100 POINTS
HOW MANY ANAPHASE, TELOPHASE, METAPHASE, PROPHASE, INTERPHASE CELLS
ARE THERE

The conclusion that can be made about the evolution of BSE and similar type of disease affecting sheep, rodents and humans is: (B) The disease can mutate and infect different species.

BSE stands for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy. It is a neurological disease affecting  the cattle. It is caused by a transmissible agent called prion. The disease can be transmitted from cattle to humans via there meat.

Mutation is the change in the sequence of DNA that may cause some harmful effects. Mutations can be of two types: Point mutation and Frameshift mutation. Some mutation do not cause any harmful or visible changes, these are termed silent mutations.

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1. Due to the slow development of these microorganisms, they were still not acid resistant bacteria that retain color.

2. It is possible to identify the species of this genus by biochemical tests, genetic tools and proteomics tools.

3. Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycobacterium africanum

Mycobacterium bovis and the Calmette–Guérin Bacillus

Mycobacterium microti

Mycobacterium canetti

Mycobacterium caprae

Mycobacterium pinnipedii

Mycobacterium suricattae

mycobacterium mungi

4. arrangement of colonies in the test tube.

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex is a group of bacteria of the genus Mycobacterium capable of causing tuberculosis in humans or other organisms.

For the diagnosis of tuberculosis, the following tests are mainly used: direct microscopic examination (direct bacilloscopy), culture for mycobacteria with species identification, antimicrobial sensitivity test, rapid test for tuberculosis (TR-TB) and chest X-ray.

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The result of meiosis is that each daughter cell produced from the original cell receives exactly half the chromosomes from the original cell (option D).

Meiosis is the cell division of a diploid cell into four haploid cells, which develop to produce gametes or sex cells.

These cells are the gametes; sperms in males and egg in females. The process of meiosis is divided into 2 stages. Each stage is subdivided into several phases.

The meiotic process is called reduction division because it reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half.

For example, if the somatic cell of a dog posseses 78 chromosomes, this means that as a result of meiosis, the gametes of the dog will possess 39 chromosomes each.

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Jejunum is the central portion of the small intestine transports food rapidly to the ileum via wave-like muscle contractions. Ileum is basically the longest section of your small intestine.

The gastrointestinal tract is the digestive tract or passageway that connects the mouth to the rectum.

The small intestine's entire wall is made up of folds. The duodenum is a C-shaped structure located at the start of the small intestine. The jejunum comes after the duodenum.

The main distinction between the duodenum and the jejunum is that the duodenum contains submucosal Brunner's glands, whereas the jejunum does not.

Thus, this can be the comparison between jejunum and ileum.

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More housing options​ does not describe a common reason people immigrate.

A root cause is the essential motive for the incidence of an event, on this case, immigration. Often, withinside the migration context, there are each push and pull elements with push elements being motives why humans could need to go away their domestic united states and pull elements being motives why humans could need to return back to a brand new united states. In migration, push and pull elements may be economic, environmental, social and political.

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Mendel's model of genetics is not the only model of inheritance, because may be another model, was also presented by another scientist.

The Mendelian quality is determined by dominant and receding alleles of one gene. On the opposite, non-Mendelian traits are not determined by dominant and relapsing alleles and can be governed by more than one gene. Non-Mendelian inheritance is any design in which traits do not segregate in accordance with Mendel's laws.

The genetic traits that follow the truth of Mendel's law are known as Mendelian inheritance while the genetic traits. Non-Mendelian genetics are inheritance motif that is different from Mendelian inheritance.

So we can conclude that  Mendelian inheritance reports the inheritance of phenotypes, determined by only two alleles. One of the two alleles is dominant.

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In the anaerobic reduction of pyruvate during lactic acid fermentation, the reactants will be NADH and pyruvate and the products will be NAD+ and lactate.

Anaerobic reduction  is the conversion of pyruvate into lactate in the absence of oxygen. Thus reaction occurs in the anaerobic organisms as well as in the muscles oh humans during intense exercise. For this to happen, the NAD+ is reduced to NADH.

Pyruvate is the product formed due to the breakdown of glucose in the reaction glycolysis. It is a 10 step process that requires ATP as well as yields some ATP. The net gain of ATP in the reaction is of 2. The process can occur in both aerobic and anaerobic organisms.

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Due to the fact that some homologous components can only be observed during embryonic development, embryology was crucial to understanding how a species has evolved.

The discipline of comparative anatomy known as embryology examines how vertebrate animals grow before giving birth or hatching. Similarities between embryos and adults can be evidence of shared ancestry. For instance, as seen in the figure below, all vertebrate embryos possess tails as well as gill slits.

