After Austria concluded its investigation it issued an ____
After Austria concluded its investigation it issued an apology.
The governments of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics declared in the Moscow Declaration published on November 1, 1943 that they viewed the annexation of Austria by Germany on March 13, 1938, as invalid and reiterated their desire to see Austria re-established as a free and independent State; however, as a rebuttal, the French Committee of National Liberation made a similar declaration on November 16, 1943.
Whereas the Allied and Associated Powers and Austria desire to conclude the present Treaty for these reasons in order for it to serve as the foundation of their friendly relations and allow the Allied and Associated Powers to support Austria's application for admission to the United Nations Organization.
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In your own words, explain why African Americans shifted their political allegiance to the Democratic Party in large numbers during President Roosevelt's administration.
Support
your answer with at least two points of evidence.
African Americans shifted their political allegiance to the Democratic Party during President Roosevelt's administration because of his New Deal policies which offered to provide relief, recovery, and reform in response to the Great Depression.
Why African Americans supported the Democratic Party during President Roosevelt's administration?
The New Deal policies of President Roosevelt promised economic opportunities and social welfare benefits to African Americans, who were severely affected by the economic crisis and had suffered from racial discrimination for so long.
The Democratic Party with Roosevelt appointed several African Americans to government positions and supported civil rights initiatives.
The evidence can seen that the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), which were not involved in politics previously, later began to support the Democratic Party citing the party's supports civil rights and economic justice.
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In what way did larger states feel they were disadvantaged by the Articles of Confederation, leading them to push for a Constitution to replace it?
1. The Articles of Confederation identified which industries were best suited to each region, which helped smaller states succeed.
2. The Articles of Confederation allowed states to send no more than two representatives to the legislature, regardless of size.
3. The Articles of Confederation specified that some larger states had to share their natural resources with smaller states.
4. The Articles of Confederation created guidelines for creating state constitutions that favored smaller states.
The Articles of Confederation that allowed states to send no more than two representatives to the legislature, regardless of size were disadvantaged by the Articles of the Confederation, leading them to push for a Constitution to replace it Therefore the correct option is 2.
On November 15, 1777, the Continental Congress passed the Articles of Confederation. The United States' first constitution was based on this document. It was in place from March 1, 1781, until the 1789 inauguration of the new Constitution.
The Articles formed a loose and the confederation of sovereign states with a weak central government that also gave the member legislatures all the majority of the power. The Constitutional Convention was also called in 1787 as a result of the imminent need for the stronger federal government.
Hence the correct option is 2
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Read the names and terms below. Then decide in which column each name or term belongs and place it
in the
proper column below.
Executive power
Commander in Chief
State militia
National Guard
Treaty
Executive departments
Cabinet
Appoints ambassadors
Receives ambassadors
"State of the Union
Address
Military Leader
Veto
Calls a special session
of Congress
Chief Executive
Chief of Security
Adjournment of
Congress
Suspension of habeas
corpus in wartime
Economic Report of the
President
Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)
Chief Diplomat
National Security
Agency (NSA)
Holds press conferences
Grants pardons
Chief Legislator
Chief Economist
Moral Leader
OFTE Unlawful to photocopy without permission
Answer:
Executive power - Chief Executive.
Commander in chief - Military leader.
State militia - Military leader.
National Guard - Military leader.
Treaty - Chief Legislator.
Executive departments - Chief Executive.
Cabinet - Chief Executive.
Appoints ambassadors - Chief Diplomat.
Receives ambassadors - Chief Diplomat.
"State of the Union" address - Chief economist.
Veto - Chief Legislator.
Calls a special session of Congress - Chief Legislator.
Adjournment of Congress - Chief Legislator.
Suspension of hebeas corpus in wartime - Military leader.
Economic Report of the President - Chief Economist.
Central Intelligence Agency - Chief of Security.
National Security Agency - Chief of Security.
Holds press conferences - Chief Executive.
Grants pardons - Moral leader.
