1. Explain what intelligence means, then explain how meaningful IQ scores are. 2. Explain how intelligent brains are different. 3. Explain how heredity and environment affect intelligence. Which is mo

The concept described pertains to determining whether an individual's pay is fair relative to others in the same or similar job positions. This aligns with the notion of internal equity, which focuses on fairness within an organization.

Internal equity refers to the fairness of pay within an organization, particularly when comparing individuals who hold similar job roles or perform similar tasks. It examines whether employees' compensation is proportional and consistent based on factors such as job responsibilities, skills, experience, and performance.

The aim is to ensure that individuals who contribute equally to the organization are compensated fairly and receive comparable pay.

External equity, on the other hand, involves comparing an organization's pay practices to the external market. It assesses whether the organization's compensation structure is competitive and aligns with industry standards and market rates. External equity takes into account factors such as supply and demand for certain job roles, prevailing wage rates, and industry benchmarks.

Individual equity focuses on fairness at the individual level, considering factors specific to each employee's unique circumstances. This may include performance, qualifications, and contributions that differentiate individuals within the same job role.

Transformative equity is not a recognized term in the context of pay equity. It may refer to broader concepts related to social justice and equality but does not directly apply to the comparison of pay within a workplace setting.

In summary, the concept described aligns with internal equity, which assesses whether an individual's pay is fair relative to others in the same or similar job positions within an organization.

External equity examines market competitiveness, while individual equity considers unique circumstances. Transformative equity does not directly relate to the comparison of pay equity in this context.

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Connectivism is a theory of learning that emphasizes the role of technology in the learning process. It suggests that knowledge is distributed across networks and that learning is the process of building connections between these networks.

To apply connectivist ideas to a rabbit-hole learning experience, one might start by exploring a topic that interests them and seeing where it takes them.

As they continue to learn and explore the topic, they will begin to build connections between different sources of information. They may start to see patterns or connections between different games or designers, or they may begin to develop their ideas about what makes a great game. By sharing their ideas and insights with others, they can help create a community of learners working together to deepen their understanding of the topic.

One limitation of connectivism is that it may not be able to explain certain types of learning that are not based on collaboration or social interaction. For example, some forms of learning may be more individualized or self-directed, and may not involve the same level of interaction with others. Additionally, some forms of learning may be more focused on acquiring specific skills or knowledge, rather than on building networks of connections between different sources of information.

Case Study #1: Jane

Jane is a student who is struggling with math. She has tried many different methods of learning, but nothing seems to be working. Using connectivist ideas, one might hypothesize that Jane could benefit from collaborating with others who are also struggling with math. By working together, they could share their ideas and insights, and help each other to understand difficult concepts. Additionally, Jane might benefit from seeking out online resources or communities that focus on math education, where she can connect with experts and get feedback on her work.

Strengths: Connectivism could help Jane overcome her feelings of isolation and frustration by providing her with a network of peers and experts who can support her learning. By working collaboratively, she can gain new insights and perspectives, and build stronger connections between different concepts and ideas.

Limitations: Connectivism may not be able to fully explain why Jane is struggling with math, or how to address specific gaps in her knowledge or understanding. Additionally, not all students may be comfortable with the level of collaboration and social interaction that is required by this theory.

Case Study #2: Sam

Sam is a software engineer who is interested in learning more about artificial intelligence (AI). He has been reading articles and watching videos about the topic and has started to experiment with different AI algorithms and tools. Using connectivist ideas, one might hypothesize that Sam could benefit from connecting with other AI enthusiasts through online forums or social media. By sharing his work and ideas with others, he can gain new insights and perspectives, and build a network of contacts that can help him to advance his career.

Strengths: Connectivism could help Sam to build his skills and knowledge by providing him with a community of experts who can share their experiences and insights. Additionally, he can gain exposure to new ideas and techniques by working collaboratively with others.

Limitations: Connectivism may not be able to fully explain the technical details of AI algorithms or how they work. Additionally, not all learners may be comfortable with the level of collaboration and social interaction that is required by this theory.

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A plan, policy, program, or real project's environmental impact is evaluated before the choice is made to proceed with the suggested action in an environmental impact assessment, or EIA.

