4. (a) Consider the following group of people (labelled A to G) who have the rankings shown of candidates for election X, Y and Z. The symbol > means “is preferred to.”

A: X>Y>Z B: X>Y>Z C: Y>X>Z D: Y>X>Z
E: Z>X>Y F: Z>X>Y G: Z>X>Y

(i) Explain which candidate will win if voting is on the first past the post basis. (2)

(ii) Suppose, instead, that voting is conducted by running off candidates in pairs; that is X vs Y, Y vs Z, and Z vs X. Explain who will win in each of these runoffs and comment, in the light of Condorcet’s paradox, whether transitivity is violated in this case. (5)

(iii) Given your answers in (i) and (ii), it should be clear that one of the candidates appears to be favoured, if not by a majority, at least by a plurality of voters yet, in a runoff against any one of the other candidates, that candidate would lose. In the light of Arrow’s impossibility theorem, what comment would you make on the two voting systems presented in this question? (3)

(iv) Suppose you were asked to justify candidate X as the most appropriate to be elected given the preferences of these voters. Explain on what basis you could justify this outcome. (3)

Answers

Answer 1

(i) In a first past the post basis, the candidate who wins is the one with the most first-place votes. Based on the given rankings, candidate Z would win because they are ranked first by all voters.

(ii) In the pair runoffs, comparing X and Y, X is preferred by A, B, E, and F, while Y is preferred by C and D. Thus, X would win the X vs Y runoff. Comparing Y and Z, Y is preferred by A, B, C, and D, while Z is preferred by E, F, and G. Therefore, Y would win the Y vs Z runoff. Comparing Z and X, Z is preferred by all voters. Hence, Z would win the Z vs X runoff.

Condorcet's paradox refers to a situation where a cyclic pattern of preferences occurs among three or more candidates. In this case, there is no Condorcet winner because each candidate can lose in a pairwise comparison. Transitivity is violated since it is not possible to establish a clear overall preference order among the candidates.

(iii) Arrow's impossibility theorem states that no voting system that meets certain reasonable criteria can avoid all possible paradoxes and inconsistencies. In this case, the voting systems presented in (i) and (ii) both fail to identify a clear winner. They demonstrate the limitations of voting systems in accurately reflecting the collective preferences of the voters and avoiding paradoxes.

(iv) Justifying candidate X as the most appropriate based on the preferences of these voters could be done by considering the concept of the Borda count. The Borda count assigns points to candidates based on their ranking. In this case, X would receive 5 points (2nd choice for A, B, C, D, and 3rd choice for E, F, G), while Y and Z would receive 4 points each. By this count, X would have the highest score and could be justified as the most appropriate candidate.

Related Questions

Elaborate on the meaning of social responsibility

Answers

Answer:Social responsibility means that individuals and companies must act in the best interests of their environment and society as a whole

Explanation:

The group of data that will be used in a chart or graph is called the
O chart type.
O data range.
Odata series.
O chart elements.

Answers

It’s called data point cause it’s one piece of data appearing on the chart

California enacted the Wine Fair Dealing Act, which requires out-of-state suppliers of wine to show good cause if they wish to terminate a distributorship. In-state suppliers of wine are exempt from this requirement and can cancel at will. A New York wine supplier wants to end its relationship with a California firm. The California firm, invoking the operative provision of the Wine Fair Dealing Act, objects because the New York firm has not demonstrated good cause for the termination. The New York supplier argues that this provision of California law violates the commerce clause of the United States Constitution. Is the commerce clause violated? Why?

Answers

The issue at hand is whether the provision of California's Wine Fair Dealing Act, which imposes a requirement on out-of-state wine suppliers to show good cause for terminating a distributorship while exempting in-state suppliers, violates the commerce clause of the United States Constitution.

The commerce clause, found in Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the Constitution, grants Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce. It prohibits states from enacting laws that unduly burden or discriminate against interstate commerce.

In this case, the provision of the Wine Fair Dealing Act, which treats in-state suppliers differently from out-of-state suppliers, raises concerns of discrimination against interstate commerce. It creates a distinction based on the supplier's location, granting preferential treatment to in-state suppliers by allowing them to terminate distributorships at will without having to demonstrate good cause.

