Meyer and Zack (1996) suggest that knowledge management, or the management of knowledge assets, requires a cycle of four steps.
The knowledge must then be transformed into a format that is usable and accessible to others, such as reports, presentations, or databases. The knowledge can be shared through a variety of channels, such as training programs, knowledge-sharing networks, or online databases. By using knowledge to inform decisions, organizations can improve their efficiency and effectiveness, reducing costs and increasing profitability. By preserving knowledge, organizations can avoid redundancy and duplication of efforts, and ensure that the knowledge is available when needed in the future.
In conclusion, the Meyer and Zack knowledge management cycle is a framework that can be used to manage knowledge assets in organizations. By creating, distributing, using, and preserving knowledge, organizations can enhance their competitiveness and improve their performance. The cycle provides a systematic approach to knowledge management, enabling organizations to leverage their knowledge assets for strategic advantage.
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The following is selected information related to Pina Colada Corp. at December 31, 2022. Pina Colada Corp. reports financial information monthly. Accounts Payable Cash Advertising Expense Service Revenue Equipment (a) $3,800 11,500 7,700 69,100 37.100 Salaries and Wages Expense Notes Payable Rent Expense Total assets of Pina Colada Corp Accounts Receivable Dividends $21,100 32,000 12.500 17,300 9,600 Determine the total assets of Pina Colada Corp. at December 31, 2022.
Pina Colada Corp.'s total assets as of December 31, 2022 are $118,000.
This can be determined by adding the total of all the assets listed. Here is the calculation:
- Cash: $11,500
- Accounts Receivable: $17,300
- Equipment: $69,100
Total Assets: $97,900
In addition, we are given the following pieces of information:
- Accounts Payable: $3,800
- Advertising Expense: $7,700
- Service Revenue: $37,100
- Salaries and Wages Expense: $21,100
- Notes Payable: $32,000
- Rent Expense: $12,500
- Dividends: $9,600
However, we do not need to use this information to determine the total assets. We only need to add up the asset accounts.
Thus, the total assets of Pina Colada Corp. at December 31, 2022, are $118,000.
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Which of the four P's of innovation focuses on finding new markets and customers for existing products, such as selling vehicles originally developed for the military to civilian customers commercial markets? Process Product Paradigm Shifts (re) Positioning
The "paradigm shift" of innovation is related to finding new markets and customers for existing products. Paradigm shift is one of the four P's of innovation that focuses on identifying and exploring new opportunities that may bring new value to the customer.
It is also referred to as "blue ocean" thinking which refers to a new, untapped market. A paradigm shift in innovation involves changing the way people think about things, and to do that, you have to change the way they see things. By changing the way people see things, you can create new markets, new products, and new services.
For example, the automotive industry has been able to identify new markets and customers by selling vehicles that were initially developed for military use to civilian customers commercial markets. In conclusion, a paradigm shift is an excellent strategy for finding new markets and customers for existing products, and it is one of the four P's of innovation that focuses on identifying new opportunities that bring new value to customers.
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The richest 10% of the world's population is responsible for roughly what percentage of global lifestyle consumption emissions? a. 50% b. 75% c. 10%. d. 90%
According to recent studies, the richest 10% of the world's population is responsible for approximately 50% of global lifestyle consumption emissions. So the correct answer would be option a) 50%.
In the short term, greenhouse gas emissions will continue to rise, but when new technologies are developed and adopted by governments and businesses, this trend may finally change. Even though the global climate may continue to warm, as greenhouse gas emissions are reduced, this trend may gradually turn around. While there are currently insufficient solutions to stop global warming, emerging technologies like carbon capture and storage, solar energy, and aquaculture-based biofuel production show promise. A change in lifestyle, such as utilizing less-fuel-intensive forms of transportation and conserving electricity, is one direct strategy to lower greenhouse gas emissions.
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seatch A. REFLECTION PAPER GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS: 1 Reflection papers are designed to formally consider what students have been learning and to organize it through writing 2. Throughout the semester, you will be asked to write reflections on what you learn in class and what you get from course works and assignments For this reflection paper, you may want to reflect on the whole content of Business Law or concentrate on a few chapters that you really ke BAWB1013/BAWB1014 BUSINESS LAW 3. The format of these reflections will be consistent throughout the semester, you will be asked to write a reflection answering each one of the following questions: REFLECTIVE PAPER-THE LAW AND I (10%) APRIL 2020 SEMESTER EL Let's clarity the expectations for each of those segments: The What? . This part is your opportunity to describe in clear and concise language what you leam in the chosen chapters. It is descriptive in nature Describe what you learn. It is interesting? Is it hard to understand? Which topic of sub-topic that you like or hate The So What? What? So what? What now? O D This part moves from description to analysis. What did you learn from this activity? Do you know the materials before this? Or was it something totally new to you? Why is important? Why does it matter? Link or relate any of the knowledge that you learned with your own experience. For example, in the topic of negligence, you might have had the experience of buying a fauty product and was injured by only then because you have no knowledge of the law, you did not do anything about it. Or it can be about the time when your uncle was cheated by a business suppler- could you have offered fem some assistance or advise now that you know the basics of contract law? You can also include news report that you read in the media describe and relate how you have a better understanding and 240 Partly cloudy ING P 14
Business law is a set of rules and regulations governing the activities of businesses. In the reflection paper, the student is supposed to reflect on the whole content of business law or concentrate on a few chapters that they really like. They are expected to write a reflection answering each one of the following questions.
This part is the student's opportunity to describe in clear and concise language what they learn in the chosen chapters. It is descriptive in nature. The student is expected to describe what they learn. They can also talk about whether it was interesting, hard to understand, and which topic or sub-topic they liked or hated.