One of the primary "checks and balances" incorporated into the EIA process is the evaluation of the quality of an EIA report. By doing this, you can make sure that the data you supply is reliable and enough for making decisions. Reviewing EIA reports frequently results in considerable quality improvements that lead to more informed approvals and better environmental outcomes. A formal phase in the EIA process is the evaluation of a report's quality. It is taken to make sure that the data presented in the report conforms with the terms of reference and is enough for making decisions.

The majority of the time for public input on the statement of material effects and their mitigation occurs during the review stage. Decision-makers are assured that the statement of effects is trustworthy via a systematic, transparent review process, and the public is given faith in the EIA procedure. The goals, components, and procedures that can be used to encourage best practices in the evaluation of EIA reports are described in this section. The review processes used by other nations are also mentioned.

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The complete question is, "Explain the eighth stage of the Environmental Impact Assessment process- 'Review of draft report' and its definition."

An activity schedule could be used to positively influence a client’s behavior by providing structure and consistency to their daily routine.

By breaking down their day into manageable tasks and activities, a client may be more likely to stick to their routine and feel a sense of accomplishment. This can help build self-esteem and increase motivation, which can have a positive impact on their behavior.

Additionally, including activities that the client enjoys or finds rewarding can help reinforce positive behaviors and provide a sense of pleasure and satisfaction. Overall, an activity schedule can be a helpful tool in promoting positive behavior change by providing structure, consistency, and reinforcement for desired behaviors.

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The different terms are used in the process of research to define the scope of the study, identify the type of data to be collected, and establish the research questions. The different terms used in research include the target population, the accessible population, population parameters, and unit of analysis.

Unit of analysisThe unit of analysis is the entity or phenomenon that the study focuses on. It is the primary element of the research design, and it can be an individual, group, organization, or event. The unit of analysis helps the researcher to define the variables of the study, collect data, and analyze the results. For instance, if a study aims to examine the impact of a drug on a specific disease, then the unit of analysis will be the individual who is affected by the disease.

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Ms. Rodriguez's reasoning by analogy is agreeable as it acknowledges the capabilities of women in running households and raising children, suggesting their potential to effectively govern a country.

Analogical reasoning is a logical method of thinking that applies existing information to draw conclusions about new situations or information.

An analogy takes two things that are similar and compares them to one another, highlighting some aspects while omitting others. The fact that women run households, raise a significant percentage of the country as single mothers, have to budget money they don't have, and raise people who get post-secondary education, all suggest that they can run the country.

These are some of the main reasons women can run a country, according to the quote. Therefore, Ms. Rodriguez's reasoning by analogy is agreeable.

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The United States became an empire in the late 19th and early 20th century due to a combination of factors such as territorial expansion, economic interests, and a desire for global influence.

The United States' transformation into an empire during the late 19th and early 20th century can be attributed to several key factors. Firstly, there was a strong drive for territorial expansion, motivated by a sense of manifest destiny and the belief that the United States had a divine mission to expand its influence across the continent. This led to the acquisition of new territories such as Alaska, Hawaii, and the Philippines.

Secondly, economic interests played a significant role in the country's imperial ambitions. The United States sought access to new markets and resources, and expansion abroad provided opportunities for trade, investment, and access to valuable commodities. Economic considerations were particularly prominent in the acquisition of territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific, which offered strategic advantages for trade routes and naval presence.

Lastly, there was a growing desire for global influence and power. The United States wanted to assert itself as a major player on the international stage, competing with other global powers for geopolitical dominance. This ambition was fueled by notions of American exceptionalism and the belief that the United States should spread its political and cultural values to other parts of the world. Hence, a combination of territorial expansion, economic interests, and a desire for global influence drove the United States to become an empire in the late 19th and early 20th century.

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Carly's behavior is problematic and warrants intervention due to its disruptive nature and negative impact on her own learning and the learning environment of the classroom.

behavior, as described, involves banging on her desk, throwing her printing work on the floor, and refusing to complete activities. These actions not only disrupt the learning environment but also indicate a level of frustration and difficulty in engaging with the assigned tasks. Carly's communication challenges and delayed math and reading skills may contribute to her frustration and difficulty in expressing herself effectively. It is important to address these issues to ensure Carly's educational progress and emotional well-being.