The commerce clause is designed to promote a unified and free national market by preventing states from erecting barriers or imposing burdens on interstate trade. When a state law discriminates against out-of-state economic interests, it is subject to strict scrutiny and is usually struck down unless it can be justified by a legitimate local purpose that cannot be adequately served by non-discriminatory means.

In this case, it is arguable that the provision of the Wine Fair Dealing Act violates the commerce clause because it places an additional burden on out-of-state wine suppliers and grants preferential treatment to in-state suppliers. This discriminatory treatment may hinder the free flow of goods and interfere with the efficient functioning of the national market.

However, it is important to note that the ultimate determination of whether the commerce clause has been violated would depend on the specific facts of the case and the arguments presented by both parties. Legal analysis and court interpretation would be necessary to reach a definitive conclusion.

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Whatever job you have been in, you've experienced an HR strategy, even if it wasn't very well thought out by the organization's leaders. Please share a strategy you've experienced that either seems particularly good or bad. What made it good or bad? Given the rich diversity of learners in this course, please indicate what country this experience occurred in. If you haven't worked, you can draw on things you've heard from relatives, friends, or others.

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Answer:

One example of a good HR strategy is the implementation of a comprehensive employee development program. This strategy aims to support employees' professional growth, enhance their skills, and improve their overall job satisfaction. A well-thought-out employee development program typically includes the following elements:

Training and Skill Enhancement: The organization provides regular training sessions, workshops, and seminars to help employees acquire new skills and enhance their existing ones. These programs can be tailored to individual career goals and can cover a wide range of topics, from technical skills to leadership and communication skills.Performance Feedback and Coaching: Managers and supervisors provide timely and constructive feedback to employees on their performance. Regular performance evaluations and coaching sessions help employees understand their strengths and areas for improvement, enabling them to set meaningful development goals.Mentoring and Support: The organization establishes a mentoring program where experienced employees can guide and support their less experienced colleagues. This mentorship helps employees navigate their careers, gain valuable insights, and foster a sense of community within the organization.Career Advancement Opportunities: The organization provides clear pathways for career advancement and promotes from within whenever possible. Employees are given the chance to take on new responsibilities, work on challenging projects, and explore different roles within the company.

A well-executed employee development program can contribute to higher employee engagement, increased productivity, and reduced turnover rates. By investing in their employee's growth and development, organizations can create a positive work environment and foster a culture of continuous learning.

the smiths family apartment lease has expires but their landlord indicated that they remain on the premises until he finds a buyer for the building (and closing is complete) the smiths will be charged their monthly rent during this period the tenancy held by the smiths is

Answers

The tenancy held by the Smiths is known as a holdover tenancy.

What type of tenancy does the Smiths have during this period?

During this period, the Smiths have a holdover tenancy. A holdover tenancy occurs when a tenant continues to occupy a rental property after the expiration of their lease without signing a new lease agreement. In this situation, the landlord has allowed the Smiths to remain on the premises until a buyer for the building is found and the closing is complete.

The Smiths will be charged their monthly rent during this holdover period. It's important to note that the terms and conditions of the original lease may still apply unless modified by the landlord.

Answers

The market needs that justify combining these students onto a single segment for studying the market for your Wendy's restaurant include convenience, affordability, and a preference for quick service. Students often have busy schedules, with classes and various commitments, so they seek convenient dining options that fit their time constraints. By offering a location near the campus or easily accessible to students, your Wendy's restaurant can fulfill this need for convenience.

Moreover, affordability is a common market need among students. Many students have limited budgets and look for affordable food options that provide value for their money. By offering competitive prices, meal deals, or student discounts, your Wendy's restaurant can attract and cater to this price-sensitive segment.

Additionally, students often prefer quick service due to their time limitations. They may have short breaks between classes or need to grab a meal on the go. By providing efficient service and minimizing waiting times, your Wendy's restaurant can meet their need for quick and hassle-free dining experiences.

By considering these common market needs of convenience, affordability, and quick service, you can effectively target and serve the student segment in studying the market for your Wendy's restaurant. Conducting further research and gathering insights from students in your specific market will help refine and tailor your offerings to better meet their needs.

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