This part moves from description to analysis. The student is supposed to analyze what they learn from this activity. They can talk about whether they knew the materials before this, or if it was something totally new to them. They can also describe why it is important and why it matters.
The student is expected to link or relate any of the knowledge that they learned with their own experience. For example, in the topic of negligence, the student might have had the experience of buying a faulty product and was injured. Since they had no knowledge of the law, they did not do anything about it. The student can talk about what they could have done differently if they had the knowledge of the law.
In conclusion, the reflection paper on business law is designed to formally consider what students have been learning and to organize it through writing. They are supposed to reflect on what they learn in class and what they get from course works and assignments.
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Contracts made by minors are voidable. True or False In executed contract with a minor for necessaries is enforceable only for the reasonable value of the necessities. True or False Ann has been treated off and on for mental iliness. In regard to Ann, she is presumed to have no capacity to contract. True or False A person lacking mental capacity when a contract was entered into may ratify a contract if the person regains their capacily. True or False A minor does not always have to petition the court to receive emancipation. True or False
True - Contracts made by minors are generally voidable.
True - In an executed contract with a minor for necessaries, the contract is enforceable only for the reasonable value of the necessities provided.
True - Contracts made by minors are generally voidable, meaning that the minor has the option to either enforce or disaffirm the contract.
True - In an executed contract with a minor for necessaries (essential items required for their well-being), the contract is enforceable only for the reasonable value of the necessities provided.
False - The statement regarding Ann is false. Mental illness alone does not automatically render a person incapable of contracting. Mental capacity to contract is determined based on the individual's ability to understand the nature and consequences of the contract at the time it was made, regardless of any mental illness.
True - If a person lacking mental capacity at the time of entering into a contract regains their capacity, they may ratify the contract. Ratification is the act of affirming or adopting a contract that was originally voidable due to mental incapacity.
True - A minor does not always have to petition the court to receive emancipation. Emancipation is the legal process that grants a minor the rights and responsibilities of an adult. While some minors may seek court approval for emancipation, in certain circumstances, emancipation can occur without court involvement, such as through marriage or by operation of law.
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Giggling Brothers, wholesalers of fine wines, wants to open up a few wine shops around Richmond.
Consider the following:
- Each location costs $450,000
- They plan to start one at the beginning of year 1, two locations at the end of year 2, and three more at the end of year 3 to spread out the work.
- Each location brings in profits of $324,000 per year
- They plan to sell everything in 5 years and thinks they could sell them for $67,000 each at that time.
- Assume a discount rate of 9%.
What would the Giggling Brothers be worth today using the Free Cash Flow Model?
Using the Free Cash Flow Model, Giggling Brothers would be worth approximately $3,614,889.78 today.
To calculate the present value of the cash flows using the Free Cash Flow Model, we need to discount each year's cash flows back to the present value using the discount rate of 9%.
Year 1:
Cash inflow = $324,000
Discounted cash inflow = $324,000 / (1 + 0.09)^1 = $297,247.71
Year 2:
Cash inflow = $324,000 x 2 = $648,000
Discounted cash inflow = $648,000 / (1 + 0.09)^2 = $542,045.03
Year 3:
Cash inflow = $324,000 x 3 = $972,000
Discounted cash inflow = $972,000 / (1 + 0.09)^3 = $720,292.04
Year 4:
Cash inflow = $324,000 x 4 = $1,296,000
Discounted cash inflow = $1,296,000 / (1 + 0.09)^4 = $894,518.37
Year 5:
Cash inflow = $324,000 x 5 = $1,620,000
Discounted cash inflow = $1,620,000 + $67,000 / (1 + 0.09)^5 = $1,160,785.63
Total present value of cash flows = $297,247.71 + $542,045.03 + $720,292.04 + $894,518.37 + $1,160,785.63 = $3,614,889.78
Therefore, using the Free Cash Flow Model, Giggling Brothers would be worth approximately $3,614,889.78 today.
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Required information. [The following information applies to the questions displayed below.] Legacy issues $650,000 of 5.0%, four-year bonds dated January 1, 2021, that pay interest semiannually on June 30 and December 31, They are issued at $584,361 when the market rate is 8%. 4. Prepare the journal entries to record the first two interest payments. View transaction list Journal entry worksheet 1 2 Record the interest payment and amortization on June 30. Note: Enter debits before credits. Date General Journal June 30 Debit Credit Required information [The following information applies to the questions displayed below.] Legacy issues $650,000 of 5.0%, four-year bonds dated January 1, 2021, that pay interest semiannually on June 30 and December 31. They are issued at $584,361 when the market rate is 8%. 4. Prepare the journal entries to record the first two interest payments. View transaction list Journal entry worksheet 1 2 Record the interest payment and amortization on December 31. Note: Enter debits before credits. Date: General Journal Debit December 31 Credit
Here is the solution for the given query.Preparation of the journal entries to record the first two interest payments - June 30 and December 31DateAccount Title Debit CreditJune 30Interest Expense24,269Premium on Bonds Payable4,269Cash20,000
The bond is issued at $584,361, when the market rate is 8%.Now, we will calculate the bond premium or discount.Bond Premium or Discount = Face Value of Bond - Issue Price= $650,000 - $584,361= $65,639The bond premium will be amortized over the bond term as an adjustment to the interest expense and premium on bonds payable accounts.
The bond pays interest semiannually on June 30 and December 31.The premium will be amortized over the bond term, using the straight-line method.Premium Amortization = Bond Premium / Bond Term= $65,639 / 4= $16,410/yearThe premium amortization will be $16,410 semiannually.Journal entries to record the first two interest payments are shown above.
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List the reasons a business would want to display information in a graphical or visual format.
In your own words
Businesses often rely on data analysis and interpretation to make informed decisions. While data can be presented in various forms, businesses often prefer a graphical or visual format for the following reasons:Ease of understanding: Graphical and visual formats are generally easier to understand than lengthy reports or spreadsheets.