Intervention is necessary to support Carly in managing her frustrations and developing appropriate coping mechanisms. A multi-faceted approach can be taken, involving collaboration between Carly, her teacher, special education professionals, and potentially other relevant specialists. This approach may include:

1. **Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)**: Conducting an FBA to understand the underlying factors triggering Carly's challenging behavior. This assessment can help identify potential antecedents, consequences, and patterns of her behavior.

2. **Individualized Education Program (IEP)**: Collaborating with Carly's parents and a multidisciplinary team to develop an IEP that addresses her specific needs, including communication strategies, assistive technology, and accommodations for her fine motor deficits.

3. **Positive Behavior Support (PBS)**: Implementing a PBS plan that focuses on teaching Carly alternative ways to communicate her frustrations and express her needs effectively. This may involve using visual supports, augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems, and social skills training.

4. **Sensory Supports**: Identifying and implementing sensory supports that may help Carly regulate her emotions and maintain attention during desk-based activities. This could involve providing alternative seating options, fidget tools, or sensory breaks.

5. **Collaboration and Communication**: Regular collaboration and communication between Carly's teacher, support staff, and parents to ensure consistency in strategies and interventions across different environments.

6. **Curriculum Modifications**: Modifying the curriculum and instructional strategies to cater to Carly's unique learning needs and provide appropriate scaffolding to address her delayed math and reading skills.

It is essential to implement these interventions with empathy, patience, and understanding to create a supportive and inclusive learning environment for Carly. Continuous monitoring and assessment of the effectiveness of interventions will allow for adjustments and refinements as needed to maximize Carly's progress and well-being.

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1. A random sample is one in which every person in the population being studied is assured an equal chance of being included. Therefore, the correct option is a. random.

2.  Mattie is using participant observation as a method of gathering data. Therefore, the correct option is d. participant observation.

3. An independent variable is a variable whose variation does not depend on any other variable. Therefore, the correct option is a. an independent variable.

Random sampling used in research to select participants or data points from a larger population in a way that each member has an equal chance of being included. It helps to ensure representativeness and minimize bias, allowing for generalizations to be made about the population based on the sample.

Participant observation is a research method where the researcher immerses themselves in the social setting being studied, actively participating in the activities and interactions while also observing and documenting their observations. It provides an in-depth understanding of the social context and allows for the collection of rich qualitative data.

An independent variable is a variable manipulated or controlled by the researcher in an experiment to determine its effect on the dependent variable. It is the variable that is hypothesized to cause changes in the dependent variable. By controlling and varying the independent variable, researchers can investigate causal relationships and make inferences about cause and effect.

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Answer 1. The challenges that exist for preprimary teachers when providing 'choices' to children in the project approach include creating and offering choices that are developmentally appropriate and interesting to the children, managing the classroom environment when children are engaged in various activities, and ensuring that the project approach does not interfere with the children's learning of essential pre-academic skills.

The biggest challenge that may be faced by the preprimary teachers is in creating choices that are developmentally appropriate and appealing to all the children in the class.

Answer 2. Vygotsky's zone of proximal development relates to the idea of choices in the project approach in that the project approach allows for children to work in groups and engage in social interactions. This is important as children learn best through social interactions with their peers, and the zone of proximal development refers to the space between what children can do on their own and what they can do with assistance. When given choices, children can work together to support one another and encourage learning.

Answer 3. The project approach provides an opportunity for children to gain in all of Piaget's three areas of knowledge. These three areas include cognitive, social, and emotional knowledge. Children are provided with opportunities to develop their cognitive knowledge by exploring new concepts and ideas, social knowledge by working with others, and emotional knowledge by learning to express themselves and regulate their emotions.

Answer 4. The learning cycle relates to the project approach as it provides a framework for learning that includes exploration, investigation, and reflection. In the project approach, children are encouraged to explore and investigate a topic of interest and then reflect on what they have learned. This cycle helps to reinforce learning and allows children to build on their prior knowledge.