The embryological stages of several creatures are very similar, pointing to shared ancestry.

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Answer:

Interphase

Explanation:

Because in  interphase chromosomes are not visible

High attrition rates in the development of cancer drugs have been attributed, in part, to the low repeatability of preclinical drug discovery models. Ineffective experimental planning and a lack of scientific transparency may result in experimental biases that have an impact on the reliability, validity, and reproducibility of results.

Here, we identify causes of experimental variability in traditional 2D cell-based cancer drug screening to assess the impact of confounders on cell viability for platinum medicines (cisplatin and carboplatin) and a proteasome inhibitor treated MCF7 and HCC38 breast cancer cell lines (bortezomib). According to variance component analysis, differences in cell viability were more frequently related to the selection of the medication and cell line than to the kind of growth media or the length of the test incubation period.

Due to the possible danger of evaporation and the resulting impact on dose-response curves, alternative ways of keeping diluted pharmaceutical medicines and the use of DMSO controls should be carefully considered. For HCC38, MCF7, MCF-10A, and MDA-MB-436 cells that had been treated with bortezomib and cisplatin, the results were repeatable thanks to the optimization of the experimental conditions, which also significantly enhanced the quality of the data. Together, these results show that by identifying potential confounders and subsequently optimizing experimental parameters for each cell line, cell-based drug screens' replicability (the analyst repeats the experiment multiple times) and reproducibility (different analysts perform the same experiment under different experimental conditions) can be enhanced.

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Let us assume the condition that has been represented here:

Flower color is represented by the allele A.

Hence, the dominant violet color would be A, while the alternate white color would be represented by a.

From the above assumptions, a heterozygous violet flower would have the genotype Aa, while a white flower would have the genotype aa.

Now, crossing the two flowers:

      Aa    x    aa

  Aa   Aa   aa   aa

From the results of the cross, the offspring's genotypes, phenotypes, and their respective probabilities would be as follows:

Aa - violet color - 1/2

aa - white flower color - 1/2

In order words, the cross will yield offspring with violet color flower (genotype, Aa) and white flower color (genotype, aa) each with 1/2 probability.

Phenotype has been defined as the physical expression of the gene. Each gene in an individual that has been expressed or can be seen physically is what makes up the phenotype.

The term genotype has the genetic makeup of the individual i.e the genes responsible for the traits or character that has been expressed in an individual.

Therefore, Aa - violet color - 1/2

aa - white flower color - 1/2

In order words, the cross will yield offspring with violet color flower (genotype, Aa) and white flower color (genotype, aa) each with 1/2 probability.

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The structure of the plasma membrane make this type of transport necessary for fluids because while the heads of the phospholipid structure attract water, the tails are hydrophobic. The model depicts how the hydrophilic section folds around the fluid molecules to bring them into the cell so they do not need to pass through the hydrophobic tails.

The plasma membrane is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of all cells from the outside environment.

The plasma membrane also known as the cell membrane has the following function:

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Answer:

unresponsive to changes in the internal and external environment

Unresponsive to changes in the internal and external environment.

Living things have a strong sense of order and organization that may be studied on a scale from small to enormous. The lowest and most basic unit of matter is the atom. It consists of an electron-surrounded nucleus.

Macromolecules, which are big molecules often generated by polymerization, are many of the biologically significant compounds (a polymer is a large molecule that is made by combining smaller units called monomers, which are simpler than macromolecules).

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which carries the blueprints for the structure and operation of every living thing, is an illustration of a macromolecule.

Therefore, Unresponsive to changes in the internal and external environment.

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Solar power is referred to as solar radiation. The amount of solar energy that reaches the earth is referred to as insolation. The radiation that the planet emits is known as terrestrial radiation.

A tiny amount of radiation from the Earth's surface and the warmed upper atmosphere both radiate into space. The majority of the longwave radiation produced warms the lower atmosphere, which then warms the surface of our planet.

Therefore, long wave terrestrial radiation is primarily responsible for warming the atmosphere. The majority of the energy that reaches the earth's surface is in short wavelengths. Incoming solar radiation, often known as insolation, is the name for the energy that the earth receives from the sun.

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Answer:

Explanation:A. ATP synthase uses kinetic energy to join ADP molecules withphosphate groups.

Genetics entails a phenomenon, epistasis wherein the impact of a gene mutation depends on the absence or presence of mutations in one or more other genes referred to as modifier genes.