They allow viewers to easily identify trends and patterns in data that may not be immediately apparent in text format. Visual aids can quickly communicate complex information or processes in a simple and understandable way.Increased engagement: A well-designed visual or graphical format can increase viewer engagement, making them more interested and invested in the information presented.
This can lead to better comprehension and retention of information.Presentation of large data sets: Large amounts of data can be overwhelming, and visual formats can help simplify the data while still presenting all of the relevant information.
This makes it easier for decision-makers to analyze the data and make informed decisions.Improved communication: Visual formats can help improve communication within a team or with stakeholders outside of the organization. Graphical or visual formats can easily be shared and understood by a large audience, making it easier to convey complex ideas or data analysis to others.
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Imagery and social bookmarking night also play important roles in a SMM - Explain the benefits of marketing with online photos and other images - Explain can you market your company on photo sharing sites - Describe social bookmarking and how your chosen company can leverage its use.
Imagery and social bookmarking both play important roles in social media marketing (SMM). When it comes to social media platforms, using online photos and other images can prove to be very beneficial, and marketing a company on photo-sharing sites can be an excellent way to gain brand visibility.
Social bookmarking can also play a vital role in marketing by helping to share content more effectively. Below, we’ll discuss the benefits of using photos in SMM and how to market a company on photo-sharing sites, and we’ll also define social bookmarking and how companies can leverage its use. Benefits of Marketing with Online Photos and Other Images Social media is an incredibly visual medium, and images are the primary tool used to communicate with your audience. Photos are much more effective than text in capturing people's attention and conveying a message. Here are some benefits of marketing with online photos and other images: Attention-Grabbing: Images are much more effective than text in capturing people's attention and conveying a message. Since social media users have a shorter attention span, you have a very short time to capture their attention.
These backlinks can help your website appear higher in search results. Connect with Others in Your Industry: By bookmarking content from other companies in your industry, you can connect with other professionals and stay up-to-date with industry news.
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At May 31, 2022, the accounts of Carla Vista Company show the following 1. May 1 inventories - finished goods $12,080, work in process $14,080, and raw materials $7,840. 2. May 31 inventories - finished goods $9,120, work in process $15,280, and raw materials $6,800. 3. Debit postings to work in process were direct materials $59,920, direct labor $48,000, and manufacturing overhead applied $38,400. (Assume that overhead applied was equal to overhead incurred.) 4. Sales revenue totaled $206.400 ∘
Prepare a condensed cost of goods manufactured schedule for May 2022. (b) The parts of this question must be completed in order. This part will be available when you complete the part above. (c) The parts of this question must be completed in quder. This part will be available when you complete the part above.
The price of the items produced over the time period is the cost of goods manufactured.
It is computed by combining the expenses of direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead incurred during the relevant period, and then deducting the closing inventory of finished items and work-in-progress.
Current assets:
Finished Goods Inventory = 11210
Work in progress = 18800
Raw material inventory = 8340
Total inventories = 38,350
The balance as of May 31 is used, since the balance sheet is being produced for May 31, 2022. Values relevant to the inquiry are used.
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Find f′(x) for the following function. Then find f′(3),f′(0), and f′(−7). f(x)=x−6
The derivative of the given function f(x) = x - 6 is f′(x) = 1. The derivative is obtained by differentiating the function with respect to x, resulting in 1 as the derivative of x is 1 and the derivative of a constant (in this case, -6) is 0. Thus, the derivative of the function is a constant value of 1.
To find the derivative of the function f(x) = x - 6, we differentiate the function with respect to x.
step 1. Start with the given function: f(x) = x - 6.
step 2. To find the derivative, differentiate the function with respect to x. For each term in the function, apply the power rule, which states that the derivative of x^n is equal to n * x^(n-1).
Derivative of x: The power of x is 1, so the derivative is 1 * x^(1-1) = 1 * x^0 = 1.
Derivative of -6: The constant term -6 has a derivative of 0, as the derivative of any constant is 0.
step 3. Combine the derivatives of the individual terms to get the derivative of the entire function.
Derivative of f(x) = x - 6:
f′(x) = 1 - 0 = 1.
Therefore, the derivative of the function f(x) = x - 6 is f′(x) = 1.
step 4. Using the obtained derivative, we can evaluate f′(3), f′(0), and f′(−7) by substituting the respective values of x into the derivative function.
f′(3) = 1 (since the derivative is always equal to 1)
f′(0) = 1 (since the derivative is constant)
f′(−7) = 1 (since the derivative is independent of the value of x)
step 5. the derivative of the function f(x) = x - 6 is f′(x) = 1. This derivative represents the rate of change of the function with respect to x.
Regardless of the value of x, the derivative is always equal to 1, as seen in the evaluations of f′(3), f′(0), and f′(−7), which all yield a value of 1.
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Among paid, owed, earned, and shared media, which is the most credible to customers on social media and why? Give an example from your own or others’ experiences.
Among paid, owed, earned, and shared media, earned media is the most credible to customers on social media. Earned media refers to the free publicity.
exposure that a brand earns through positive word-of-mouth and mentions on social media platforms. Customers trust earned media more because it is based on authentic opinions and recommendations from real people rather than paid promotions or advertising. For example, if a customer has a positive experience with a brand and shares it on social media, their followers are more likely to trust and be influenced by that recommendation. Similarly, if a brand is mentioned or featured by an influencer or trusted authority in their industry.
it can boost the brand's credibility and reputation among their followers. In contrast, paid media such as sponsored posts or ads can sometimes be perceived as less authentic or trustworthy because they are essentially advertisements that the brand has paid for. Overall, earned media is the most valuable form of media on social media platforms because it reflects genuine customer sentiment and can have a significant impact on a brand's reputation and success.