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Jackson's populist politics was contradicted by many of his actions. Here are some of the essential contradictions of Jackson’s populist politics:

Indian Removal Act of 1830. Jackson removed thousands of Native Americans from their homes and marched them west to make way for white settlers. This was a direct contradiction of his support for states’ rights and the sovereignty of individual states over federal power. Tariff of Abominations. This tariff imposed high taxes on imported goods, which hurt the Southern economy. Jackson, a Southern president, supported the tariff at first but eventually came out against it.

This was a contradiction of his previous stance on states’ rights and his support for tariffs. National Bank. Jackson strongly opposed the National Bank, believing it was an institution that favored the wealthy over the common people. However, he used his executive power to veto the renewal of the National Bank's charter, which was a contradiction to his populist ideals. Political Patronage.

 Jackson instituted the “spoils system” in which government jobs were given to his supporters. This went against his belief in meritocracy and rewarding those who were most qualified for the job. Overall, Jackson's populist politics had many contradictions, especially when it came to his stance on states’ rights and his use of executive power.

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Religion, as a social institution, encompasses a complex system of beliefs, rituals, values, and practices shared by a group of people. It provides individuals with a framework for understanding the world, moral guidance, and a sense of belonging.

Within this social institution, various statuses, roles, and groups can be identified:

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The social institution of religion is an established system of religious beliefs and practices. It comprises various statuses, roles, and groups, such as clergy and congregants, and distinguishes between minority and majority religious groups. Factors like SES, age, and gender also influence roles and participation within this institution.

The social institution of religion is defined as an organized system of beliefs, practices, rituals, and symbols that serve to facilitate closeness to the sacred or supernatural. It serves as a primary source of meaning, coherence, and ultimate concern in the society, providing the social structures through which human behaviors are influenced.

Within this institution, there are various statuses, roles, and groups. For instance, the clergy (priests, rabbis, imams, etc.) represent a status and hold a certain role by conducting religious services and providing spiritual guidance. Parishioners or congregants are also another status group who follow the leadership and guidance of the clergy.

Minority and majority groups may be seen within religion, based on the number of followers a particular faith might have in a given society. For example, in a predominantly Christian society, Christians make up the majority group, while Buddhists may be a minority.

The influence of factors such as SES (Socioeconomic Status), age, and gender can also be seen within the religious institution. For example, older individuals might have higher religious attendance, and women are often found to be more religious than men. SES may impact the denomination or sect one belongs to within a religion.

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Answer:

Explanation:

The deficit model of ethnic identity is an approach used in sociology to understand how ethnicity is viewed and evaluated based on an ideal ethnic type. According to this model, certain ethnic groups may be seen as lacking or deficient in comparison to the dominant or ideal ethnic group within a society.

Sociologists using the deficit model of ethnic identity examine the ways in which ethnic groups are evaluated based on criteria set by the dominant group. This evaluation often leads to the marginalization or stigmatization of certain ethnic groups, as they are perceived as falling short of the ideal ethnic type.

Here's how sociologists use the deficit model of ethnic identity to understand the evaluation of ethnicity:

1. Ideal Ethnic Type: The dominant group in a society establishes a set of criteria and characteristics that define the ideal ethnic type. These criteria often align with the values, norms, and cultural practices of the dominant group.

2. Evaluation of Ethnic Groups: Ethnic groups that deviate from the ideal ethnic type are evaluated based on their perceived deficiencies. Societal standards are used to judge and compare different ethnic groups, emphasizing the ways in which certain groups do not meet the criteria set by the dominant group.

3. Marginalization and Stigmatization: Ethnic groups that are perceived as not fitting the ideal ethnic type may face marginalization, discrimination, or stigma. Their cultural practices, traditions, language, or physical characteristics might be devalued or considered inferior.

4. Assimilation Pressure: The deficit model of ethnic identity often contributes to assimilation pressure on marginalized ethnic groups. The expectation is for these groups to conform to the dominant group's cultural norms and practices to achieve acceptance and avoid being seen as deficient.

Sociologists critically analyze the deficit model of ethnic identity to highlight the biases, power dynamics, and inequalities involved in evaluating and categorizing ethnic groups. They emphasize the importance of recognizing and respecting diverse ethnic identities without imposing a single ideal standard or privileging one ethnic group over others.

