
health
c.
behavior
d.
stability
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
A
B
C
D
Answer:
D.
stability is the answer
What would be the result of a cytosine base being substituted for a thymine base in a dna segment during dna replication?.
During DNA replication, if a cytosine base is changed to a thymine base in a DNA segment, the sequence might code for the incorrect amino acid when translated. Mutation refers to a change in the DNA's sequence.
Why does thymine instead of uracil make up DNA?DNA substitutes thymine for uracil because it strengthens the genetic code and has a higher resistance to photochemical mutation. This is necessary in order to store all the information needed for life to function.
How could the traits that are meant to be developed be impacted by a change in the DNA sequence?A mutation might alter a property in a way that's even advantageous, such making it possible for an organism to more effectively adapt to its surroundings. A point mutation is the most basic type of mutation. When one nucleotide base in a DNA sequence is swapped out for another, something happens.
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what is needed for NADP+ to transform into NADPH
Which of the examples is not one of the basic types of gene mutations?
a. insertions of base pairs
b. deletions of base pairs
c. base-pair substitutions
d. base-pair rearrangements
e. all are basic types of mutations
Base pair rearrangements is not one of the basic types of gene mutation.
d. base-pair rearrangements
The DNA sequence of a gene is altered to generate a different result, which is known as a genetic mutation. The DNA sequence of that gene is permanently altered.
For humans to develop, which is the process of change over a number of generations, genetic variances are crucial. In one person, a spontaneous genetic mutation takes place. The genetic mutation of that person is passed down through generations (hereditary) to their offspring. If the mutation increases a person's likelihood of survival or immunity to disease, it starts to be handed down through generations and disseminated throughout the community. The mutation transforms from a gene variant into a normal gene as it is passed down from generation to generation and becomes a normal component of the human genome.
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Independent assortment is when what kind of pairs randomly align along the middle of the cell before they separate?.
Independent assortment is when Homologous pairs randomly align along the middle of the cell before they separate.
What is Homologous pairs?
Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that have genes for the same traits located at matching loci and are roughly the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern. The organism inherits one homologous chromosome from its mother and the other from its father. Despite not always being similar, they convey the same kind of information. Despite the fact that the daughter chromosomes carry the exact same genetic makeup during mitosis, The result of this is an identical cell, but this does not describe the situation in which a mutation takes place.What is independent assortment?
According to the Law of Independent Assortment, sexually reproducing organisms absorb various genes and their alleles independently. Chromosomes are divided into many gametes during meiosis. Through the process of crossing-over, genes connected to a chromosome can re-organise themselves. As a result, each gene is inherited separately.To know more about homologous pair check the below link:
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according to the phylogenetic tree, chimpanzees and pigeons share _______________ of the listed synapomorphies (a derived trait shared by two or more taxa that is inherited from their common ancestor).
The evolutionary tree shows that chimpanzees and pigeons share three of the synapomorphies.
What is an example of synapomorphy?Humans and cats have a similar bones, although coming from distinct groups (primate species or carnivore, respectively). These common characteristics were passed down to both groups by their last common ancestor, even if their evolutionary trajectories were divergent.
What are synapomorphies and why are they important?Synapomorphies are characteristics (morphological, molecular, or behavioral) shared by a collection of species as a result of their descent from a common ancestor. Thus, synapomorphies serve as proof for historical relationships and the hierarchical system that goes along with those.
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Which adaptation was the most important in enabling the first terrestrial animals to eliminate their dependence on aquatic habitats?.
The adaptation of amniotic eggs was the most important in enabling the first terrestrial animals to eliminate their dependence on aquatic habitats.
The amniotic egg was the main evolutionary development that allowed terrestrial animals to bring the "pond" inland and lessen their reliance on water for reproduction. It was possible for vertebrates to reproduce on land thanks to the development of the amniotic egg, which was a significant adaptation. A developing egg needs to be in the water to avoid the embryo drying out without the self-contained source of energy and water.
Many people believe that the evolution of the terrestrial egg in amniotes (reptiles, birds, and mammals) is one of the most important moments in the history of vertebrates. This egg developed on land and gave birth to well-developed, terrestrial offspring thanks to the presence of an eggshell, fetal membranes, and a sizable yolk.
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Several different types of chromosomes make up each set in eukaryotes. What describes how chromosomes are numbered?.
According to size, chromosomes are assigned numbers.
When compared to the original cell, how many and what kind of chromosomes are present in each subsequent cell?Two identical daughter cells are produced during mitosis, and both of these cells have the same amount of chromosomes as their parent cell. But during meiosis, four distinct daughter cells are produced, each of which contains half as many chromosomes as the parent cell.
What chromosome arrangement occurs most frequently in eukaryotic cells?Eukaryotes often have many pairs of linear chromosomes that are all housed in the cell nucleus and have distinct and adaptable shapes. For instance, during cell division, they condense and can be seen under a light microscope in this condensed form.
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Which group was not described in Woese's tree of life analysis?
View Available Hint(s)
a. Prokarya
b. Archaea
c. Bacteria
d. Eukarya
Woese's analysis of a tree of life did not include prokarya among the categories it described.