As a result, epistatic mutations behave differently when they occur alone than when they do together. Particularly, epistasis is used to show that other genes can obscure the effects of gene variants.

It has been determined that understanding gene interactions, also known as epistasis, is crucial to understanding the function of genetic pathways, their structure, and the evolutionary dynamics of complex genetic systems. With the advent of high output functional genomics and the development of system techniques in the area of biology, there is a renewed acceptance for both the importance of investigating gene interactions and to address concerns in a coordinated quantitative fashion. The recently found cognition, which links the genetic underpinnings of evolution to specific molecular modifications, joins this.

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Yes, the farmers use the information when they plan out their crops from one year to the next because the presence of nitrogen in the soil is very important for higher yield.

Legumes are leguminous crops that can form a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria known as rhizobia which are present in the soil. The result of this symbiosis is to produce nodules in the root of crops in which the bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and nitrates that can be absorbed by the crops.

Bacteria play a key role in Nitrogen-fixing bacteria which convert nitrogen from the atmosphere to nitrates. Some species of bacteria which convert decaying nitrogen waste into ammonia whereas Nitrifying bacteria which convert ammonia into nitrates.

So we can conclude that the farmers use the information due to the presence of nitrogen in the soil which is very important for higher yield of crops.

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The graph of this relationship looks like a horizontal line. In one phase of matter, the relationship between temperature and kinetic energy is exponential.

A substance's kinetic energy is directly proportional to its temperature. Since kinetic energy is the energy that a substance has as a result of its molecules moving, a substance's kinetic energy increases when it absorbs heat because its molecules move faster.

As a solid transforms into a liquid during a phase change, its temperature stays constant because the heat energy is converted to potential energy. Similar to this, when heat is given to a liquid, the temperature rises as the molecules, once more, move more quickly.

Freezing describes the transition from a liquid to a solid state. Its particles decelerate down and become closer together as a result.

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Answer:

horizontal line

Explanation:

In a low-pressure system, the temperature changes.

Pressure in the environment is the force exerted on a surface by the air above it as gravity pulls it to the Earth. In scientific terms, pressure can be defined as the force exerted on a surface per unit area. The atmospheric pressure is also known by the name barometric pressure.

Temperature is the measure of the hotness of coldness of the environment. The units used to measure the temperature are Celsius, Kelvin and Fahrenheit. Temperature and pressure are directly proportional and hence in low pressure system, the temperature will also be low.

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Interaction between the atmosphere and other Earth spheres occurs when:

The Earth is made up of four spheres namely; lithosphere (land), atmosphere (air), biosphere (organisms) and hydrosphere (water).

These sphere interact to ensure the survival of each other, so when one is damaged it affect all. They interact through rainfalls, evaporation, cellular respiration and so on.

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Answer:

NaOH

Explanation:

Since no acid-base reaction equations are provided for each substance, we will have to use logic to find the answer. We can immediately eliminate vinegar and lemon juice, which are both acids, as acidic substances generally taste sour. Next, we can apply the idea of most acids having a +H in their chemical formula while most bases have a -OH in their chemical formula. Because HCl has a +H in its formula, it is an acid, and since NaOH has a -OH in its formula, NaOH is a base.

Answer:

a) Grass

Explanation:

From the flowchart grass is the only producer, other all are consumers. Therefore, the option (a) is correct answer.

Answer:

Checkpoints are mechanisms that regulate progression through the cell cycle ensuringinsuing that each step takes place only once and in the right sequence. Mutations of checkpoint proteins are frequent in all types of cancer as defects in cell cycle control can lead to genetic instability.

Explanation:

The set of genes known as the lactose operon in E. coli controls the synthesis of the enzymes required for breaking down lactose in bacterial cells.

The genes in the lac operon are active when lactose is not present.

When lactose isn't present, the lac repressor forms a strong bond with the operator and stops RNA polymerase from starting transcription. However, the lac repressor loses its capacity to bind DNA when lactose is present. It detaches from the operator and makes room for RNA polymerase to start transcription of the operon.

It is an illustration of an inducible operon where the transcription of structural genes is induced by the presence of a crucial metabolic component (lactose, an alternative energy source).

The lactose molecule acts as a signal molecule if lactose is present in the medium because it binds to the repressor and prevents it from binding to the operator.

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Answer: E. coli controls the synthesis of the enzymes required for breaking down lactose in bacterial cells.

Explanation:

Explanation:

CSF is produced by specialised ependymal cells in the choroid plexus of the ventricles of the brain, and absorbed in the arachnoid granulations. There is about 125 mL of CSF at any one time, and about 500 mL is generated every day.