Before a decision is made to proceed with the suggested action, environmental impact assessment (EIA) evaluates the environmental effects of a plan, policy, program, or real projects.  

It is a tool for environmental management that is used in the approval and decision-making processes for projects. Environmental evaluations could be controlled by administrative procedural laws that cover public involvement, decision-making documentation, and judicial review.

Screening, alternatives, preliminary assessment, scoping, mitigation, primary EIA study and environmental impact statement, review, and monitoring are important stages in the environmental assessment process.

Water environment, biological environment, land environment, air environment, noise environment, socioeconomic and health environment, EIA risk assessment, and environment management plan are the components of environmental impact assessment.

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One myth about sexuality that I used to believe was that having sex with someone who has HIV would inevitably lead to getting infected with HIV. However, this belief is not always the case.

Although having sexual contact with someone who has HIV raises the risk of becoming infected, there are many factors involved in transmission, and with proper precautions, transmission can be avoided. The belief came about due to a lack of accurate information and education about HIV and how it is transmitted. Many people were frightened and concerned by the rise of the disease in the 1980s and 1990s and often relied on anecdotal evidence and rumors to inform their understanding. This was further exacerbated by a general lack of sexual education in schools and communities, which meant that individuals did not have the correct information to protect themselves and their partners.

To counter such beliefs, education, and awareness are essential. Programs should be created to raise awareness of the risks and modes of transmission of HIV and to provide accurate information on how to prevent the spread of HIV. HIV-positive individuals should be empowered and given a platform to speak on their experiences and the ways they have learned to protect themselves and their partners. This will help reduce the stigma and discrimination faced by those living with HIV and raise awareness of the disease. Ultimately, debunking myths about HIV and increasing education and awareness is the best way to counter beliefs that lead to negative health outcomes.

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It is suggested that the use of jargon be avoided.

The option that is NOT a suggestion for dealing with increasing linguistic diversity is "Don't worry about learning another language because most people in the business world will know some English.

Linguistic diversity refers to the fact that there are many languages spoken by various individuals or groups in a particular region or country. This is common in most regions or countries throughout the world, which adds to the cultural diversity that many regions have. Increasing linguistic diversity can have both advantages and disadvantages.

While some of the benefits include cultural exchange, new language learning opportunities, and diverse perspectives, the drawbacks may include communication challenges and a lack of cohesion.

Here are the other options and their explanations:

Option A: Don't assume that someone speaking a language other than English is talking about you. This is one of the suggestions for dealing with increasing linguistic diversity.

This implies that individuals must avoid making assumptions about a person's motives or behaviors based solely on their language. The use of English as a primary language in business has become commonplace and, as a result, this assumption should be avoided.

Option B: Use a simple but not simple-minded vocabulary. It is a suggestion for dealing with increasing linguistic diversity. People who speak English as a second language may have difficulty understanding the language's complexity.

This is why it is suggested that the vocabulary be kept simple but not simple-minded. Simplicity in this context means using simple language and avoiding complex idioms and phrases.

Option D: Avoid using jargon when speaking to speakers of English as a second language. It is also a suggestion for dealing with increasing linguistic diversity. Individuals who use jargon in their everyday work or conversation may find it difficult to interact with people who do not know the jargon.

People who speak English as a second language may have difficulty understanding the jargon's meaning.

As a result, it is suggested that the use of jargon be avoided.

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If among your premises the content of your conclusion appears restated in disguised form, then your argument is a "tautology." A tautology in an argument refers to a statement or reasoning that is true by definition or a logical consequence of it.

It is an error in logical reasoning where the conclusion is essentially restated or implied in the premises, making it impossible to logically refute the argument.

The conclusion is already contained within the premises, rendering the argument circular and devoid of substantive reasoning. This flaw arises when the argument's structure or wording is such that the conclusion is guaranteed to be true regardless of the actual evidence or logical reasoning presented.

It can be misleading because they create an illusion of providing valid support for the conclusion when, in reality, no new information or evidence is being presented. It is a form of logical redundancy that fails to offer any meaningful insights or contribute to a deeper understanding of the subject matter.