What does analysis mean example?the process of closely scrutinizing something in order to learn more about it or form an opinion and judgment after doing so: An unbiased assessment of the results of the investment plan was done by our financial specialists. Clare's interpretation of the issue piqued my interest.
What is a analysis in writing?Your chance to contextualize or explain the evidence for your reader is during analysis. You may explain to a readers the importance of the evidence, what it means, and how it connects to other concepts in your work in your analysis.
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Based on your knowledge of microbial genetics and microbial pathogenesis, where do you think the genetic information for endotoxins are located?.
The genetic information for endotoxins are located Chromosomes
What are endotoxins?Lipopolysaccharides, a family of phospholipids that includes bacterial endotoxins, are found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria (LPS). Gram negative bacteria do not produce LPS as an external byproduct. After the cell has died and been lysed, LPS is released by bacteria.
Lipopolysaccharides called endotoxins, which are found in the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria, can cause fever and inflammation as an immunological reaction in higher species. Endotoxin reactivity can cause anaphylactic shock and patient mortality. The lipid A portion of LPS, which contains fatty acids and disaccharide phosphates, the core polysaccharides, and the O-antigen are its main components (see image). The fat molecule's endotoxin activity is caused by a fragment of LPS. Symptoms of endotoxin exposure that affect human health include sepsis and clinical
At lower doses, toxic pneumonitis, decreased lung function, and respiratory symptoms like byssinosis ("Monday morning chest tightness") can occur. Other symptoms include fever, shaking chills, and septic shock.
Based on the knowledge of microbial genetics and microbial pathogenesis, the genetic information for endotoxins are located in chromosomes
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Why is testing on animals, needed in some cases? Why do we test on animals instead of controlled vairiables and substances?
Answer:
Animal testing is necessary because alternative methods are currently not as reliable. The reason why animals are used in testing products that will be used by humans is the physical make-up of animals that has a great degree of resemblance to that of the human body.
Answer:
Hope this helps!
Explanation:
Animal testing is necessary because alternative methods are currently not as reliable. The reason why animals are used in testing products that will be used by humans is the physical make-up of animals that has a great degree of resemblance to that of the human body. This physical resemblance enables scientists and researchers to gather biological data and information that are needed for developing medicines. This biological information also happens to be unavailable in plants and while there have been recent development in the use of non-animal methods such as computer modeling, and in vitro and genetic research, these methods were not developed to replace animal research but simply to supplement it (Trull, 2002, p. 45). Moreover, these non- animal methods are still being developed which necessitates that testings must continue to be done to an intact living system which is an animal (Guither, 1998, p. 80). In addition to this, there has been difficulty in the scientific community as to finding competent, safe and reliable alternatives to animal tests. This is because it takes several years to validate alternative methods and those methods that are currently available were developed without using the latest technology (Daston & Mcnamee, 2005). Thus, the use of animals to determine the effectiveness, toxic level and possible side effects of drugs, cosmetics and other products remains to be the primary and most reliable method that is available today.
Animal testing is necessary to secure humans from unsafe and dangerous medications and products. Animals are not only used to test the effectiveness of new medications and products. They are also used to check the safety of products so no human users will be harmed when using them. If products are sold in the market without being tested on animals, users of these products which range from medicines, cosmetics and household products are put in danger. Products that have not undergone animal testing are generally considered as unsafe and may imperil the lives of their users. This is demonstrated by several medical tragedies that have
occurred because humans have used products and substances that were not used first or experimented on animals. In the 1930’s, for example, a number of women lost their vision and at least one was reported to have died for using an eye mascara that contains a substance that can cause corneal ulceration in the eyes of its users (“The Care of Use”, 2002). The substance called p-phenylenediamine was not tested on animals. Another tragedy which happened because no animal testing was conducted was the case of an antibacterial medicine that was dissolved in an antifreeze. The medicine was marketed without prior animal tests and since antifreeze is toxic, the medicine has resulted in the death of 107 people (“The Care of Use”, 2002). Animal testing therefore guarantees the safety of using drugs and similar products.
Animal testing is necessary because it is unethical and dangerous to experiment with untested substances using humans. The welfare of humans and human life are more important and valuable than that of any animal. This is the reason why it is unethical and dangerous to use humans to test new drugs and substances. By using animals in research and experiments, medical researchers will be able to determine the safety and effectiveness of medicines and other products without risking the lives and safety of human subjects. This explains why animal test results on new drugs have to be evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) “to determine whether the drug is safe enough to test in humans and, if so–after all human testing is completed –to decide whether the drug can be sold to the public” (Cohn, 1987). By trying on potential substances and formula on animals, researchers will also be able to determine the harmful side effects of medicines and similar products they are experimenting on. If tested products were found safe and effective, they can be used by humans. If animals are not used to determine the safety and effectiveness of products, humans will be obliged to try them which may have disastrous and dangerous consequences. Government regulations therefore necessitates that substances should be tested on animals first before trying them on humans. The importance in the use of animals in preliminary experiments and research is currently evident in
the development of medicines for AIDS. A substances that is suspected of being potential in curing the disease is tested first on animals “to find out how it works in the body, what unwanted side effects it can cause, and if it is effective against the illness” (Segal, 1987).