1. The histogram below shows the total estimated new breast cancer cases diagnosed in 2003.
Histogram
2. The results in this table below are from a 2007 study investigating BRCA mutations in women diagnosed with breast cancer. All of the women in the study had a family history of breast cancer.
BRCA Mutations in Women Diagnosed with Breast Cancer
BRCA1 mutation
BRCA2 mutation
No BRCA mutation
Total
Number of patients
89
35
318
442
Average age at diagnosis
43.9
46.2
50.4
Preventive mastectomy*
6
3
14
23
Preventive oophorectomy*
38
7
22
67
Number of deaths
16
1
21
38
Percent died
18
2.8
6.9
8.6
*A mastectomy is the surgical removal of one or both breasts, either partially or fully. An oophorectomy is the surgical removal of an ovary or ovaries.
Things to address in your summary essay:
Describe how mutations lead to genetic variations.
Which appears to be more dangerous: the BRC1 or BRC2 mutation?
Analyze a woman’s risk of dying of cancer if she carries a mutated BRC1 gene.
How do heredity and inheritance relate to the data presented in these charts?
What data would you need to see in order to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of preventive surgeries?
What does the age at diagnosis tell you about the mutation?
Explain how breast-cancer genes are still present in the population, despite cancer-related surgeries and deaths.
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
Mutations are effectively errors in the DNA copying or transcription processes. They can occur naturally or be caused by mutagens, either chemical such as benzene or environmental such as ultraviolet light. These mutations concern the basses on DNA and can be as small as one base changing to another or as complex and detrimental as the insertion of a new base along the strand. Such mutations can drastically change the proteins created by an organism and affect entire chromosomes or genes. Some mutations that affect gametes can be passed down from parent to offspring and are called germline mutations. Such mutations can create entirely new alleles and increase a populations genetic variation. One such genetic mutation that occurs in humans in cancer. Cancers are errors in a cells DNA caused by mutations that allow the cell to grow and multiply uncontrollably copying the mutated DNA along the way. One specific type of cancer is breast cancer. Breast cancer has two different types of mutations. There are the BRCA 1 and 2 varieties. According to the charts, the BRCA 1 mutation appears to be more deadly. If a woman carries the BRCA 1 mutation, she has, once again according to the chart, an 18 percent chance of death. All of the women in the table above had a family history of cancer. This would point to the fact that cancer can be passed down as well as contracted from a certain type of mutagen known as a carcinogen. The table also references preventative surgeries in a number of women carrying both the BRCA 1 and 2 mutations as well as some without either. Unfortunately, given the data shown, it is impossible to determine the effectiveness of such procedures. To be able to judge this, data about the survival rates of women who underwent the procedures versus those who did not would be required. The bar graph above the chart also mentions ages. It shows that the numbers of cases of breast cancer increase rather quickly until ages 50-59 and then steadily and slowly decline. Most breast cancer cases occur in women 50-59 years old. This tells us that the mutation takes quite a few years to manifest as it is a genetic mutation and is furthered by the sufferers decreased ability to fight off carcinogens with age. If cancer can be removed by surgeries or by the death of the afflicted, why does it still exist in our population? The answer is simple. Cancer can be passed on hereditarily but that is not the only way for it to be contracted. Carcinogens that exist as chemicals or as environmental factors are present everywhere and can mutate one’s DNA and therefore genes. This can then be passed on to offspring as well.
Genetic variations occur as a result of recombination and mutation. Variations enable organisms to adapt to environmental conditions.
What do you mean by genetic variations?Genetic variations can arise from gene variants (also called mutations) or from a normal process in which genetic material is rearranged as a cell is getting ready to divide (known as genetic recombination).
The genetic diversity has three different sources: mutation, recombination and immigration of genes. Mutation is the driving force of genetic variation and evolution.
Genetic diversity is important because it gives species a better chance of survival. However, genetic diversity can be lost when populations get smaller and isolated, which decreases a species' ability to adapt and survive.