Recognizing arguments is important in critical thinking and logical analysis. By identifying and avoiding tautological reasoning, one can strive for more robust and valid arguments that genuinely support their conclusions based on evidence, sound reasoning, and logical inference.

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St. John's Wort study: Sample (group of 25 college students) Professor Carly's study: I.V. - Type of feedback (praise or insult); D.V. - Level of happiness (measured through a survey)

In the first scenario regarding the effect of St. John's Wort on memory, the group of 25 college students randomly selected to participate in the research is referred to as a sample. This sample represents a subset of the larger population, which in this case would be all college students. Therefore, the group of participants is a sample.

In the second scenario involving Professor Carly's study on the effect of feedback on happiness levels, the independent variable (I.V.) is the variable that is manipulated or controlled by the researcher.

In this case, the independent variable is the type of feedback received by the students (i.e., whether they were praised or insulted). The researcher has control over the type of feedback given to the students, making it the independent variable.

The dependent variable (D.V.) is the variable that is measured or observed to determine the effect of the independent variable. In this study, the dependent variable is the level of happiness, which is measured through a survey administered at the end of the study.

The levels of happiness are expected to be influenced by the type of feedback received, the independent variable.

- In the St. John's Wort study, the group of 25 college students is a sample.

- In Professor Carly's study, the independent variable (I.V.) is the type of feedback received (praise or insult), and the dependent variable (D.V.) is the level of happiness measured through a survey.

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14. The given statement, "The overall effect of extinction is a decrease in the frequency of reinforcement" is true because extinction involves withholding reinforcement, which reduces the occurrence of the behavior being extinguished.

15. The given statement, "Task analysis is the first step in engaging in chaining" is true because task analysis breaks down complex skills into smaller steps, providing a clear sequence for implementing chaining procedures.

QUESTION 14: The overall effect of extinction is indeed a decrease in the frequency of reinforcement. Extinction involves the removal or withholding of reinforcement following a behavior, which leads to a decrease in the likelihood of that behavior occurring in the future. When a behavior is no longer reinforced, it becomes less frequent over time as the association between the behavior and the reinforcing consequence weakens. Extinction is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology and is used to reduce unwanted behaviors and encourage behavior change.

QUESTION 15: Task analysis is indeed the first step in engaging in chaining. Chaining is a behavioral technique used to teach complex skills by breaking them down into smaller, more manageable steps or components. Task analysis involves analyzing the target skill or behavior and identifying its individual steps or components. By breaking down the skill into smaller parts, it becomes easier to teach and reinforce each step sequentially, leading to the successful acquisition of the complete skill through chaining. Task analysis allows for a systematic approach to teaching complex behaviors and facilitates the development of appropriate instructional strategies and supports.

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The final part of the power point project is the actual power point presentation. In the power point, you should create at least 30 slides for the final power point.

To make your power point more informative and professional, you will want to make sure you include the theoretical perspectives and both the classic and contemporary sociological theorists. You should include research methods in your presentation as well. Also, you will want to trace the early history of sociology up to at least the latter half of the twentieth century, although you can go all the way up to current sociology in the early twenty-first century.

All sources should be listed on the final slide(s) in the power point, formatted for a bibliography. The final power point will be submitted through the Power Point Project Final Submission Assignment in Module 7. In the power point presentation, you need to include 30 slides and should also make sure that you have included both the classic and contemporary sociological theorists and theoretical perspectives.

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The idea of change is an essential theme in American history. It's a theme that has repeatedly been noted and discussed throughout the history of the United States.

The degree of change in the early republic and the results of the changes are the topic of this article. Here's what we have to say about it: Early Republic: Degree of Change: The early republic saw several significant changes that altered the course of American history. These developments began with the adoption of the Constitution of the United States in 1789, which aimed to centralize the government's authority. Another significant change was the creation of a federal government, which saw the creation of executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The early republic's democracy was established, and the Bill of Rights was incorporated into the Constitution, which guaranteed American citizens' rights.

Outcomes of Changes: Despite the many changes, the early republic had its share of difficulties. Many individuals were dissatisfied with the government's centralization, and conflicts arose over the country's expansion. These conflicts became particularly heated when slavery came into the picture, and Southern states threatened to secede from the union. The tension between state and federal authority was particularly evident during the War of 1812, which pitted American troops against the British. In general, the outcomes of the changes made in the early republic were mixed. Some changes were well-received, while others caused a great deal of controversy and conflict.