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Skillet Company has two products A and B. A’s CM per unit is higher than that of B. If A’s sales volume relative to B’s sales volume increases (no other changes), then
a. Overall Break-even point for the company will decrease
b. Overall Break-even point for the company will increase
c. Break even point for the company will not change
d. None of the above
CM (Contribution margin) refers to the per-unit price difference between sales price and variable costs of producing a product or providing a service. This difference contributes towards covering the fixed costs of a company such as rent and salaries.
Skillet Company has two products, A and B. A's CM per unit is higher than that of B. If A's sales volume relative to B's sales volume increases (no other changes), then the correct answer is "a. Overall Break-even point for the company will decrease."Explanation:Overall Break-even point for the company is the number of units the company must produce and sell in order to cover all of its fixed and variable costs. When A's sales volume relative to B's sales volume increases, it means that the company is selling more of product A than product B. Since product A has a higher contribution margin per unit, it means that the overall contribution margin of the company will increase.When the overall contribution margin increases, it means that the company can cover its fixed costs with fewer units sold.
This means that the overall break-even point for the company will decrease. Therefore, the correct answer is a. Overall Break-even point for the company will decrease.
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Solving for principal, rate, and time For problems in this unit, if the answer is a percent, express the answer to the nearest hundredth of a percent. 25. Explain how you could modify the simple interest formula I=PRT to get a formula designed to solve for R. For Problems 26-29, find the missing value. 26. 27. 28. 59. 30. You open a checking account. You are paid 4% interest on the average balance but are charged a $7 monthly charge. Assuming that interest is paid monthly (regardless of the number of days in the month), calculate the average daily balance you must maintain to offset the $7 monthly charge. 31. A supplier charges 15% interest on past-due accounts. Interest on an $812 account is $16.35. For how many days must the account have been overdue?
The answer is , the number of days the account was overdue is approximately 134.
How to find?In order to modify the simple interest formula
I = PRT to get a formula designed to solve for R, follow the steps given below:
I = PRT.
Divide each side by PT.I/PT = R
To find the formula designed to solve for R, divide I by PT.
Example: If a person wants to borrow $1000 at 8% simple interest for 5 years, find the interest.
I = PRT
Where I is the interest, P is the principal, R is the rate, and T is the time.
I = (1000)(0.08)(5)I
= 400.
The interest is $400.26.
30. If the interest rate is 4%, then the monthly interest rate would be (4%/12) 0.333%.
The monthly charge is $7, and we need to find the average daily balance required to offset that charge.
Let B be the average daily balance.
The interest earned would be (0.333%)(B).Therefore, we can use the following equation: (0.00333)
(B) = $7.
Solve for B:
B = $2102.40.
The average daily balance required to offset the $7 monthly charge is $2102.40.31.
The formula for simple interest is I = PRT. We need to find T.
Let the number of days that the account was overdue be D. Then, the time T would be D/365, as we need the time in years.
I = PRT16.35
= (812)(0.15)(D/365).
Multiplying both sides by 365:5942.75 = 44.28D.
Therefore, the number of days the account was overdue is approximately 134.
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The common mean-variance (MPT) portfolio optimization constraint which states that portfolio weights must sum to no greater than 1 is called the: No short-selling constraint Full investment constraint No leverage constraint That other constraint
The common mean-variance (MPT) portfolio optimization constraint which states that portfolio weights must sum to no greater than 1 is called the Full investment constraint. So, option b is correct.
The mean-variance portfolio theory (MPT) is a mathematical framework for creating a portfolio of assets that optimize between anticipated returns and expected risks. It's used in finance to assist investors in constructing investment portfolios based on their risk tolerance, investment horizons, and financial objectives.
Portfolio optimization constraint: Full investment constraint is a portfolio optimization constraint that mandates that an investor allocate all of their investment resources into assets that have the greatest expected risk-adjusted return. In essence, this means that investors are barred from keeping cash outside of their portfolios.
When investors aren't allowed to keep cash or borrow cash in order to boost the allocation of their invested capital, this is known as a full investment constraint. So, option b is correct.
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Complete question:
The common mean-variance (MPT) portfolio optimization constraint which states that portfolio weights must sum to no greater than 1 is called the:
No short-selling constraint
Full investment constraint
No leverage constraint
That other constraint
A new series of Basketball tournaments to be competed on Friday night with entry tickets priced at $10. There will be two tournaments per week: the regular and the last game. Management estimates that it could sell 800 tickets per tournament but 100 would be purchased by fans who would otherwise have attended the regular Friday night regular game. Extra information, the gymnasium capacity=11k, each entry=$10, weekly gym rent=$1500, cleaning gymnasium floor and grounds cost=$4500, gymnasium electricity cost=$2000, & tournament pamphlet cost per person $1
The net profit for hosting two basketball tournaments per week, considering the given ticket sales and expenses, would be $5,300.
The management is introducing a new series of basketball tournaments to be held on Friday nights, with entry tickets priced at $10 each. There will be two tournaments per week: the regular tournament and the last game tournament.
The management estimates that they can sell 800 tickets for each tournament. However, they expect that 100 of these tickets would be purchased by fans who would have otherwise attended the regular Friday night game. This implies that there would be an additional 700 tickets sold for each tournament.
Considering the gymnasium's capacity is 11,000, the ticket sales for each tournament would generate a total revenue of $7,000 ($10 x 700). Therefore, for two tournaments per week, the total revenue from ticket sales would amount to $14,000 ($7,000 x 2).
It's important to factor in the expenses associated with hosting these tournaments. The weekly gym rent is $1,500, the cost of cleaning the gymnasium floor and grounds is $4,500, and the gymnasium's electricity cost is $2,000. Additionally, for each person attending the tournament, there would be an additional cost of $1 for the tournament pamphlet.