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Related Questions
When a rock first formed, it contained 8 milligrams of potassium-40. How much potassium-40 would remain after three half-lives?
1 milligram
O 2 milligrams
O 3 milligrams
O 4 milligrams
Answers
Answer:
l milligram
Explanation:
James Watson and Francis Crick first discovered the structure of the DNA molecule in 1953. They discovered that the molecule has a shape specific to just that molecule. That shape can be best described as-
Answers
Answer:
A double helix
Explanation:
WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST!!!!!!
Answers
Answer: wdym u already answered it
Explanation:
Refer to the diagram to complete the sentence with the
correct numbers.
When hydrogen shares electrons with oxygen, the
outermost shell of the hydrogen atoms are full with
electrons and oxygen's valence shell is full
with
electrons. Because the valence shells
of these atoms are full, the atoms are stable.
:H
Answers
Answer:
Refer to the diagram to complete the sentence with the correct numbers.
When hydrogen shares electrons with oxygen, the outermost shell of the hydrogen atoms are full with 2
electrons and oxygen’s valence shell is full with 8
electrons. Because the valence shells of these atoms are full, the atoms are stable.
Explanation:
Edge 2021
According to the electronic configuration, when hydrogen shares electrons with oxygen , hydrogen atom has 2 electrons and oxygen atom has 8 electrons.
What is electronic configuration?Electronic configuration is defined as the distribution of electrons which are present in an atom or molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals.It describes how each electron moves independently in an orbital.
Knowledge of electronic configuration is necessary for understanding the structure of periodic table.It helps in understanding the chemical properties of elements.
Elements undergo chemical reactions in order to achieve stability. Main group elements obey the octet rule in their electronic configuration while the transition elements follow the 18 electron rule. Noble elements have valence shell complete in ground state and hence are said to be stable.
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humans have __ chromosomes in the nucleus of every cell in our bodys
Answers
Explanation:
In humans, each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46. Twenty-two of these pairs, called autosomes, look the same in both males and females. The 23rd pair, the sex chromosomes, differ between males and females.
What is the correct complementary DNA strand for the sequence ATTGGCTAC
Answers
why do you think that the water pressure in the lowest layer is so high?
Answers
Answer:
By understanding the manner in which temperature changes with height, we can become familiar with a ton about how ... of particles in less space, both air thickness and pneumatic force are higher. ... happen in the most minimal two layers: the lower atmosphere and the stratosphere.
Explanation:
My second best answer! 44732t4823
The large size (volume) of African elephants make it challenging to get rid of heat. They live in a hotter environment than Indian elephants so they have adapted by having larger, flat ears. This is an advantage because large, flat ears...
Select one:
a. give elephants a larger surface area to volume ratio so they can more efficiently get rid of heat
b. give elephants a smaller surface area to volume ratio so they can more efficiently get rid of heat.
c. are used to fan their body to remove heat by convection
d. give elephants a greater volume to help them stabilize their body temperature.
Answers
Answer:
a. give elephants a larger surface area to volume ratio so they can more Explanation:
because of the elephants large size they need bigger ears to cover more area to keep them cool
In other cases, researchers use natural experiments in which the dependent variable (typically a measure of organism health) is measured under differing contexts that are not manipulated. Say, for example, that an accidental chemical spill contaminates five ponds. To determine the possible effects of the toxic chemical on frogs, a researcher could compare the hatching rate of frog eggs laid in those five ponds to the hatching rate of eggs laid in five uncontaminated ponds nearby. This would be an example of a natural experiment because concentrations of the toxic chemical in the ponds were not controlled by the experimenter, but rather resulted from the chemical spill.
Drag type of experiment on the left to the example of experiment on the right.
A. Natural
B. Manipulative
1. ______: Blood concentrations of BPA in college students are compared to their recent consumption of canned food items
2. _____: The feeding behavior of fish in streams that receive acidic runoff from strip mines is compared to the feeding behavior of fish in unaffected streams.
3. _____: The deformity rate in baby birds from nests in pesticide-sprayed fields is compared to the deformity rate in birds from nests in unsprayed fields.
