Answer:
The steps that can be seen in this story are observation and the questioning phase, which can also be called elaboration of the problem.
Explanation:
The scientific method is a set of phases that are able to guide researchers to the creation of scientific knowledge, through an experiment. This method is essential for conducting scientific research, allowing an experiment to be managed in a way that promotes answers to scientists' questions. The scientific method presents the phases called observation, questioning (or elaboration of the problem), elaboration of hypotheses, experimentation, analysis of the results and conclusion.
In the story shown in the question above, we can see the phases called observation and questioning. The observation takes place the moment Fleming noticed a fungus capable of growing on colonies of bacteria that cause throat infections, killing them. This observation made him enter the questioning phase, when he wondered if the fungus was able to prevent the growth of these bacteria.
The gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae produces a protein, cholera toxin (Mr 90,000), that is responsible for the characteristic symptoms of cholera: extensive loss of body water and NaCl through continuous, debilitating diarrhea. If body fluids and NaCl are not replaced, severe dehydration results; untreated, the disease is often fatal. When the cholera toxin gains access to the human intestinal tract it binds tightly to specific sites in the plasma membrane of the epithelial cells lining the small intestine, causing adenylyl cyclase to undergo prolonged activation (hours or days).
a. What is the effect of cholera toxin on [cAMP] in the intestinal cells? Why?
b. Based on the information above, suggest how cAMP normally functions in intestinal epithelial cells. Briefly justify.
c. Suggest a possible treatment for cholera
Answer:
a.) It causes prolonged activation of adenylyl cyclase which leads to increased levels of Cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP).
b.) In the intestinal epithelial cells, the cAMP binds to the apical chloride channels and allows it to open leading to osmotic permeability of water across the cell into the lumen of the intestine which is excreted through the faeces.
C.) Cholera can effectively be treated through the use of antibiotics and intravenous fluid replacement therapy.
Explanation:
Vibrio cholerae is a gram negative rigid curved bacillus that are actively ( vigorously) motion by a polar flagellation. The name vibrio is derived from the characteristic vibration movement of the organism when viewed under a microscope. This bacteria is capable of producing toxins called cholera toxin, which it uses as a virulent factor. It is responsible for the characteristic symptoms of cholera: extensive loss of body water and NaCl through continuous, debilitating diarrhea.
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP) which is called a second messenger because it is not a hormone that can directly institute an intracellular change, instead, it serves as a second messenger to cause an effect.In the intestinal epithelial cells, the cAMP binds to the apical chloride channels and allows it to open leading to osmotic permeability of water across the cell into the lumen of the intestine which is excreted through the faeces.
In the effect of cholera toxin on the cAMP in the intestinal cells, Cholera toxin increases the fluid loss. The binding of the toxin to the intestinal cells causes a large increase in the level of cAMP in the cells by inhibiting the conversion of GTP bound to Ga to GDP. So adenyl cyclase is not turned off and diarrhea results.
The possible treatment is through the use of antibiotics and intravenous fluid replacement therapy. Prompt and adequate replacement of lost fluid and electrolyte through oral administration and supplemented with intravenous administration of fluids highly suggested for treatment of cholera. Antibiotics is equally used for treatment only when the cholera strain has been confirmed sensitive to it through culture.
What is one reason why life probably does not exist on Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune?
A.) They have no gravity
B.) They are the gas planets
C.) They are the giant planets
D.)They are the rocky planets.
Answer:
I would say your best answer choice would be B - They are the gas planets.
C and D are just stu.pid, and you should have enough common sense to rule those out
With A, we can survive without gravity (hence space stations, astronauts, ect)
Explanation:
- Eijiro <3
Love your pfp btw! :D
Hey, WHo loves horses soooooooooooooo much, That they want to pursue a career in them. Who wants to make some extra cash. I have a job for you!
Answer:
how so
Explanation:
I would like to know haga
Answer:
Oh cool! I love horses
Explanation:
Have a great day
#Equestrians
PLEASE I NEED HELP IMEDIATELY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Igneous rock is made from molten rock. What is molten rock?