To calculate the net profit, the total expenses need to be deducted from the total revenue. Considering all the costs mentioned above, the total expenses amount to $8,000 ($1,500 + $4,500 + $2,000). Additionally, for each tournament, there would be 700 tournament pamphlets at a cost of $1 each, resulting in an additional expense of $700 ($1 x 700).
Therefore, the total expenses for two tournaments per week would be $8,700 ($8,000 + $700). Subtracting the total expenses from the total revenue, the net profit for the two tournaments per week would be $5,300 ($14,000 - $8,700).
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You will select 2 of the 5 ideas in your Ideas Log to "test" through a research process. Your summary will involve a preliminary market overview of these entrepreneurial solutions, exploring: iCustomers, iCompetitors, i Product/service, i Suppliers, i Business location, and i Industry. Your summary should include research under the subheadings: i) Demographics and segmentation, ii) Target market, iii) Market need, iv) Competition, v) Barriers to entry, and vi) Regulation. In this assessment, a preliminary market overview must include key business aspects under each of the suggested subheadings. Your writing is expected to be clear and well-evidenced with reliable sources. Overall, you will be assessed on how critically you: i Identify and evaluate business ideas, i Consider resourcing for business ideas, i Identify and discuss ethical issues, and social or business responsibility issues, and i Describe how potential investors and team members might be sourced.
The assessment task requires that you select two entrepreneurial solutions from the five ideas in your Ideas Log to test through a research process.
A preliminary market overview of these entrepreneurial solutions must be explored, covering i Customers, i Competitors, i Product/service, i Suppliers, i Business location, and i Industry.
The research should be done under the subheadings: i) Demographics and segmentation, ii) Target market, iii) Market need, iv) Competition, v) Barriers to entry, and vi) Regulation. Here is how you can conduct the research:
Demographics and Segmentation: This section of the research will provide an overview of the various demographic groups in the market that you intend to serve. It will help you to understand who your potential customers are, their gender, age, income, occupation, etc.
Target Market: In this section, you will define the market segment that you intend to serve and why it is profitable.
Market Need: Here, you will analyze the problem your product or service is solving, how significant it is to the customers, and how it compares with other solutions on the market.
Competition: In this section, you will research your competitors and identify their strengths and weaknesses. You will also analyze how they position themselves in the market.
Barriers to Entry: Here, you will identify the barriers that might make it challenging for you to enter the market and compete effectively.
Regulation: In this section, you will research and analyze the legal requirements for the business, any permits or licenses required, taxes to be paid, etc.
Your summary should be well-evidenced with reliable sources, and you should consider resourcing for business ideas and ethical issues. You must describe how potential investors and team members can be sourced, and your writing should be clear and critical.
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This chapter's discussion focuses on why we buy what we buy. Why do you buy the products you buy? What influences you (internal elements, relational elements, situational elements)? What types of decision-making do you engage in (extensive problem-solving, limited problem-solving, routine/habitual problem solving)? Explain!
The reasons why people purchase the items they do is because of a range of factors including internal elements, relational elements, and situational elements. The type of decision-making used will rely on the difficulty of the buying decision, which is influenced by these elements.
There are various reasons why individuals purchase the things they do, whether it be due to internal, relational, or situational elements. Internal elements include self-image, attitudes, beliefs, and individual experiences, which are all taken into consideration when deciding whether or not to buy something. Relational elements may include things like word-of-mouth communication or personal recommendations from family or friends. These elements can help individuals make more informed choices, or may even persuade them to purchase something they may not have otherwise. Situational elements are another factor to consider, and they are often based on external factors such as the context or environment in which the buying decision is being made.
For example, someone may purchase a coat during the winter season because it is cold outside, and they need to keep warm. Types of decision-making can be classified into extensive problem-solving, limited problem-solving, and routine/habitual problem-solving. Extensive problem-solving is when individuals must spend a significant amount of time and effort researching and analyzing information to make an informed decision.
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The current value of a firm is $674,572 and it is 100% equity financed. The firm is considering restructuring so that it is 13% debt financed. If the firm's corporate tax rate is 20%, the typical personal tax rate of an investor in the firm's stock is 15%, and the typical tax rate for an investor in the firm's debt is 25%, what will be the new value of the firm under the MM theory with corporate taxes but no possibility of bankruptcy? Round the answer to two decimals.
The new value of the firm would be $659,906.89 based on the calculations using the Modigliani-Miller theory with taxes.
Modigliani-Miller (MM) theory, developed by economists Modigliani and Miller, posits that the value of a company is determined by its operations rather than its capital structure. The theory consists of two main propositions.
The first proposition, assuming no taxes or bankruptcy costs, states that the market value of a company is unaffected by how it finances its operations. In other words, the capital structure (mix of debt and equity) does not impact the overall value of the firm.
The second proposition introduces the influence of taxes, which can have a significant effect on a company's value. It asserts that the market value of a company increases as debt replaces equity. This is because interest payments on debt are tax-deductible, reducing the company's taxable income and consequently increasing its value.
Given the current value of the firm (V) as $674,572, we can calculate the new amount of debt financing that the firm will use. Assuming 13% of the current value of the firm will be financed through debt, the new amount of debt financing is $87,802.36.
To determine the new amount of equity financing, we subtract the debt financing from the current value of the firm: $674,572 - $87,802.36 = $586,769.64.
In the presence of corporate taxes, the tax-adjusted value of the firm is given by Vl = Vu + TcB, where Vl is the value of the levered company, Vu is the value of the unlevered company, Tc is the corporate tax rate, and B is the value of the firm's debt.
To calculate the value of the unlevered company (Vu), we use the formula: Vu = Vl + TcB/(1 - Tc) = $586,769.64 + (0.20 * $87,802.36)/(1 - 0.20) = $643,066.42.
Finally, to find the value of the company under the MM theory with taxes (V), we use the equation: V = Vu + TCB = $643,066.42 + (0.20 * $87,802.36) = $659,906.89.
Therefore, based on the calculations using the Modigliani-Miller theory with taxes, the new value of the firm would be $659,906.89 .
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Which types of business structure can pay dividends to stockholders when there is a profit? for profit non profit public health all of the above.
The types of business structure that can pay common stock dividends to stockholders when there is a profit are all of the above.There are different types of business structures that one can opt for to suit their needs.
The structure of a business is one of the most important choices a business owner makes when starting a company implications, influencing how the business operates, how it's taxed, and potentially how much personal liability the owner faces. In a for-profit organization, stockholders are owners and have a share of the business.
It means that when a company makes a profit, the profits may be paid out to the owners as dividends. Non-profit organizations, on the other hand, are not owned by anyone. They are typically set up to accomplish a specific goal or purpose, such as to advance businesses are owned by shareholders who have stock. In addition to receiving dividends when the business is profitable, the shares can be bought and sold on a public stock exchange. As a result, a public company can have thousands or even millions of shareholders. Health care organizations and companies can also be either non-profit or for-profit.
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The Wall Street Journal reports that 1-year T-bills are currently earning 3.48%. You are expecting the annual inflation rate in 2022 to be 8.50%. What is the real risk-free rate (in %) using the Fisher effect approximation?
Round your percentage answers to 2 decimal places. Do NOT enter the percentage (%) sign (e.g., if your result is 1.23%, enter 1.23).
2) The current one-year Treasury bill rate is 3.48% and the expected one-year rate 12 months from now is 4.23%. According to the unbiased expectations theory, what should be the current rate for a two-year Treasury security?
Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your percentage answers to 2 decimal places. Do NOT enter the percentage (%) sign (e.g., if your result is 1.23%, enter 1.23).
1) Fisher Effect states that the real risk-free interest rate is equal to the nominal risk-free interest rate minus the expected inflation rate. It is given that 1-year T-bills are currently earning 3.48% and the expected annual inflation rate in 2022 to be 8.50%.
Therefore, the real risk-free rate can be calculated as follows' = (1 + i) / (1 + h) - 1where r is the real risk-free rate, i is the nominal risk-free rate, and h is the expected inflation rate. Substituting the values, we gets = (1 + 0.0348) / (1 + 0.0850) - 1r = -0.048 or -4.8%.
Therefore, the real risk-free rate using the Fisher effect approximation is -4.8%.
2) According to the unbiased expectations theory, the interest rates on two securities with different maturities should be equal, if they have the same risk and other attributes. Hence, the two-year Treasury security should have the same expected annual rate as the compounded one-year rate. The compounded one-year rate is given as (1 + 0.0348) (1 + 0.0423) - 1 = 7.23%.
Therefore, the current rate for a two-year Treasury security should be 7.23%.
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Multiple Choice
1. If the demand curve for a good is horizontal and the price is positive, then a rightward shift of the supply curve results in
A) a price of zero.
B) an increase in price.
C) a decrease in price.
D) an increase in the equilibrium quantity.
2. A country produces cars and books. All of its resources are currently being employed in the production of these two goods. If this country increases the production of cars, what will happen with the quantity produced of books?
A) The quantity of books produced will not change.
B) The quantity of books produced will decrease.
C) The quantity of books produced will slightly increase.
D) The quantity of books produced will substantially increase .
Study Questions
3.. Explain why the shape of the demand curve will determine how a shock to the market equilibrium affects price and quantity.
If the demand curve for a good is horizontal and the price is positive, then a rightward shift of the supply curve results in an increase in the equilibrium quantity.
The horizontal demand curve represents that the consumers are price takers, and hence, the price of the commodity is constant irrespective of the changes in quantity demanded. an increase in supply increases the equilibrium quantity demanded. The equilibrium price remains the same. A country produces cars and books. All of its resources are currently being employed in the production of these two goods. If this country increases the production of cars, the quantity of books produced will decrease.
If the demand curve is relatively steep, even a small change in the supply curve may have a considerable effect on the price and a relatively small effect on the quantity. Conversely, if the demand curve is relatively flat, even a significant change in the supply curve may have a minor effect on the price and a substantial effect on the quantity. Thus, the elasticity of the demand curve is a critical determinant of the impact of a market equilibrium shock on price and quantity.
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Risk Management and the HR Executive
Today’s HR professional acts as a partner with line management to solve important problems and contribute positively to the company’s bottom line. This HR-business unit partnership ensures that HR objectives are in line with the organization’s overall strategy. The alignment of the human element of the organization and its strategic objectives ensures that the organization maintains its competitive edge by addressing key issues such as time-to-market and productivity.
A constant in today’s corporate culture is change. With change comes an increase in risk. It is imperative that today’s HR executives have an awareness and understanding of these risks. This understanding can enhance their organization’s efficiencies by proactively working to avoid and prepare for these risks. HR executives are increasingly partnering their skills with those of their peers in the Risk Management profession. And for good reason. There are human resources and social issues involved in each and every business venture from the small local software start-up to the re-organization of a global Fortune 500 organization.
Donald Norris of Norris & Associates says, "I have spent over 25 years in Human Resources Management, the last 10 years specializing in Risk Management. With the possible exception of casualty losses caused by natural disasters, I can think of no other risk exposure that does not include a human element. Even natural disasters can be mitigated by proper loss prevention techniques developed and implemented by staff or contractors."
Norris continues, "I am convinced that the underlying cause of virtually every loss is human error somewhere within the system. Unfortunately, most can be laid at the feet of management. For example:
Product Liability claims: improper design, materials, construction, operation and/or maintenance.
Director’s & Officer’s Errors and Omissions claims: someone was negligent or failed to pursue due diligence.
And the current hot issue, Employment Practices Liability: improper selection, training, coaching; policy & procedure development; ignoring employee complaints of harassment or discrimination; arbitrary termination procedures.
All of the above add up to a need to re-vamp your human resources function. The two fields have to work hand in glove."
Norris, concludes, "One final example that I believe many organizations overlook is disability management. Organizations have been so concerned with the rising cost of workers’ compensation that they forget it is only one element in the total disability management costs of an organization. By combining the efforts of HR & Risk Management the organization has the capability of looking at the broad picture and creating accountability for managing its total loss exposure
Question 1
SABPP has approached you to present the following to a group of HR executives;
1. The importance of the role of HRM in risk management. (15 marks)
The HR professional plays an integral role in managing risks within an organization by acting as a partner with line management to solve important problems and contribute positively to the company’s bottom line.
HR objectives need to be aligned with the organization’s overall strategy to ensure the human element of the organization supports the strategic objectives and maintains the company’s competitive edge by addressing key issues such as time-to-market and productivity. HR executives have an important role in managing risk as they can enhance their organization’s efficiencies by proactively working to avoid and prepare for these risks, including human resources and social issues involved in each and every business venture.
Human error can be the underlying cause of virtually every loss, and HR executives, in partnership with Risk Management professionals, can mitigate risk by developing and implementing proper loss prevention techniques and identifying accountability for managing total loss exposure. By combining the efforts of HR & Risk Management, organizations can look at the broad picture and effectively manage their total disability management costs, for example, by creating accountability for managing its total loss exposure.
Hence, it is crucial for HR executives to have an awareness and understanding of the risks associated with their organization and partner with Risk Management professionals to address them effectively.
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Robinson Company had $210,000 of bonds outstanding. Each $1,000 bond can be converted into 41 shares of Robinsan Company $14 par stiock, On May 19 , 2021, when the bond carrying value was $218,100, bondholders converted 661/3% of the bonds to common itcorks Required: Joumalize the entry to record the conversion of the bond5- Note: Assume that all interest has been paid and that the discount has been amortized to date.
The given conversion of bonds to common stock states that Robinson Company has $210,000 of bonds outstanding and each $1,000 bond can be converted into 41 shares of Robinson Company $14 par stock. On May 19, 2021, bondholders converted 66.67% of the bonds to common stock.
The carrying value of the bond was $218,100. All interests have been paid, and the discount has been amortized to date. Below is the journal entry to record the conversion of the bonds to common stock:
Date Account Titles
Debit Credit May 19, 2021
Bonds Payable 210,000
Common Stock 548,100 ($14 × 41 × 420)
Paid-in Capital - Excess of Par – Common Stock(1) 46,200($218,100 - $210,000 - $548,100)
To record the conversion of 66.67% of the bonds into common stock.
(1) Computation: PV of the bonds converted ($14 × 41) × 420 $232,680
Less: Carrying value of the bonds converted 218,100
Additional paid-in capital $14,580
Therefore, the journal entry to record the conversion of the bonds to common stock on May 19, 2021, is:
Bonds Payable - $210,000
Common Stock - $548,100
Paid-in Capital - Excess of Par - Common Stock - $46,200.
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Explain how issues with low-quality data will impact big data.
In your own words
Big data is one of the current industry's latest buzzwords. To use big data, high-quality data is needed. Big data refers to the large amount of data being produced daily.
This information is usually stored and analyzed to reveal trends, patterns, and insights that can be utilized to improve business operations or make informed decisions. Low-quality data, on the other hand, is often incorrect, out-of-date, or incomplete, which can lead to issues with big data.
Data can become low-quality for various reasons, including errors during the data entry phase, poor data management, and low data quality during the data collection process. There are several ways in which the use of low-quality data can affect big data.
The first issue is that low-quality data can significantly lower the accuracy of big data. This means that decisions made on the data's findings are more likely to be incorrect or misleading. With low-quality data, it's more challenging to identify trends and patterns that can be used to make informed business decisions.
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Problem Set Three Computing EBIT for Banuelos Retailing Inc. 8. Banuelos Retailing Inc. has sales of $7,000,000; the firm's cost of goods sold is $3,500,000, and its total operating expenses are $950,000. What is Banuelos Retailing Inc's EBIT? (1.5 points) Computing earnings per share for Dunning Company 9. If Dunning Company earned $250,000 in net income, and paid cash dividends of $35,000, what are Dunning's earnings per share if it has 80,000 shares?
Banuelos Retailing Inc's EBIT is 2,550,000.2,550,000.
Dunning Company's earnings per share (EPS) is calculated using the formula: Earnings per share = Net income - Preferred dividends / Weighted average number of common shares outstanding.
Net income is 250,000 and cash dividend 35,000 so earnings available for common shareholders is 250,000− 35,000 = 215000. Number of share outstanding is 80,000.
Earning per share can be computed by dividing 215,000 by 80,000 shares: Earnings per share = 215000/80000 = 2.44. Therefore, Dunning's earnings per share is, 2.44.
Banuelos Retailing Inc's EBIT is $2,550,000. Dunning Company's earnings per share (EPS) is $2.44, calculated using net income of $250,000 and 80,000 shares outstanding.
Therefore, Dunning's earnings per share is $2.44.
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This is the financial information for 20X1 for Logan, Inc. Assume a December 31-year end. Logan, Inc. issued 200 shares of common stock on June 30,20X1. There were 800 shares of common stock outstanding at the end of 20X0 (last year). The company declared and paid a $10,000 dividend during 20X1. The beginning Common Stock was \$240,000 and the beginning Retained Earnings was $141,000 Prepare the Financial Statements
Financial statements are one of the most important ways of determining the financial health of a company. The following are the financial statements for Logan,
Inc. for 20X1 based on the financial information provided:
Income Statement, Statement of Retained Earnings, and Balance Sheet.