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As per the given question, the following is the outline for the final paper:

Title: Humanistic Theory

Introduction: Brief explanation of the humanistic theory and its founders

Thesis Statement: The humanistic theory is the best theory to describe human nature because it emphasizes the uniqueness and individuality of every person, their ability to change, and their responsibility to be happy and functional in the world.

Body:

Part 1: Explanation of the humanistic theory and its components- Factors of feelings and actions- Self-image- Individual humanity.

Part 2: Humanistic theory and its view of human nature- Humans are respectable and unique- Humans have self-image, free will, and self-efficacy- Basic needs are essential for humans to function.

Part 3: Application of humanistic theory in society- Social skills and practical skills- Improvement in anxiety and depression- Better family relationships- Better personality disorder.

Conclusion: Restate thesis statement and summarize the key points of the paper.

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The answer is (c) Aggression can be seen as behavior exhibited only when necessary in cases of self-protection.

The statement describes a specific type of behavior that is displayed by individuals when they perceive a threat or danger to their well-being. This behavior is not a regular or constant occurrence but emerges in response to specific circumstances that require self-protection.

In such situations, humans have evolved psychological mechanisms that allow them to respond appropriately and effectively to the threat. This behavior can manifest as heightened vigilance, increased adrenaline response, or the activation of fight-or-flight responses.

This adaptive behavior can be seen across cultures and is considered a human universal. It is an evolved trait that has provided survival and adaptational benefits to our ancestors, allowing them to navigate and respond to dangerous situations.

While this behavior may be more prevalent or apparent in certain contexts, such as in industrialized countries where individuals face different types of threats, it can still be observed in humans living in natural or less industrialized settings when faced with necessary self-protection.

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The question of whether R.A. Millikan was guilty of unethical behavior in his reporting of the oil drop experiments is a matter of debate among scholars and scientists. The oil drop experiments, conducted by Millikan in the early 20th century, aimed to determine the charge of an electron.

Critics argue that Millikan's reporting of the experiments was ethically questionable for a few reasons. Firstly, it is claimed that he selectively published data that supported his desired outcomes while excluding data that did not. This selective reporting could lead to bias and a distortion of the true results, presenting an inaccurate picture of the experiment's findings.

Additionally, some argue that Millikan failed to acknowledge the contributions of his research assistant, Harvey Fletcher, who played a significant role in the experiments. By not giving due credit, Millikan may have violated ethical principles regarding acknowledgment of collaborators and their contributions to scientific research.

However, defenders of Millikan argue that the ethical standards and scientific practices of his time were different from those of today. They contend that Millikan's actions were in line with the prevailing norms and expectations of the scientific community at that time.

It is important to note that discussions of Millikan's ethics in the oil drop experiments often stem from historical analysis and interpretations. The scientific community has since refined its practices and developed more rigorous ethical standards for research and reporting.

In conclusion, while there are arguments suggesting that R.A. Millikan's reporting of the oil drop experiments may have involved ethical concerns, the matter remains a topic of scholarly debate. Understanding the context of the time and the evolution of scientific ethics is essential when evaluating the ethical conduct of historical scientific experiments.

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The correct answer for the above question is: (a). damaged memory centers in the brain; speech deficits.

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurological disorder that primarily affects memory and cognitive function. It typically begins with the damage and degeneration of memory centers in the brain, such as the hippocampus, which plays a crucial role in forming new memories. As the disease progresses, individuals may also experience speech deficits, including difficulties with language, communication, and finding the right words.

It's important to note that Alzheimer's disease is a complex condition, and its symptoms can vary among individuals. However, the hallmark characteristic is the deterioration of memory and cognitive abilities, followed by the emergence of other cognitive and functional impairments over time.

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Freud's theories on personality and human development are controversial due to their heavy emphasis on gender bias and sex. However, a few aspects of Freud's theories are worth noting and comprehending, despite their limitations.

Freud's concept of the unconscious mind is one of his most significant contributions. According to Freud, our unconscious mind is filled with feelings, thoughts, and desires that we are unaware of, yet it has a powerful influence on our behavior.

Freud's theory of psychosexual development focuses heavily on sex and gender bias. He believed that childhood encounters and events in one's life determined a person's personality and preferences in life. Also, Freud's Oedipus Complex and Electra Complex are questioned as they are primarily dependent on male and female models of personality development.

These are problematic aspects of Freud's theories as they are gendered and difficult to generalize to the entire population. Psychological disorders refer to a group of mental health conditions that affect an individual's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in a way that impairs their ability to function effectively in their everyday life.

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Kleinman posited that Science is social and Technology is political because they both interact with people's daily lives, including the distribution of power and resources.

Arthur Kleinman, a prominent medical anthropologist, has long asserted that science is a socially constructed endeavor and that the scientific enterprise, which includes technology, is inextricably linked to political contexts and power structures. Science is social since it is influenced by society. When conducting research, scientists are affected by their surroundings, social and economic conditions, and cultural beliefs. Science, like everything else, has political consequences since the distribution of resources is dependent on political structures, and scientific discoveries and their practical applications have the potential to affect societies in a number of ways.

Technology is political since its implementation and use are governed by political norms and laws. The government is in charge of deciding which technologies will be used, who will have access to them, and how they will be used. As a result, the distribution of power and resources is often determined by technology. As a result, the development and dissemination of technology has a significant impact on the distribution of power and resources in society. Examples include:

Biomedical technologies: The implementation of new biomedical technologies, such as gene therapy, has the potential to influence the distribution of power and resources. For example, these technologies may be only available to those who can afford them, resulting in disparities between the wealthy and the poor in society.

Digital technologies: Digital technologies like the internet and social media have completely altered how people interact with one another. These new technologies have the potential to influence how people communicate, work, and learn. As a result, they have the potential to affect the distribution of power and resources, particularly in education and employment.

Transportation technologies: Transportation technologies, like automobiles and trains, have altered how people travel and where they live. Because people may now live farther away from their workplace, transportation technologies have the potential to alter the distribution of resources and power in society.

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A self-fulfilling prophecy can contribute to forming stereotypes in social situations by influencing individuals' expectations, leading them to behave in ways that confirm those stereotypes.

A self-fulfilling prophecy refers to a belief or expectation about a person or a group that influences one's behavior towards them, ultimately leading to the fulfillment of that belief or expectation.

In the context of stereotypes, individuals may hold preconceived notions or stereotypes about certain social groups based on generalizations or biases.

When people encounter individuals from these stereotyped groups, their expectations and beliefs can influence their behavior toward them. They may unknowingly treat them differently, have lower expectations, or make assumptions based on the stereotype.

For example, if someone believes that a particular racial or ethnic group is unintelligent, they may interact with individuals from that group in a dismissive or condescending manner.

As a result, the individuals may internalize these negative expectations, leading to underperformance or decreased self-confidence. This outcome, in turn, reinforces the initial stereotype, creating a self-fulfilling prophecy.

In summary, self-fulfilling prophecies contribute to the formation and perpetuation of stereotypes by influencing individuals' expectations and behaviors towards stereotyped groups, leading to outcomes that align with those stereotypes.

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Surveys, experiments, and ethnography are three distinct research methods commonly used in sociological research.

Surveys involve collecting data through structured questionnaires or interviews to gather information from a large sample of participants. Surveys are useful for studying attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of individuals or groups on a wide range of topics. Experiments, on the other hand, involve manipulating variables in a controlled setting to observe cause-and-effect relationships. By randomly assigning participants to different conditions, experiments allow researchers to make causal inferences about the impact of specific factors on social behavior.

Ethnography, in contrast, is a qualitative research method that involves immersing oneself in a specific social setting or culture to gain an in-depth understanding of social phenomena. Ethnographers typically engage in participant observation, interviews, and document analysis to capture the subjective experiences, meanings, and cultural practices of individuals within a specific context. While surveys provide broad quantitative data, experiments offer controlled conditions for causal analysis, and ethnography provides rich qualitative insights into social phenomena. Each method has its strengths and limitations, and researchers often choose the most appropriate method based on their research questions, resources, and the depth of understanding required.

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