4 ______: Tumor development is compared in mice exposed to five dosages of a known carcinogen in the laboratory.
5. ______: Foraging activity levels are compared in tadpoles exposed to four concentrations of toxic metals in the laboratory.
6. ______: Growth of corn plants is compared in field plots sprayed with three different dosage:s of weed killer 7.
7. ______: BPA concentrations in the urine of people with diabetes are compared to BPA concentrations in the urine of people without diabetes
Answers
Answer:
1. Natural
2. Natural
3. Manipulative
4. Manipulative
5. Manipulative
6. Manipulative
7. Natural
Explanation:
1. Checking the blood concentration of BPA in college students in relation to their recent consumption of canned food items is a natural experiment because BPA concentration in blood is not artificially controlled by any means.
2. Comparing the feeding behavior of fish in streams with acidic runoff to that of fish in an unaffected stream is a natural experiment due to the fact that the acidity of the stream is not artificially controlled in any way by the experimenter.
3. Checking the deformity rate in baby birds from nests in pesticide-sprayed fields and that from unsprayed fields would require some manipulations except a sprayed and unsprayed one already existed long before the experiment was given birth to. Otherwise, the sprayed field might need to be artificially created just for the purpose of the experiment.
4. A known carcinogen would need to be administered to a group of the mice. This is manipulative.
5. The tadpoles would need to be artificially exposed to the toxic metals in the laboratory. Manipulative
6. The spraying would need to be carried out artificially in order for the comparison to be made. Manipulative
7. People with diabetes cannot be artificially created. They must have existed naturally long before the experimental design. Natural
If you were to pour 4 different liquids into a glass and the liquids separated into 4 layers, which liquid would have the highest density?
A.
the second layer from the bottom of the glass
B.
the third layer from the bottom of the glass
C.
the layer at the bottom of the glass
D.
the layer at the top of the glass
Answers
Answer:
the layer at the bottom of the glass
Explanation:
because the last layer consists with so much energy so all the force is in the last layer.
Hi if it is wrong am sorry I tried but if it is right then am happy to help.
Where dose plastic come from?
Answers
Answer:
Plastics are derived from natural, organic materials such as cellulose, coal, natural gas, salt and, of course, crude oil. Crude oil is a complex mixture of thousands of compounds and needs to be processed before it can be used. The production of plastics begins with the distillation of crude oil in an oil refinery.
Explanation:
Describe the circumstances of a solar eclipse.
Answers
A solar eclipse happens when the Moon passes in front of the Sun and casts a shadow across Earth.
For a total eclipse to take place, the sun, moon and Earth must be in a direct line. The second type of solar eclipse is a partial solar eclipse. This happens when the sun, moon and Earth are not exactly lined up. The sun appears to have a dark shadow on only a small part of its surface.
A cold can of juice is removed from the refrigerator and is placed outdoors on a warm day m. After several minutes moisture appears on the outside of the cold can . What best explains why the moisture appears
Answers
Answer:
THE CONDENSATION IN THE AIR apears on the can
can i have brainiest i need one more
Explanation:
The diagram below shows a sarcomere. If a disorder limits the number of
calcium ions that can bind to actin, what would happen to the sarcomere?
Myosin
Actin
phases
A. The myosin and actin would not separate, and the sarcomere
would remain contracted.
B. The myosin and actin would not separate, and the sarcomere
would be unable to contract.
C. The myosin and actin could not connect, and the sarcomere would
be unable to contract.
O D. The myosin and actin would not connect, and the sarcomere
would remain contracted.
No
Answers
Answer:
i would say C. but it is probably wrong. i don't really understand this stuff
The myosin and actin could not connect, and the sarcomere would
be unable to contract.
What is a sarcomere muscle?Sarcomeres are rather stereotyped and are repeated in the course of muscle cells, and the proteins inside them can trade-in periods, which reasons the overall length of a muscle to trade. A character sarcomere consists of many parallel actins (thin) and myosin (thick) filaments.