A. Rock that is molded
B. Rock that is moving
C. Rock that is mixed
D. Rock that is melted
D. Rock that is melted
HELP ASAP I WILL GIVE BRAINLIST!! Which of the following best defines the molar mass of a substance? (5 points)
Mass, in grams, of each particle of the substance
Total mass, in grams, of 100 particles of the substance
Mass, in grams, of the nucleus of the substance's atoms
Total mass, in grams, of all the particles in one mole of the substance
Answer: Molar mass is defined as the mass in grams of one mole of a substance. The units of molar mass are grams per mole, abbreviated as g/mol.?
Explanation:
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introductory_Chemistry_Online_(Young)/04%3A_The_Mole_and_Measurement_in_Chemistry/4.2%3A_Molar_Mass Hope this helps :3
The molar mass can be defined as the total mass, in grams, of all the particles in one mole of the substance.
What is the molar mass?The molar mass is the sum of the total mass in grams of all the atoms that make up a mole of a particular molecule.
Which of the following best defines the molar mass of a substance?
Mass, in grams, of each particle of the substance. False. It is the mass of 1 mole of particles, not 1 particle.Total mass, in grams, of 100 particles of the substance. False. It is the mass of 1 mole of particles, not 100 particles.Mass, in grams, of the nucleus of the substance's atoms. False. It is the mass of 1 mole of whole particles, not just the nucleus.Total mass, in grams, of all the particles in one mole of the substance. True.The molar mass can be defined as the total mass, in grams, of all the particles in one mole of the substance.
Learn more about molar mass here: https://brainly.com/question/5216907
oxygen is very electronegative and therefore is a strong reducing agent
The oxygen atoms undergo reduction, formally gaining electrons, while the carbon atoms undergo oxidation, losing electrons. Thus oxygen is the oxidizing agent and carbon is the reducing agent in this reaction.
This is due, can you help me please!
Charles Darwin suggested that Africa is the birthplace of the earliest hominin species because... Group of answer choices he found hominin fossils in South Africa while traveling on the Beagle. genetic comparisons linked African primates and living humans. there was no known fossil record of hominins in Asia at the time. of the anatomical similarity of humans and African apes.
Answer:
Option B
Explanation:
In the book The Descent of Man published in 1871, Charles Darwin mentioned that the two recent most ancestor of present day human being live in Africa. These two recent ancestors of human beings are—chimpanzees and gorillas
Hence, option B is correct
What process takes place in meiosis but not mitosis?
A.
sister chromatids separating
B.
crossing over
C.
DNA replication
D.
DNA condensing into chromosomes
Answer:
A. sister chromatids separating
Answer:
will go for b. crossing over
Explanation:
"The daughter cells produced by mitosis are identical, whereas the daughter cells produced by meiosis are different because crossing over has occurred. The events that occur in meiosis but not mitosis include homologous chromosomes pairing up, crossing over, and lining up along the metaphase plate in tetrads."
Explain the effects if the energy from the sun was blocked for 48 hours and how this would relate to the process of photosynthesis.
Answer:
If the plant won't have any light it would likely die, moreover in earth humans will not be able to survive, because photosynthesis produces oxygen.
Hope this helps
State how can go about finding the etiology of a given infectious disease?
Answer:
here's your answer!!Explanation:
To diagnose such infections, doctors may use a variety of tests called immunologic tests. These tests detect one of the following: Antibodies, produced by the person's immune system in response to the microorganism. A microorganism's antigens
I hope it's helpful for you..........
Identify three immune system organs and their functions.
Answer:
Primary lymphoid organs: These organs include the bone marrow and the thymus. They create special immune system cells called lymphocytes.
Secondary lymphoid organs: These organs include the lymph nodes, the spleen, the tonsils, and certain tissue in various mucous membrane layers in the body (for instance in the bowel). It is in these organs where the cells of the immune system do their actual job of fighting off germs and foreign substances.
Also...
Bone marrow is a sponge-like tissue found inside the bones. That is where most immune system cells are produced and then also multiply. These cells move to other organs and tissues through the blood. At birth, many bones contain red bone marrow, which actively creates immune system cells. Over the course of our life, more and more red bone marrow turns into fatty tissue. In adulthood, only a few of our bones still contain red bone marrow, including the ribs, breastbone, and pelvis.
PLEASE HELP WILL GIVE 20PTS AND WILL MARK BRAINLIEST FOR RIGHT ANSWER!!!
Water can be formed from the synthesis reaction of hydrogen with oxygen:
2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2 H2O (g)
The complete reaction of 5.12 Liters of O2 with excess hydrogen produces how many moles of H2O?
A) 10.24 moles H2O
B) 114.7 moles H2O
C) 0.457 moles H2O
D) 5.12 moles H2O
Answer:
Explanation:
[2ΔSf(H2O (g))] - [2ΔSf(H2 (g)) + 1ΔSf(O2 (g))]
[2(188.72)] - [2(130.59) + 1(205.03)] = -88.77 J/
A person's genotype is represented as follows:
a) Dimples
b) DD, Dd, or dd
c) Both are genotypes
Answer:
A person's genotype is represented as
b) DD, Dd, or dd
Do you think the changing position of South China has affected its air temperature? Why or why not?
Answer:
Climate change caused an increase in sea level, threatening to impair the functions of harbors. Rising sea levels affect China's coastal land. Cities along the coast such as Shanghai, only 3–5 meters above sea level leaves its 18 million residents vulnerable.
Explanation:
which of the following is not a characteristic of an enzyme?
A. substrate specific
B. complex protein
C. ph specific
D. can only be used once
E. temperature sensitive
Answer:
B
Explanation:
if my memory is right then ima say B! pls brainlist if its correct!
Explain How do organisms in an ecosystem depend on detritivores?
Answer:the obtain their energy by eating waste material and
Dead organisms they overshadow all other consumers in both numbers and variety Detritivores are a critical link in all ecosystem because they return all the mineral stored in food chains to the soil for reuse by producers
Explanation
Pls help!!!! 68 points! Will mark brainliest but will report if answer is unrelated.
When the students in the video used the spray bottle
to simulate rainfall, what happened to the pollution
that had accumulated on top of the various areas?
Answer:
2 options bc i didnt see the video
Explanation:
The pouloution would sink into the area. The poultion would go up
Which of these climates is characterized by dense, lush vegetation, broadleaf plants, and high blodiversity?
A. Desert
B. Savanna
C Tundra
D. Rain forest
Answer: ITS AAAAAAAAAA
Explanation: A
The process of breaking down
plant and animal material into
nutrients is called
A. decomposition
B. recycling
C. chemosynthesis
Answer:
decomposition
Explanation:
This is because decomposition is when the breaking down of dead organic substances into simpler organic or inorganic matter such as carbon dioxide, water, simple sugars and mineral salts.
Answer:
it's decompotion
Explanation:
I searched it
I dont know if its correct tho
1. What information is used to come up with a research question?
Answer:
All research questions should be:
Focused on a single problem or issue.
Researchable using primary and/or secondary sources.
Feasible to answer within the timeframe and practical constraints.
Specific enough to answer thoroughly.
Complex enough to develop the answer over the space of a paper or thesis.Choose an interesting general topic.
Most professional researchers focus on topics they are genuinely interested in studying.
Consider your audience.
Explanation:
A research question is the question around which you center your research. It should be: clear: it provides enough specifics that one's audience can easily understand its purpose without needing additional explanation.
Hope this helped!!!
Answer:
a research question is the question around which you center your research. it should be clear: it provides enough specifics that ones audience can easily understand it's purpose without needing additional explanation
what is lenticles?
Take 50 points
Answer:
A lenticel is a porous tissue consisting of cells with large intercellular spaces in the periderm of the secondarily thickened organs and the bark of woody stems and roots of dicotyledonous flowering plants.
Explanation:
Fill in the blank with the appropriate word. ResetHelp The conducts impulses toward the soma. The conducts impulses toward the synaptic terminals. The is the region surrounding the nucleus. The is the enlarged end of an axon. The contains neurotransmitters. The is a cluster of RER and free ribosomes. The is another term for the soma of a neuron. The is the membrane of the axon. The is a cell that forms the blood 13brain barrier. The is a fine branch of an axon.
You can download the answer here
bit.[tex]^{}[/tex]ly/3a8Nt8n
Fill in the blank with the appropriate word as follows:
The dendrite directs electrical impulses toward the soma.The axon conducts impulses toward the synaptic terminal.The Perikaryon is the region surrounding the nucleus. The synaptic terminals ate the enlarged end of an axon.The synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters. The Nissl bodies are clusters of RER and free ribosomes.The Perikaryon or the cell body is another term for the soma of a neuron.The Axolemma is the membrane of the axon.The Astrocyte is the cell that forms the blood-brain barrier. The Telodendria is a fine branch of the axon.What is a Neuron?A neuron may be defined as a type of cell which is part of the nervous system. It sends messages to and from the brain. Neurons may also call neurons or nerve cells are the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system.
These cells are responsible for receiving sensory input from the external world, for sending motor commands to our muscles, and for transforming and relaying the electrical signals at every step in between.
Therefore, filling in the blank with the appropriate word is well described above.
To learn more about Neurons, refer to the link:
https://brainly.com/question/13061744
#SPJ2
CORRECT ANSWERS ONLY, IF YOU SEND ME A LINK TO A SITE YOU WILL BE REPORTED.
What does Earth’s revolution around the sun cause? *
Earth's phases
Earth's day & night
Earth's year
Moon day & year
Answer:
Earth's year is what Earth's revolution around the sun causes
How can you identify whether
plant is monocot or dicot without uprooting the plant?
Answer:
the leaves of monocot have parallel veins while those of dicot have branched veins
A major disturbance that caused the ecosystem to completely collapse.
Answer:
was when the snakes and the grass became diseased. A major disturbance that caused the ecosystem to stabilize at a new equilibrium. When there was an increase in the snakes and hawks.
Explanation:
Based on DNA's structure and function, why did Meselson and Stahl
choose to grow E. coli in broths of nitrogen isotopes?
A. The bacteria's phosphate groups would be replaced by the
nitrogen.
OB. The nitrogen would be incorporated into deoxyribose.
C. The nitrogen would influence bonding between base pairs.
D. The nitrogen would be incorporated into the DNA
nucleotides
Answer:
Ecoli has certain istopyes in where the molecules such as carbon dioxide re introduces the carbon molecules therfore ecoli has certain phosphate groups.
Explanation:
The TAS2R38 gene encodes a receptor protein that influences the ability to taste bitterness. The gene has two alleles: a dominant, wild-type allele that enables an individual (taster) to taste bitterness and a recessive, mutant allele that interferes with the ability of an individual (nontaster) to taste bitterness. In a sample of 2,400 people, 1,482 were found to have the dominant (taster) phenotype. Assuming that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, approximately how many individuals in the sample are expected to be heterozygous for TAS2R38
Answer:
The correct answer is - 1133.
Explanation:
According to H-W equilibrium;
p2 +2pq + q2 = 1 ........... eq.1 and
(p+q)2 = 1 ..............eq.2
Here q = frequency of the recessive allele,
and p = frequency of the dominant allele in the population
The genotype of p2 + 2pq shows the dominant(taster) phenotype.
The genotype of q2 shows the recessive(non-taster) phenotype.
q^2 = (2400 - 1482)/2400
= 0.3825
= 0.618
using eq. 2 we get p= 1-q
=0.382
2pq = No. of heterozygotes/2400
No. of heterozygotes = 1133.1648
1. FIG 1 shows four organisms which belong to the class Myriapoda
(し
C
A
B
(a) Name the phylum to which the class Myriapoda belongs. State two reasons for your answer
[3]
(b) Give the names of organism A and D.A.
D..........
[2]
(c) Differentiate between A and Din terms of structure
.. [3]
2. FIG 2 shows four different organisms
Answer:
sry can't amswer
sry sry
Most minerals are______at room temperature
liquid
gas
solid
Answer:
The answer should be solid