I The systeen of Senall Particles of crass on Showa belour is rotating at aver Is If the Particles ore. Coopected by Light Sloves that Can be Leagth eaed or Shortened what is the new angular Sleed of the Stores. are Shortened to 0.son? Zon Len Fon
The calculated value of the initial angular momentum of the object is 63 kg⋅m^2/s
Calculating the initial angular momentum of the object?The initial angular momentum of the object can be calculated using the formula:
L = Iω
where L is the angular momentum, I is the moment of inertia, and ω is the angular velocity.
Since the small objects are point particles, their moment of inertia can be calculated as:
I = mr^2
where m is the mass of each object and r is the distance from the axis of rotation.
We can use the fact that the moment of inertia of a system of point particles rotating about a common axis is equal to the sum of the individual moments of inertia:
I = ∑mr^2 or I = ∑mr^2 + Md^2
where M is the total mass of the system and d is the distance between the center of mass and the axis of rotation.
Since there are seven particles, the total mass of the system is:
M = 7m
M = 7 * 2 kg
= 14 kg
The distance between the center of mass and the axis of rotation is:
d = r/2
where r is the distance from the axis of rotation to the center of each particle.
The moment of inertia about the axis passing through the center of mass is therefore:
I = (7m)(r/2)^2
I = (14)(r/2)^2 = 3.5mr^2
Substituting the given values, we get:
I = 3.5(2 kg)(1 m)^2 = 7 kg⋅m^2
The initial angular momentum is therefore:
L = Iω = (7 kg⋅m^2)(9 rad/s) = 63 kg⋅m^2/s
So, the initial angular momentum of the object is 63 kg⋅m^2/s.
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Complete question
Assume: The small objects are point particles.
The system of seven small 2 kg objects is rotating at an angular speed of 9 rad/s. The objects are connected by light, flexible spokes that can be lengthened or shortened.
What is the initial angular momentum of the object?
Where was John Scopes when he taught the theory of evolution in Tennessee in 1925? A. Congress. B. Church C. Public school
Today, the FDIC guarantees the money a person keeps in a bank account,
but only up to a certain amount. Look on the Internet to find out the largest amount of money a person can have insured.Explain your answer. In 3-5 sentences, explain your answer.
Answer:
As of April 2023, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) insures deposits of up to $250,000 per depositor, per FDIC-insured bank. This means that if a person has multiple accounts at the same bank, such as a checking account and a savings account, each account is insured up to $250,000, but if the person has accounts at different FDIC-insured banks, the insurance coverage limit applies to each bank separately. This insurance is important as it helps to protect depositors in case their bank fails or goes bankrupt.
Explanation:
Why is the USA to blame for the Cold War?
Answer:
The US refused to acknowledge communism as a valid form of government. The US's biased perspective of communism, tied with their responsibility to manipulate governments and economies all throughout Europe, initiated the Cold War.
Explanation:
Usa and the Soviet Union once were allies before unexpectedly turning their backs on them and refusing to cooperate with the Soviet Union, the US and the Soviet Union were allies. They were quite controlling and didn't want anyone to mess up their plans especially Soviet Union, to interfere with what they wanted. However, the US attempted to impose its beliefs on other nations, and the soviets became angry since they were prohibited from doing likewise. Because they were so daunting, the US is also to blame for the cold war, in my view. They were so adamant about getting people to share their belief in capitalism. The Soviet Union had to always be on guard due to their constant threats, which made them feel threatened and it caused the war.
What are 3 ways World War I changed the World?
Answer:
The First World War destroyed empires, created numerous new nation-states, encouraged independence movements in Europe's colonies, forced the United States to become a world power and led directly to Soviet communism and the rise of Hitler.
( hopefully this helped )
what are some
questions i could ask about discrimination!? in your own words please.
Answer:
What is discrimination and how does it affect individuals and groups?What are the different types of discrimination and how are they manifested in society?What are the legal frameworks that protect individuals against discrimination?What are some historical examples of discrimination and how do they continue to impact society today?How do stereotypes contribute to discrimination and prejudice?What are some strategies for addressing discrimination and promoting diversity and inclusion?How can we build awareness and empathy around issues of discrimination?What role do institutions, such as schools and workplaces, play in promoting or preventing discrimination?How can we recognize our own biases and work to overcome them?What are some real-world examples of successful anti-discrimination initiatives, and what can we learn from them?Hope this helps!
1. Describe Wilson's foreign policy during his first term in office. How did he see the relationship
between the US and the rest of the world?
1.
Kaiser Wilhelm was executed for his war crimes.
True
False
Answer:
False
Explanation:
He died at his house in the Netherlands, the trial that threatened his life failed.
Political parties ________________ the public and involve people in the ____________ process.
Political parties represent the public and involve people in the political process.
Political parties play a crucial role in representative democracies by serving as a bridge between the public and the government.
They represent the views and interests of their members and supporters, and work to advance their political goals and policy agendas.
Political parties also encourage citizens to participate in the political process by engaging them in political campaigns, promoting voter education, and mobilizing voter turnout.
By doing so, political parties serve as an important mechanism for citizens to have a voice in government and contribute to the decision-making process.
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What impact did the great strike of 1877 have on the United States
Answer:
The Great Strike of 1877 was a series of violent rail strikes across the United States
Explanation:
began in Martinsburg, West Virginia, after the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad cut wages for the third time in a year2. The strike lasted for 69 days2 and involved workers from other railroads and cities23 who protested the economic depression, poverty, and wage cuts14. The strike was put down by militias, the National Guard, and federal troops25. It was the first nationwide strike in United States history35 and an influential movement for the rights of railroad workers3
Why did many peoples view nationalism as a liberating force in the 1800's?
Answer:
peoples view nationalism as a liberating force in the 1800's because the nationalism gave people a new sense of identity and unity. It also led to increased competition among nation-states.
using the article or other research identify which methods are available in your state how have these options been used how does the ability or inability to use initiatives referendums and recalls influence the government of your state
These processes allow voters to accept a law change (an initiative), reject a piece of legislation passed by the Legislature (a referendum), or remove an elected official from office (a recall).
How do initiatives, recalls, and referendums affect politics?In American politics, the initiatives and referendums procedures give residents of many states the opportunity to put recently approved law or new legislation up for a vote on the ballot.
When did the United States establish the initiative and referendum system?The functioning of the initiative and referendum was defined as the following: House Bill 653, which was enacted by the 1913 Legislature. This legislation established the processes and responsibilities of the Attorney General, the courts, the Office of the Secretary of State, county auditors, and other authorities.
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Answer: For California:
You can use three forms of direct democracy in California state elections: mandatory referendums (part of the Constitution of California since 1856), optional referendums, and initiatives. Initiative, referendum, and recall elections were added to the state constitution in 1911. The Southern Pacific Railroad monopoly had strangled the state's economy and government for decades under "The Octopus" control. Direct democracy was expected to protect California voters from wealthy special interests in the future by progressive reformers. It wasn't long before these same interests proved adept at using direct democracy to their own advantage.
Explanation:
Explain causes and effects of the various revolutions in the period from 1750 to 1900.
Answer:
Industrial Revolution (1760-1840s)
Causes:
The development of new technologies, such as the steam engine, which allowed for more efficient production methods
The growth of global trade and colonialism, which provided access to new markets and resources
The rise of capitalism and the desire for greater profits
The growth of population, which increased demand for goods and services
Effects:
The creation of new industries and the expansion of existing ones
The growth of cities and urbanization
The development of new transportation and communication technologies
The rise of the middle class and the decline of traditional social hierarchies
The exploitation of workers and the development of new labor laws and regulations
American Revolution (1765-1783)
Causes:
The desire for greater political representation and autonomy
Conflicts between American colonists and British authorities over issues such as taxation and governance
The influence of Enlightenment ideas, which emphasized individual rights and freedoms
Effects:
The establishment of the United States of America as an independent nation
The spread of democratic ideals and the belief in popular sovereignty
The inspiration for other anti-colonial movements around the world
French Revolution (1789-1799)
Causes:
Economic crisis and the burden of debt
Political corruption and the abuse of power by the ruling class
The influence of Enlightenment ideas, which emphasized the importance of individual rights and freedoms
Effects:
The overthrow of the French monarchy and the establishment of a republic
The rise of radical political factions, such as the Jacobins and the Reign of Terror
The spread of revolutionary ideals and the belief in popular sovereignty
The expansion of French territory and influence throughout Europe
Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)
Causes:
The brutal conditions of slavery and the desire for freedom among enslaved Africans
The influence of Enlightenment ideas, which emphasized individual rights and freedoms
The influence of the French Revolution and the promise of liberty, equality, and fraternity
Effects:
The establishment of Haiti as an independent nation, the first and only successful slave revolt in history
The spread of revolutionary ideals and the belief in popular sovereignty
The inspiration for other anti-colonial movements around the world
Latin American Revolutions (1810-1825)
Causes:
Economic and social inequality between the ruling elites and the rest of the population
The influence of Enlightenment ideas, which emphasized individual rights and freedoms
The impact of the Napoleonic Wars on European powers and their colonies
Effects:
The establishment of independent nations throughout Latin America, such as Mexico, Colombia, and Brazil
The spread of revolutionary ideals and the belief in popular sovereignty
The inspiration for other anti-colonial movements around the world
In summary, the various revolutions in the period from 1750 to 1900 were driven by a range of factors, including economic, social, political, and technological changes. These revolutions had profound effects on the world, including the establishment of new nations, the spread of democratic ideals, and the expansion of individual rights and freedoms.
Answer:
The causes and effects of the various revolutions in the period from 1750 to 1900 are :
Explanation:
1.Because of industrialization the world became truly independent.Such nations in search of raw materials and markets took over other areas for their economic interests.
2.Population growth took place and many people migrated to big cities .Free-wage work were more preferred than forced work as a result slaves and serfs were emancipated.
3.Women were paid way less compared to male.This pushed pushed women to fight for political rights as well.
Working class people came as a force for change.Through organizations into unions,they were able to advocate for changing their difficult work conditions.
Olmec carvings: Monument 4 from La Venta (silhouettes for scale).
Using the Olmec cravings answer these questions.
What is the source/artifact?
Who is the creator(s)?
When was the source composed?
Who was the intended audience?
What was its purpose?
Offering #4 from La Venta a Middle Formative period Olmec culture site located in the Mexican state of Tabasco.
Who is the creator(s)?
Since the Ancient Olmec were Mesoamerica's first significant civilisation, they are regarded as the "parent" culture of succeeding civilizations like the Maya and Aztec. They were talented sculptors and artisans who are now most known for their enormous gargantuan heads. They were also skilled traders and engineers.
When was the source composed? Who was the intended audience?The Olmec stone head sculptures from the Gulf Coast of Mexico (1200 BCE–400 BCE) are among the most enigmatic and hotly contested ancient antiquities. The widely accepted hypothesis is that they depict Olmec kings due to their distinctive physical characteristics, the effort and expense required in their production, and their unique physical attributes.
What was its purpose?
Some people have suggested that the picture may show a group of priests participating in a significant ceremony or parade to honour a distinguished visitor, or that it could show them preparing a human sacrifice.
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The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Directions: Look at some historical information and decide how you feel about the beginning of the Vietnam war. Quote from each of the materials and explain how that backs up your thesis/idea.
Thesis Statement: (What do you think about what congress allowed the President to do?)
The Gulf of Tonkin incident and the ensuing Gulf of Tonkin resolution served as pretext for continued American escalation of the Vietnam War.
What role did the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution play historically?In accordance with this joint resolution of Congress (H.J. RES 1145), dated August 7, 1964, President Lyndon Johnson was given the go-ahead to escalate US engagement in the conflict in North and South Vietnam. Supposedly unprovoked assaults on two American destroyers.
The origin of the Vietnam War.President Johnson authorised the retaliatory bombing of military targets in North Vietnam after North Vietnamese torpedo boats allegedly attacked the U.S.S. Maddox and U.S.S. Turner Joy in the Gulf of Tonkin. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which granted Johnson extensive authority to declare war, was swiftly approved by Congress.
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1.
Which phrase best describes how television coverage influenced public perception during the Vietnam War?
AO increased insight into another culture
BO Increased demand to withdraw soldiers
CO decreased fears of nuclear confrontation
DO decreased knowledge of military strategies
Type here to search
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1
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DELL
Copyright 2023 Illuminate Edue
Option (b), Increasing desire to evacuate soldiers best reflects how media coverage affected popular sentiment throughout the Vietnam War.
What impact did media coverage of the Vietnam War have?The theatrical portrayal of news stories had an impact on the general public's perception of what was actually happening in the field. Because it was so visible in their homes, more people than ever could relate to and empathize with the soldiers. This sparked a general outcry against the war.
The examination of the television coverage of the Vietnam War, as well as the war's aftermath.Based on the sample reviewed and the data acquired, it is determined that although television did mention the dead, dying, and injured, it did not show us them almost every night. Neither did Americans watch network television news programs on the fighting and fatalities in Vietnam on a daily basis.
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The complete question is:
Which phrase best describes how television coverage influenced public perception during the Vietnam War?
AO increased insight into another culture
BO Increased demand to withdraw soldiers
CO decreased fears of nuclear confrontation
DO decreased knowledge of military strategies
What became of the Colored Orphan Asylum?
Answer:The Asylum had a number of relocations and name changes before merging with Harlem-Dowling Children's Services in 1988 to become the Westside Center for Family Services, which is still in operation today.
Explanation:
Place a check mark to each cause of the great depression
The Great Depression, also known as the Great Financial Crisis, occurred from 1929 and 1939. The Depression became immediately apparent following a dramatic decrease in the value of US stocks.
What caused the great depression, and why?An economic plague that began in September 1929 was what led to the Wall Street stock market crash on October 24. Several factors have been suggested as causes of the Great Depression, including the 1929 stock market crash, the Smoot-Hawley Tariff's effects on international trade, government regulations, bank failures and panics, and the shrinkage of the money supply.
The United States' GDP shrank by a third between the start of the Great Depression and its bottom four years later. From 1929 and 1933, real GDP fell by 29%. The highest unemployment rate was 25% in 1933. While consumer expenditures dropped 25%, wholesale prices fell 32%.
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What economic policy did the People's Party support?
• A. They wanted to eliminate income taxes for people and tax
businesses instead
B. They supported a graduated income tax that was higher for rich
people.
• c. They wanted all people to pay the same amount of income tax and
businesses to pay none.
D. They supported a graduated income tax that was lower for rich
people.
Answer:
It entails the government spending more money, lowering taxes or both. The goal of expansionary fiscal policy is to put more money in the hands of consumers so they spend more to stimulate the econom
Explanation:
Answer:
It entails the government spending more money, lowering taxes or both. The goal of expansionary fiscal policy is to put more money in the hands of consumers so they spend more to stimulate the econom
Explanation:
Suppose an 80-wear old retired judge, who had previously served as judge on a county-level court for 20 years, decided to come put of retinent to run for a position on the Texas Supreme Court, would the 80 year old retired judge qualify as a candidate for the Texas Supreme Court?
According to the passage, what was the role of the west in the progressive movement
The Progressive movement was a 20th-century political movement that aimed to advance social and political change, stop political corruption brought on by political machines, and restrict the political sway of big businesses.
What is Progressive movement ?The Progressive Movement was a time of extensive political and social reform in the United States with a focus on eradicating corruption, monopolies, waste, and inefficiency. The main themes were abandoned when America entered World War I, but the waste and efficiency themes persisted into the 1920s. The Progressive movement was a 20th-century political movement that aimed to advance social and political change, stop political corruption brought on by political machines, and restrict the political sway of big businesses.
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Based on the excerpt, which of the following best shows the influences of other cultures on Japan? A. Article 2 shows Vietnamese influence, and Article 15 shows Legalist influence B. Article 2 shows Korean influence, and Article 15 shows a Confucian influence C. Article 2 shows Mongol influence, and Article 15 shows Taoist influence D. Article 2 shows Aryan influence, and Article 15 shows Shinto influenceBased on the excerpt, which of the following best shows the influences of other cultures on Japan? A. Article 2 shows Vietnamese influence, and Article 15 shows Legalist influence B. Article 2 shows Korean influence, and Article 15 shows a Confucian influence C. Article 2 shows Mongol influence, and Article 15 shows Taoist influence D. Article 2 shows Aryan influence, and Article 15 shows Shinto influence
The correct option is B. Article 2 shows Korean influence, and Article 15 shows a Confucian influence.
What is Confucian influence?Confucianism is a Chinese philosophical tradition based on the teachings of the ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius. It is a complex system of moral, social, political, and religious thought that has influenced the culture and history of East Asia for centuries. Confucianism is often characterized as a system of ethical principles, values, and social norms that emphasize respect for authority, loyalty, justice, and harmony. It is based on a hierarchical system of relationships between individuals, families, and society, with the emperor at its apex.
This is based on the excerpt, which states that Article 2 was based on Korean law, and Article 15 was based on Confucianism. This shows the influence of other cultures on Japan, as the excerpt suggests.
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WOMEN’S LIVES IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
Social conditions for women vary from across the globe. Examples include policies, expectations and laws regarding marriage and divorce, inheritance, driving, political participation, family violence, etc.
For this Discussion you will explore the world’s diversity regarding women’s social roles.
Women's social roles vary widely across the globe, with differences in cultural traditions, religious beliefs, historical events, and political systems shaping the social conditions for women in different regions.
Some countries have made significant strides in promoting gender equality and women's empowerment. In these countries, women are more likely to have access to education, healthcare, and job opportunities. They may also have greater legal rights and protections, such as equal pay, anti-discrimination laws, and laws against gender-based violence.
However, in other parts of the world, women may face significant challenges in achieving equality and social justice. They may face discrimination in education and employment opportunities, and they may lack legal protections against violence and harassment. Cultural traditions may also limit women's freedom to make choices about their own lives, including decisions related to marriage and family planning.
One of the key factors shaping women's social roles is the degree of political participation and representation they have in their societies. Women's representation in politics can be a powerful force for change, as it allows women's voices to be heard and their interests to be represented in policy-making. However, women's political participation remains low in many countries, which limits their ability to advocate for their own rights and interests.
Overall, the social conditions for women are complex and diverse, and are influenced by a range of factors. It is important to continue to work towards gender equality and women's empowerment, both through legal and policy changes and through cultural shifts that challenge traditional gender norms and stereotypes.
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Identify an example of cultural bias stereotyping and prejudice face by Native Americans during the 19th century explain how it affected I’m socially politically and economically
Answer:
One example of cultural bias, stereotyping, and prejudice faced by Native Americans during the 19th century was the policy of forced assimilation through the establishment of Indian boarding schools. This policy was based on the belief that Native American culture was inferior and that they needed to be "civilized" and assimilated into mainstream American society.
The policy affected Native Americans socially, as children were taken away from their families and communities and forced to conform to Euro-American culture, including being required to speak only English and to adopt Christianity. This resulted in a loss of cultural identity and disconnection from traditional practices and beliefs, causing significant psychological and emotional trauma.
Politically, the policy of forced assimilation was justified by the belief that Native Americans were unable to govern themselves and needed to be "civilized" to be integrated into American society. This resulted in the erosion of tribal sovereignty and self-governance, as well as the loss of lands and resources.
Economically, the policy of forced assimilation contributed to the impoverishment of Native American communities, as traditional subsistence practices were disrupted, and access to resources such as hunting and fishing grounds, and land, was restricted. The boarding schools also provided inadequate education and vocational training, leaving Native Americans with limited opportunities to participate in the broader economy and limited access to higher-paying jobs.
Overall, the policy of forced assimilation through Indian boarding schools was a significant example of cultural bias, stereotyping, and prejudice that had lasting impacts on Native American communities in the 19th century and beyond.
5. The main idea of this passage is that
A. James Madison caused big arguments between different states.
B. James Madison created a plan that made sure all states were equal regardless of
size.
C. James Madison created a plan that helped form the Constitution.
D. James Madison took over the Constitutional Convention and wrote the Constitution by
himself.
Anyone pls
Option (b), James Madison came up with a strategy to guarantee equality for all states, regardless of size.
What was Madison's vision for the federal government of the United States?To guarantee that no arm of the government had greater authority than the others, he believed that a system of checks and balances should be added to the government's organizational framework. Madison also pushed for the increase of the functions of governors and judges in the federal government in order to effectively oversee state legislatures.
The Virginia Plan, written by James Madison and delivered to the Convention by Edmund Randolph on May 29, 1787, called for the establishment of a bicameral national legislature, or a legislature with two houses, in which the "rights of suffrage" in each house would be proportional to the size of the state.
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The complete question is:
The main idea of this passage is that
A. James Madison caused big arguments between different states.
B. James Madison created a plan that made sure all states were equal regardless of size.
C. James Madison created a plan that helped form the Constitution.
D. James Madison took over the Constitutional Convention and wrote the Constitution by himself.
Trace the development of the idea of race in the 18th and 19th centuries. How was this concept used to justify imperial conquest and expansion? Did the
experience of subaltern peoples confirm or negate these justifications? Answer these questions with an analysis of assigned primary sources and
relevant information and examples in the textbook.
Answer:
In the 18th and 19th centuries, the concept of race began to take shape as a way of categorizing and differentiating groups of people based on physical and cultural characteristics. This idea was heavily influenced by European colonialism and the encounter with non-European peoples in the Americas, Africa, and Asia.
One influential thinker in the development of the idea of race was the Swedish scientist Carolus Linnaeus, who in the mid-18th century classified humans into four racial categories based on physical characteristics such as skin color, facial features, and hair texture. This approach was later expanded by other scholars who added more categories and refined the criteria used to distinguish between them.
The idea of race was also used to justify imperial conquest and expansion by European powers. European colonizers viewed non-European peoples as inferior and primitive, and argued that it was their duty to bring civilization and progress to these “uncivilized” societies. The concept of the “white man’s burden” was popularized in the late 19th century as a justification for European imperialism, and was based on the assumption that white people had a moral and intellectual superiority that made them responsible for the welfare of other peoples.
However, the experience of subaltern peoples often negated these justifications. Colonialism and imperialism led to exploitation, violence, and the suppression of local cultures and traditions. Many colonized peoples resisted European domination and fought for independence and self-determination. The Haitian Revolution, for example, challenged the idea of racial hierarchy by demonstrating that enslaved Africans could overthrow their white masters and establish an independent state.
Primary sources such as travel accounts, scientific treatises, and political speeches provide valuable insights into the development of the idea of race and its use to justify imperialism. For example, Edward Long’s History of Jamaica, published in 1774, classified Jamaican society into racial categories and argued that Africans were inferior to Europeans. The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885, which divided Africa among European powers, was based on the assumption that African societies were primitive and needed European guidance and control.
In conclusion, the idea of race developed in the 18th and 19th centuries as a way of categorizing and differentiating groups of people based on physical and cultural characteristics. This concept was used to justify European imperialism and conquest, but was often challenged and negated by the experiences of subaltern peoples who resisted European domination and fought for their own independence and self-determination.