What is the difference between sarcomere and myofibrils?Myofibrils are composed of repeating sections of sarcomeres, which appear under the microscope as alternating dark and light bands. Sarcomeres are composed of long, fibrous proteins as filaments that slide beyond each other when a muscle contract or relaxes.
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What is the definition of erosion in rock biology?
Answers
Answer:
Erosion is the process where rocks are broken down by natural forces such as wind or water. There are two main types of erosion: chemical and physical.If grasshoppers were removed from this food web, which organism would suffer the most, the bird or the baboon?
Answers
Answer:
If the grasshoppers are removed from this ecosystem the bird will suffer the most.
Explanation:
On the presented food web we can see a food web that is complex and typical for the African savanna. As in all food webs, one organism is important for the survival of another organism or for the survival of numerous organisms. In this case, we have the grasshopper and its importance in the ecosystem, and which animal will be the most affected if it suddenly was not in this ecosystem anymore.
The bird and the baboon both feed on grasshoppers, but there is one big difference, and that is that the grasshoppers are the primary food source of the bird, while the baboon has other food sources as well. This means that with the grasshoppers being out of this ecosystem, the bird will have a very hard time surviving, and if it doesn't adapt quickly enough to feed on something else it will probably go extinct. The baboon, on the other hand, will be affected but not so dramatically as it will continue feeding on the other food sources, though it might suffer some smaller losses in its population.
If the grasshoppers are removed from this ecosystem the bird will suffer the most.
Why bird will suffer the most?The bird and the baboon both feed on grasshoppers, but there is one major difference, and that is that the grasshoppers are the primary food source of the bird, while the baboon has other food sources as well.
This signifies that with the grasshoppers being out of this ecosystem, the bird will have a very hard time surviving and if it doesn't adjust quickly enough to feed on something else it will probably go extinct.
Thus, birds will suffer the most.
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Does anyone have an answer for this???
Answers
Answer:
because the truck is moving
Explanation:
the force of the engine is bigger than the fractional force so the truck keep moving and do not stop.
Answer with Explanation:
The forces are unbalanced because the engine force (bigger force) and the friction force (smaller force) are not equal. Their difference in force is 40 N. This makes the truck move forward or in the direction of the bigger force. Its movement is being slowed down by the friction force.
Both of the forces are acting in opposite directions, but they are not equal in magnitude. Such occurrence can make an object either slow down or speed up. It could also change its direction. This is in accordance to "Newton's First Law of Motion."
PLEASE HELP ME
Fungi can be helpful to other organisms by...
Answers
Answer: Mutualism
Explanation: Fungi have a lot of mutualistic relationships with other organisms. When we say mutualism, both organisms benefit from this relationship. A common example of a mutualistic relationship involving fungi is the mycorrhiza, a mycorrhiza is a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a plant.
Answer:
Fungi are important decomposers in most ecosystems They recycle 85 percent of the carbon from dead organic matter and release the locked-up nutrients so they can be used by other organisms.
Explanation:
A man and woman have a son who is color blind, a recessive sex-linked trait carried on the X chromosome, but neither parent is color blind. The woman is now pregnant with their second child. Which of the following statements is true about the second child? (2 points)
Answers
Answer:
No their second child is not a colour blind
if it's girl it's a carrier & if it's a it's a normal vision
what part of your home would be like the mitochondria of the cell?
Answers
Answer: the fuse box
Explanation: it powers all the electricity in the house
Answer:
The cell wall because it protects you.
Explanation:
How is the process of photosynthesis essential to sustaining life on Earth?
Answers
Answer:
Photosynthesis is important to living organisms because it is the number one source of oxygen in the atmosphere. Without photosynthesis, the carbon cycle could not occur, oxygen-requiring life would not survive and plants would die.
... The importance of photosynthesis in our life is the oxygen it produces.
Answer:
without the process of photosynthesis, plant would not be able to provide glucose (the food they consume) and in turn, they would die. Plants also produce )2 as a byproduct of photosynthesis which humans depend on so they we breathe.