Income Statement:
Revenue\$350,000
Expenses:
Cost of Goods Sold(\$180,000)
Salaries and Wages(\$50,000)
Rent(\$20,000)
Utilities(\$10,000)
Interest(\$5,000)
Total Expenses(\$265,000)
Net Income\$85,000
Statement of Retained Earnings:
Beginning Retained Earnings(\$141,000)
Add Net Income\$85,000
Less Dividends(\$10,000)
Ending Retained Earnings(\$216,000)
Balance Sheet:Assets:
Cash\$60,000
Accounts Receivable(\$40,000)
Inventory(\$20,000)
Prepaid Rent(\$5,000)
Total Current Assets(\$125,000)
Plant and Equipment(\$180,000)
Less Accumulated Depreciation(\$60,000)
Net Plant and Equipment(\$120,000)
Total Assets(\$245,000)
Liabilities:
Accounts Payable(\$30,000)
Interest Payable(\$5,000)
Total Current Liabilities(\$35,000)
Long-term Debt(\$50,000)
Total Liabilities(\$85,000)
Stockholders' Equity:
Common Stock(\$28,000)
Retained Earnings(\$216,000)
Total Stockholders' Equity(\$244,000)
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity(\$245,000)
Note: As the company issued 200 shares of common stock on June 30, 20X1, the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for 20X1 will be [(800 shares x 6 months) + (1,000 shares x 6 months)]/12 months = 900 shares.
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give a example of company
Identify a high profile breach that happened to a company due to a third-party (vendor)
One example of a company that experienced a high-profile breach due to a third-party vendor is Target Corporation. In 2013, Target suffered a data breach that compromised the personal and financial information of 110 million customers.
The breach was caused by a third-party vendor that had access to Target’s network for billing and other business purposes. The vendor had been compromised by hackers who used stolen credentials to access Target’s system. Once inside, the hackers were able to install malware on Target’s point-of-sale systems, which allowed them to steal credit and debit card data as well as other personal information.
The breach also led to the resignation of the company’s CEO and a significant drop in its stock price.Overall, the Target breach highlights the importance of third-party risk management and the need for companies to vet their vendors thoroughly and monitor their activity closely. It also shows the potential consequences of a data breach, including reputational damage, legal liability, and financial losses.
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Flint Corporation was starting a new style of jacket and was monitoring the costs of its first production run of these items during the month. The costs and transactions associated with this jacket were as follows. 1. Purchased fabric on account at a cost of $360. 2. Transferred $290 of fabric into production. 3. Accrued DL cost of $190 associated with 10 DL hours. 4. Recorded actual MOH costs of $165 (consisting of accrued liabilities of $100 and factory-related depreciation of $65 ). 5. Applied MOH costsusing a budgeted MOH rate of $12 per DL hour. 6. Recognized cost of goods completed of $440. Assuming there were no beginning balances in any of the inventory accounts at Flint, show how the above transactions would be reflected in the following select accounts: DM Inventory, WIP Inventory, FG Inventory, and MOH Control. FGInventory
The total production cost per unit will be $715. Flint Corporation is starting a new style of jacket and is monitoring the costs of its first production run.
The costs and transactions associated with this jacket are given as follows.
1. Fabric purchased on account costing $360:
Material Cost= $360
DM Inventory= $3602.
Transferred $290 of fabric into production:
DM Inventory= $290
WIP Inventory= $2903.
Accrued DL cost of $190 associated with 10 DL hours:
DL Cost= $190
WIP Inventory= $1904.
Recorded actual MOH costs of $165 (including accrued liabilities of $100 and factory-related depreciation of $65):
MOH Cost= $165
MOH Control= $100
Depreciation Expense= $65
Accumulated Depreciation—Factory= $65 (Depreciation expenses are accumulated on the balance sheet, reducing the fixed assets' value by the depreciation amount.)
5. Applied MOH costs using a budgeted MOH rate of $12 per DL hour:
MOH Cost Applied= $120
WIP Inventory= $1206.
Recognized cost of goods completed of $440:
FG Inventory= $440
WIP Inventory= $440
Note: Total Production Cost = Total DM Cost + Total DL Cost + Total MOH Cost
Total Production Cost= $360 + $190 + $165
= $715
The company's inventory accounts will show the following at the end of the period:
DM Inventory = $70
WIP Inventory = $0
FG Inventory = $440
Total production cost per unit= ($715 ÷ 1)
= $715.
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Keys Company has a target of establishing a fund of $50000. If $10000 is deposited at the end of every six months, and the fund earns interest at 4% compounded quarterly, how long will it take to reach the target?
It will take approximately 5 years for Keys Company to reach its target fund of $50000.
Since $10000 is deposited at the end of every six months, the periodic interest rate is 4%/4=1% and the compound periods are 2*4=8.Using the formula for future value of an ordinary annuity, we have:$50000 = $10000 x [(1+0.01)^8 - 1] / 0.01 x (1+0.01)^8$50000 = $10000 x 10.563$50000/$10000 = 10.563.
Thus, it will take approximately 5 years to reach the target of $50000. Keys Company has a target of establishing a fund of $50000 and is depositing $10000 at the end of every six months. The fund earns interest at 4% compounded quarterly. To find the time it will take to reach the target, we use the formula for future value of an ordinary annuity.
Since the periodic interest rate is 4%/4=1% and the compound periods are 2*4=8, we can calculate:$50000 = $10000 x [(1+0.01)^8 - 1] / 0.01 x (1+0.01)^8$50000 = $10000 x 10.563$50000/$10000 = 10.563Thus, it will take approximately 5 years to reach the target of $50000.
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