Explanation:
a cell is placed in solution which has the same solute concentration as the inside of the cell isotonic. because the concentration is the same on both sides of the membrane which direction will the water move via osmosis
Answers
Answer:
If a cell is in a medium with the same concentration of solutes with respect to intracellular space —isotonic— there will be no movement of water because there is no osmotic gradient or osmosis.
Explanation:
Osmosis implies the passage of water through a semi-permeable membrane from a place with a lower concentration of solutes to one where the concentration of solutes is higher. This difference in solutes concentration on both sides of the membrane produces an osmotic gradient, where the water will move towards the space with the highest concentration of solutes.
If a cell is in an isotonic medium —the same concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell— there is an equilibrium and the osmotic gradient is non-existent, so there is no movement of water or osmosis.
why does a person living at a high altitude need large amounts of red blood cells
Answers
Answer:
The effects of high altitude on humans are considerable. The oxygen saturation of hemoglobin determines the content of oxygen in blood. After the human body reaches around 2,100 meters (6,900 ft) above sea level, the saturation of oxyhemoglobin begins to decrease There’s oxygen in the air at high altitude. An increase in red blood cells in their bodies allows people to increase their body oxygen levels, especially when they perform strenuous exercise at high altitudes. Many athletes will train at high altitudes in preparation for competitions at lower altitudes. However, the human body has both short-term and long-term adaptations to altitude that allow it to partially compensate for the lack of oxygen. There is a limit to the level of adaptation; mountaineers refer to the altitudes above 8,000 meters (26,000 ft) as the death zone, where it is generally believed that no human body can acclimatize
(I'm so sorry if I'm wrong)
Hope this Helps!
what product of the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis is utilized in the light independent reaction
Answers
Answer:
In the light-independent reactions or Calvin cycle, the energized electrons from the light-dependent reactions provide the energy to form carbohydrates from carbon dioxide molecules. The light-independent reactions are sometimes called the Calvin cycle because of the cyclical nature of the process.why are our intercostal muscles important
Answers
1) Variables that are not or cannot be controlled that could interfere with an experiment are called ____.
A. controlled variables
B. extraneous variables
C. dependent variable
D .control group
E. independent variable
Answers
Answer:
Extraneous Variables
Explanation:
Because they are not an independent variable, but they could affect the results of the experiment.
What change occurs to your food by your teeth as you chew?
A. Physical Change Only
B. Chemical Change Only
C. Both Physical and Chemical
D. neither physical nor chemical change
Answers
Answer:
i think c
Explanation:
The change that occurs to the food by your teeth as you chew is both Physical and Chemical. The correct option is C.
What is chewing?Mastication, often known as chewing, is the process of reducing the size of solid food particles so that they can be taken more readily. Teeth are typically used as the surface for biting and grinding.
Chewing masticates, or grinds, food, which aids in physical digestion in the mouth. Salivary amylase, an enzyme that converts complex carbs into simple sugars, performs chemical digestion in the mouth. After the meal has been digested in the mouth, it forms a bolus or ball of food.
In your mouth, chemical digestion begins. Your salivary glands expel saliva into your mouth as you eat. Digestion begins chemically with the help of digestive enzymes found in saliva.
Therefore, the correct option is C. Both Physical and Chemical.
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What are the primary of water pollution
Answers
It occurs when foreign harmful materials like chemicals, waste matter, or contaminated substances are directly or indirectly discharged into water bodies. ... Any alterations in the chemical, physical, or biological water properties qualify as water pollution.
26--2×4 what is the answer
Answers
Answer:
34
Explanation:
26--2×4
When we think about the effects of air pollutants we immediately think of respiratory issues. Exposure to one criteria
air pollutant has harmful effects on the cardiovascular system including increased occurrence of heart attack and
stroke. These effects can result in emergency department visits, hospitalizations and, in some cases, premature death.
As expected, exposure to this pollutant is also linked to harmful respiratory effects, including asthma attacks. What is
this pollutant?
Answers
Explanation:
This pollutant is ozone, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide.